= XII Sci.
2023-24
SHORT NOTES
#Old 11th + 11 July WORK, POWER & ENERGY >
Date : 23.02.2023
If angle between F and V except 0°, 90°, 180° ,
Work = F S = FS cos KE (k ) = 1 mv 2
2
270° then magnitude and direction both of V change
= F ds K = p2/2m F
v
Work by conservative m
F ds 0 force in a closed path
Area is a vector quantity but volume is scalar quan-
WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
e
tity.
Wnet k
Work : Dot product of force and displacement
dW
=
Power = F V F
dt
U g mgh
dU
F For Conservative forces
=> W=F cos m
dx
s
Uspring = 1 2 kx2 S Displacement of point of application of force.
Angle btween force and displacement of point
of application of force.
01. When force act along the axis of v . It only change
the magnitude of v . Unit : M.K.S Joule C.G.S. ergg
v 1 J = 107 erg
m m
F F v
Practical unit 1eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J
Speed Up Slow Down
Same situation where point of application of force
does not move.
When force act perpendicular to v if only change
1. When man move on road then work done by static
the direction of v . friction is zero.
2. When man climb on stair then work done by normal
F
(by stair on man) is zero.
v v
m m 3. Work done by normal reaction is zero in below ex-
F
ample
Case (IV):- When 90o θ 180o then work is
negative
m
V2
| v1 || v2 |
WORK DONE BY CONSTANT FORCE :-
m
V1 01. When force is given in component form :-
Ex:- F (2i 3 j 2k ) and
S (3i 4 j 2k )m then (W.D)F = 6 + 12 + 4 =
22 J
m
V1 02. Work done by normal:-
N
m
| v1 || v2 | m S
V2
Special Case :
Case (I) :- When θ 90o then W = FS cos Work done by normal on block = 0 J
90o = 0 J
-
N
⑤
·
m S F m2
(W.D)mg = 0 J m1
mg (W.D)N = 0 J
S
fixed (W.D)N21 = N21 S
(W.D)T = 0 F
M2
m (m1 m2 ) S
S
03. Work done by tension :-
m
Work done by tension on
Work done by centripital force = 0 J m2 = – T S
m1
Work done by tension on m2
m1 = T S S
s
900
Total work done by tension
FC on system = – T S + T S
=0J
Concept :- Sum of work done by internal tension
(Tension acting within system) on the system is
Case (II):- When S = 0 then W = 0 always zero if length remain constant.
Case (III):- When 0 o 0 90o then work is 04. Work done by mg :- Only and only depends
positive displacement of body along verticle direction.
Concept (2) :- W.D by static friction on a body may
be , , zero.
L Concept (3) :- Work is a frame dependent quantity
m because displacement depends upon frame
m
Work done by variable force :-
(W .D ) mg mg ( L L cos θ) Xf Yf Zf
W F dr Fx dx Fy dy F2 dZ
Xi Yi Zi
m
01. Force in component form :-
20 m
6m Example.
(W.D)mg = mg (20 – 6) F 3x 2 i 2 y j and body move (0, 0) to (3, 2)
= mg (14)
3 2
3 X 3 2Y 2
U W
3 0 2 0
m U
U 3 2
>
X 3 Y 2 27 4 31 J
h 0 0
*
-
02. F Y i x j
W Ydx Xdy xy
Work done by mg in all three situation is same and equal
to mgh
03. We all ready know the formula of force as like spring
05. Work done by friction :- force.
m v
K 2
µ=0 (W.D) spring force = xi x 2f
2
W.D by friction on group = 0 J
04. There is something given by which we make the formula
W.D by friction on block mgs of force
No relative acceleration Example.
V dx 2 find work done if body move from x = o m to
x = 3m. mass of body 2kg
m
dV
a V 2 x 2 (4 x) 8 x 3
dx
Work done by static friction on block is
F ma 2 3 x 3 16 x 3
Work done by static friction on floor
Concept (1) :- W.D by kinetic friction on a body may 16 x 4 3
W Fdx 4 x 4 4(81) 324 J
be , , zero. 4 0
Concept :- Area of force displacement Graph give
work . Example :
K
F L0
W1 = +
Displacement
m
W2 = –
Maximum extension = 2mg/K
Relation between kinetic energy and linear momentum Example : m
P2 h
K
2m
K
K f Ki
% change in kinetic energy = 100
Ki
Pf2 Pi 2 Maximum compression = mg (h + x) = 1/2Kx2
Example :
2m 2 2m 100
-
Pi
K
2m L0
F (constant)
Example : m
x=0
If linear momentum increase by 100% then find out %
change in kinetic energy Maximum extension = 2F/K
Pi = P , Pf = 2P L0
m
% change in kinetic energy = Release
4P2 P2 L0 L sin
2 m 2m 100 300%
P2/2m m
Pf Pi 1
100 gL sin mV 2
% change in linear momentum = 2
Pi
V 2 gL sin
2 K f 2 Ki
100
2 Ki 2 L/3 L
If % change is less than 4 -5% L/3
K P 2 /2m
K P M L mgL
100 2 100 Change in P.E = 0 ( g )
K P 3 6 18
Work Energy Theorem
K f K i W all
Ex :- spring force, Gravitational force, electrostatic between
1 2
Spring potential Energy :- U Kx two electric charges, magnetic force between two
2
magnetic poles.
Here x is change in length from its natural length.
02. Non - conservative force friction, air resistance.
K 2 Potential Energy :- Change in potential Energy is equal
Change in spring P.E = x f xi2
2 to negative of work done by the conservative force in
shifting the body from some reference position to given
Change in spring P.E may be , or zero but P.E of position
spring is always
U (Wi)C
Conservative force in e2 form :-
Gravitational P.E :- U = mgh for a particle at a height
01. F 2i 3 j 4k h above reference level
02. F x 2 i y j z 3 k m
03. F y i x j
h
P.E Curve :-
U
·
B
C
r mgh
U
2
A
A stable equilibrium
B Un – stable equilibrium
C – Neutral equilibrium
L
F–r curve :-
F
A E
r mgL sin
B D F U
2
C Ex -: Find out the force for which potential Energy
B stable equilibrium U xy
D Un – stable equilibrium
dU dU
F Neutral equilibrium F i j
dx dy
Classification of force on the basis of energy’s
Transfer :-
yi x j
01. Conservative force :- Work does not depends upon
path, Work done in round trip is zero, work done is
completely recoverable.
Ex. Find out force for which potential Energy Instantenious power :-
U x2 y2 dW dK
P
dt dt
dU dU
F i j 2 xi 2 y j
d ( F ds )
dx dy P F V
dt
Power :- Rate of doing work is called power.
Ex. F (2i 3 j ) and V (4i 2 j ) then
Unit J/s = Watt
Particle unit I h . P. = 746 watt P F V 8 6 14 watt
I K W h = 36 × 105 J [K W h is unit of energy]
1
Power delivered by flowing fluid = AV 3
Types of power :- 2
01. Average power :-
W
P
t
=
T
lift
Power delivered by tension in t second if it start from
1
T ( at 2 )
TS 2
rest P
t t
T mg ma ...(1)
mgh
Power delivered by motar = t
V 2 U 2 2 a S
K Wall
K
P.
Dt
·
=>
=>
>o
-
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