Light

A quick recall.... ..
In class VI you have learnt that light is a form of energy that moves in straight lines. It also
reflects off things, and that reflected light enters our eyes, allowing us to see.
1. Light is a form of energy.
2. Light travels in a straight line in the
same medium. The three main effects
of rectilinear propagation of light are:
Formation of shadows
Formation of eclipse
Formation of images
3. Light is reflected when it strikes an
opaque surface.
4. Light bends when it travels from one medium to another.
Every object which we see around us would be invisible but for the fact that light comes from
it, enters our eyes, and causes messages to be sent from our eyes to our brain.

Lens of the eye bends Retina or screen on which The brain makes
the light the inverted image is formed the image erect

Light
Optic nerves
relay signals
to the brain

Reflection of Light
In this chapter we shall focus on the propertyof reflection of light, understandwhy this
happens, learn about the different types of images formed, and also learn about some Ofthe
different applications of this phenomenon.

54
 Terms Used in the Study Light
of
bodies The bodies which Thus,
l,tilliinous themselves emit light are called luminous bodies.
l. luminous bodies are sources
of light.
The Sun, a burning candle, so on.
Exonple an electric bulb, fluorescent tube, and
Non-lunlinous bodies : The bodies which do not emit light but become visible by light falling from
some luminous objects on
2.
them are called non-luminous bodies.
Evanll)le
The Moon, the Earth, any object we see, i.e., a book, a chair, a table, etc.
light If a screen with a pinhole is placed source of
pointsource of in front of a lighted bulb, a point
3. light is obtained. From the point source, light propagates in all directions.

Ra.v
The path along which light travels in a given direction, is called a ray of light.
4.
A ray of light is represented by a straight line. The arrow head on it gives the
Aray'of light direction of light.
Lamp
Screen Narrow slit

Pinhole
rays
Beamofparallel
Light
source

Apoint source located

Beamof rays coming Point source of light
inside a basket ball Narrow beam of light (ray)
fit)tna point source

5. Propagation of light Light "travels" out from a visible object; the expression "propagation" is
sometimes used instead of "travelling", so that light is said to be propagated.
6. Medium The term "medium" is used for any substance through which light might
pass. Air is a medium, so are glass, water and many other substances.
7. Transparent medium : A medium is said to be transparent
if light passes freely through it. Candle placed behind
The object can be distinctlyseen glass sheet
through a transparentmedium.
Example . Glass, air, water, etc. Candle placed behind
groundglass
8. Translucent medium : A medium is said to be translucent
ifit allows only a part ofthe light to
pass through it and through which Transparent
objects cannot be distinctly seen.
Example Butter paper, paraffin wax, greased
paper, ground glass, etc.
9. Opaque
medium A medium is said to be opaque if
Translucent
it does not allow any light to pass
through it and through which vision Candleplaced behind
is not possible. wooden sheet
Example . Wood, stone, metals, etc. Opaque

55
 Reflection of Light
Light travels in a straight
line from its source. It will
keep moving in a straight
line until it hits something.
When you look into a plane mirror,you see a clear
image of yourself. The image is formeddue to
reflection. Reflection is the phenomenonwhereby
Mirror
light, on striking certain types of surface is thrown
back into the same medium. In other words, the
surface causes light to change its direction.
We see objects because they eithergive off their
own light, or light reflects off the objects and
enters our eyes. For example, we can see the
Moon because it reflects light from the Sun. If an
object did not reflect any light, we would not be
able to see it.
Object Image
Reflection always involves two rays - an incoming
or incident ray and an outgoing or reflectedray.
Reflection in a Plane Mirror
When an object is viewed in a mirror,the eyes take
in the light that has been reflected.But the brain
assumes that the light rays have reachedthe eye
in straight lines. The brain works backwardsalong
the light paths and perceives an image behindthe Points to Note
mirror. This virtual image does not really exist
because it does not really producelight. Hence, A mirror is generally any shiny surfacethat
such an image can never be caught on a screen. can reflect back light.

Some mirrors which are curved producean image A mirror that has a plane reflectivesurface
known as a real image. It is formedby the light is called a Plane Mirror.
rays actually meeting, hence, these images can be A mirror that is curved, it either bulgesinor
thrown on a screen. out, is called a Curved Mirror.

Object Plane mirror Virtual image

Curved mirror

Object
Incident ra
004 /Deident

Path of light perceived

by brain
Screen Real image

Formation of Virtual image by a Plane Mirror Formation of Real image by a CurvedMimr

56
 Terms used in the Study of Reflection

If is a reflecting surface, then:

of incidence (O) It is the point on the reflecting surface
1 point on which the ray of light falls.
O
Incidentray (AO) It is the ray of light that falls on or strikes
2. the reflecting surface. A N

3. Normal (ON) It is an imaginary line drawn perpendicular

to the reflecting surface at the point of
o
incidence.

4. Reflectedray (0B) It is the ray of light that is sent from the A N B

reflecting surface back into the same

medium in which the incident ray is
travelling. x o

5. Angle of incidence (i) It is the angle formed between the

incident ray and the normal.
6. Angle of reflection (r) It is the angle formed between the
normal and the reflected ray. x o

and Irregular Reflection

Regular
I. Regularor Specular Reflection
Whena parallel beam of light falls on a smooth,
highlypolished surface, the reflected beam is
alsoparallel. Hence, the entire light falling on
thesurfaceis reflected in a definite direction.
Sucha reflection is called regular or specular
reflectionand the reflecting surface is called a
reflector.It is visible only from that direction
in which it reflects the light.
2. Irregularor Diffused Reflection
Regular reflection
Whena parallel beam of light falls on a rough
or irregularsurface, the reflected beam gets
scatteredin all directions and the light spreads
overa wide area. As such, the observer can
see it from any
position near it. Irregular e ction
Such a reflec- Regular or specular
tion is called reflection
diffused or ir-
regular reflec-
tion. The re-
flecting surface
is called a dif-
fused reflector. Irregular or diffused
reflection
57
 Characteristics of Image formed in a Plane Mirror
Study the reflection
mirror. of the cube in the plane
Mirror
The cube on the
behind the mirror chess boardand its image
Image

from the mirror. are each one squareaway x

Now move the object Object
squares away from the on the chess boardtwo
You will observe that mirrorinto squareX.
the direction opposite
the image also moves in
to the object, one square
away from the mirror.
This simple activity shows that the image
formed in a plane mirroris as far behindthe
mirror as the object is in front of it.
2. Look at the letters below. Some of the letters
look familiar but the word makes no sense.
Now hold up this book in front of a mirrorand
look at the word again. What do you see? Imageformed in a Plane Mirror is asfar
behind
the mirror as the object is in front
ofit

äOVlAJU8MA Rear view mirror of car

The word AMBULANCE can now be readclearly.

This interchange, where the right side of the
object appears as the left in the mirroris known
as lateral inversion.
The word AMBULANCE is always written
laterally inverted in front of the ambulance
because when the driver of the vehicle which is
in front of the ambulance sees it in the rearview
mirror, the image of the word gets inverted,
letting the driver read the word properlyand
give way to the ambulance. Imageformed in a Plane Mirroris laterally
The image of an object in a plane mirroris in verted
always laterally inverted.
The diagram alongside shows the ray diagram Mirror Behind the mirror

for a laterally inverted image of the letter 'D'

Since object distance = image distance, the
image of points A, B and C on letterD are A',
B', and C' such that:
AM = A'M ; BM = B'M; CM = C'M
linejoiningA', B'
Join A'C' and make a curvedplotted OBJECT
INAGE

can be for better

and C'. More points Diagram to obtain a laterally inverted
image

accuracy.
58
 If you measure the height and width of the In front of mirror Mirror
Behind the mirror
3. object and compare with the height and width
formed, you will find that the
ofthe image size
the image formed by a plane mirror is
of the
same as the size of the object.
yourself in a mirror from a distance
Ifyoulook at
of 5 m, your face seems very small. This is OBJECT
IMAGE
becausethe image is 10 m away from you Imageformed in Plane mirror is same
size as
10 m).
(5 m +5m = the object
Image
Distancealways makes objects look smaller, Object
butthe size of the image is the same as the
object.

4. Whenyou look at yourself in a plane mirror you

seeyourself erect as opposed to being upside
down.
The image is said to be erect if it is formed
the same side up as that of the object.
The image is called inverted if it is formed
upside-down compared to the object.
The image formed in a plane mirror is always
erect. Erect image Inverted image

5. In a plane mirror the light rays from the source Imageformed in Plane mirror is always erect
are parallel. Hence the rays do not meet. Mirror
Thereforethe image formed cannot be captured Observer
ona screen and is said to be a virtual image.
A virtual image is an upright image and is found
by tracing real rays that emerge from a source
backwards,and make them meet behind the Object Image
mirror.
Imageformed in Plane mirror is always virtual
Points to Remember
l. As a mirror reflects light, an image of the object that is in front of the mirror is formed on it. The image
Ofan object can be defined as the impression of the object created by the light on the mirror.
2. Thedistancebetween the image and the mirror, and the object and the mirror always remain the same.
If we increaseor decrease the distance between the object and the mirror, the distance between the
imageand the mirror also increases or decreases, respectively.
3' Thesize of the image formed on the mirror can vary with respect to the distance between the object
and the mirror.

If the distance between the object and the mirror increases, the size of the image decreases.
If the distance between the object and the mirror decreases,the size of the image increases.
4. Theimage formed on the plane mirror is always erect and virtual.

59
 Laws of Reflection
Protractor
Bounce a ball on a smooth, hard surface. It is
reflected at the same angle
at which it approachedthe
surface, provided the ball has
no "spin" Every time you
play basketball, ping-pong or
billiards, you use this law of
reflection.
Verification of the Laws of Reflection
You will need a drawing board, drawing pins, 4
pins, a plane mirror (with support), sheet of paper.
Procedure 900
Torch
1. Fix the sheet of paper on the drawing board.
2. Draw a line MM,, to representthe positionof
the plane mirror. Activity to observe the angles made
by
reflected rays using a torch, mirror incident
q
3. Draw the normalON as shown. andprotr
4. Draw a line AO at a suitableangle with the
normal (incident ray).
5. Place the mirror in a vertical positionon line
MM 1 and fix two pins (PI and P2)along line AO.
6. Observe the images of PI and P2fromthe other
side of the normal and fix pins P3 and P4 in a
straight line with the image.
7. Remove the pins P3 and P4 after marking their i'
position. When these points are joined and P2
produced backwards, the line meetsat O.
8. MeasureZ AON (Z i); Z BON(Z r).
9. Repeat process for different values of anglei.
Result
* ZAON = Z BONi.e.,Zi = Z r
Verificationof the laws of reflection
* The incident ray AO, the reflectedray 0B and
the normal ON lie in the same planeof the
paper.
ray
When a ray of light strikes a surface, it is reflected. Incident ray Normal Reflected

I. The angle of incidence is equalto the angle of

reflection.
2. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the i
normal, all lie in the same plane. Mirror
The law of reflection assumes that light travelsin
straight lines and is not diffracted. Laws ofreflection
60
 Light and Colour
up of wavelengths of light, and each
Lightis made a particular colour. Visible
is
wavelength light is
up o Points to Note
we see is a result of which wavelengths are
made
colour measures the distance
back to our eyes. In other words, objects
reflected I. A wavelength (highest point) or
colour of their own. The colour of an between two troughs
donothave upon the colour it absorbs, wave.
point) of a
objectdepends
reflects two crests (lowest
Trough
transmits. Trough
Wavelen th
or

Crest
more energy
Shorter the wavelength, the
IndrgC

2.
the waves have.
light, violet
In the spectrumof visible
has the shortest wavelength.
longer, the waves
3. When the wavelength is
have less energy.
red has
In the spectrum of visible light,
the longest wavelength.

CANCELLED
Red

JJ'avelengthsof VisibleLight
Certainmaterialsdo not allow any light of any
wavelength to pass through them. They either
absorbthe light or reflect it. Such materials are OPAQUE
saidto be opaque. Black:All wavelengthare absorbed by the
I. Whenan object absorbs all the colours and surface.
reflectsnone, it looks black.
2. If the object reflects all the colours it looks 4

white.
3. If the object reflects light of a particular wave-
OPAQUE
Whlte:All wavelengthare reflected by the
lengthand absorbs the rest of the wavelengths, surface.
theobjectacquires the colour of the reflected
wavelength.
Example
1. Leaf appears green in colour: Out of seven
coloursof the white light falling on the leaf only
greencolouris reflected back while all other
coloursare absorbed by the leaf.
2. Redflower looks red: A red flower reflects only
the red colour from the white light incident
on it, and absorbs all other colours. Hence it Green: Onlygreen wavelength is reflected by the
appears red. surface. Hence the leaf appears green.

61
 Coloured Filters
Light through
A colour filter is a piece of transparentmaterial, Pigment
which allows light of certain colour or colours to
pass through it. Any matter used for imparting
object or substance is known
Filters are made from coloured glasses. Sometimes Pigments are of mineral, as a .
coloured transparent plastic paperis used. vegetable
, ahi
Filters absorb light of all colours but also transmit Mineral pigments are the
a range of colours from the incidentwhite light. while animal most
or vegetable •
Filters are used in photography;stage lighting, for temporary. The most Pigmentsh9(
producing different colour effects in photographs pigments are paints commonly
and dyes.
and pictures, and in scientific researches.

CANCELLED
The colour of an object when seen in colouredlight
depends upon the pigments present in the object
which absorbs particular colours or reflects the -c o
coloured light falling on it.
Example
1. A red apple reflects only the red colour from the v
white light incident on it. That is why it looks
red. Red object appears red through redfilter
When green light is incident on the red apple,
the apple will absorb the green wavelength and
no colour is reflected. So the red apple will look
black in green light.
2. A red apple appears black when it is seen
in
pure green light, but the green leaves appear 1

green when seen in pure green light.

The apple absorbs all the green light incident
on
it and reflects none. Hence, it appears
black.
But the green leaves reflect all the green
light
incident on it, and hence, appears green.
Red object appears black through greenfiltl

62
 In bluelight a red apple will absorb blue colour
3. andwill reflect no colour. Hence the red apple
in blue light.
looks black

through blue filter

Blue light protector for Red object appears black
computer monitors is
engineered to help reduce
eye fatigue and strain.

Cornea Lens
constantexposure to the blue light emitted from electronic Glasses
de\icescan cause eye fatigue and degeneration of eye
muscles. Visible light

Nowa days computer screens and monitors are provided

withfiltersto protect against the blue light.

CANCELLED
Bluelightfiltering glasses are also available. These glasses
aredesignedto give more protection against blue light
fromscreens,LEDs and fluorescents and better relief
forconditionsthat can trigger migraine and other light Reduces blue light
sensitiveconditions.
4. In the dark, no colour falls on the apple and
thus no colour is reflected. Therefore, in the
darkthe red apple looks black.
5. A yellow object appears red in red light because
yellow pigments cannot absorb red colour.
Since yellow pigments cannot absorb orange
orgreencolour either, a yellow object will look
orangein orange light and green in green light.

Yellowobjects cannot absorb red, orange,

A yellow objectappears red through a redfilter yellow
and green wavelength

63
 Mixing of Colours
We are surrounded by colours. Naturemesmerises
us with an astounding palette which keeps us in a
state of constant wonder and amazement.

Most of you may have dabbled with paints in your

art and craft class or as a hobby.You may be
familiar with mixing colours to producedifferent

O O
colours and shades. Now you are going to learn

O
about the science behindcolours.
Primary, Secondary and ComplementaryColours
CANCELLED
1. Primary Colours: The colours which cannot Red Green Blue
be obtained by mixing two or moredifferent
The Primary Colours of Light
colours are called primary colours.
All colours of the visible light spectrumcan be Red Green Blue
made by properly adding differentcombinations
of these three colours - red, green and blue.
Red, green and blue lights are such that if
any of the above two colours are projectedin
varying proportions on a white screen, then
almost all colours of light can be obtained.If
all the three colours are projectedtogetheron
a white screen, then the overlappedregionis
white.
Yellow Cyan
Red + Green + Blue White
Therefore the colours red, green, and blue are Magenta
classically considered the primary colours of
light. However, when you mix paints you find
that red and green do not produceyellow.
Instead, blue and yellow are mixed to produce WHITE

green colour. So the primary colours for

are red, yellow and blue. "'hite light is obtained bysuperimposing theth
pigments
primary light colours
64
 colours
by Addition:
secondary The colours
2. obtained by mixing two primary
secondary colours. colours are
called
Red Yellow Orange
Example
Red + Green Yellow
Red + Blue Magenta LIGHT
Yellow Blue Green

Green+ Blue Cyan

Red + Yellow Orange Blue Red Violet

+ Blue
Yellow Green PIGMENT
Secondarycolours obtained by mixing two
Blue + Red Violet primary colour pigments
3 SecondaryColours by Subtraction: Magenta
(M),Yellow (Y) and Cyan (C) are secondary Magenta Yellow
colours.These can also be obtained by cutting
outprimarycolours from white light. Hence also
calledsubtractive primaries.
White Red Cyan
White Blue Yellow (R+G)
White Green Magenta (R + B)

CANCELLED
Cyan
4. Complementary Colours: Complementary
coloursare pairs of colours which, whenColour subtraction Colour addition
combinedor mixed, cancel each other out by (pigment) (light)
producinga grayscale colour like white or black.
Forexample, mixing red, green, and blue lights
makeswhite light. When you mix yellow and
bluelights it is like mixing all the three primary
colourssince yellow is a mixture of blue and
green.That is why when yellow and blue lights White light
aresuperimposed,the result is white light.
Green colour
Yellow + Blue White
Mixing blue and yellow pigments gives green
Magenta + Green White colour. Mixing blue and yellow light gives
Cyan + Red White white light.

Speed of Light
Lighthasthe highest speed of anything known. It travels through the vacuum of empty space at a constant
speedOfnearly 300,000 kilometres per second or 3 x 108m/s. However light slows down when it travels
throughdifferent materials. Light travels at about 225,000 km/s in water and 200,000 km/s in glass.
Lightyear: Alight year is the distance travelled by light in one year.
I light year = 9.5 trillion kilometres
Thelightyear is a convenient measure for stellar distances since distances between stars is millions of
kilometres.The Sun is 8 light minutes away from Earth. This means that the light given out from the Sun
reachesus after
8 minutes.

65
 Summary
light.
is called natural
humans
2. Light sources that are not created by called artificial light.
humans is
3. Light sources that are created by called luminous bodies.
light are falling from some luminous
4. The bodies which themselves emit visible by light
emit light but become
5. The bodies which do not
is called a ray of light.
given direction,
6. The path along which light travels in a medium.
might pass is called a
7. Any substance through which light it.
to pass freely through
A transparent medium allows light light to pass through it.
part of the
A translucent medium allows only a it.
allow any light to pass through
An opaque medium does not of rectilinear
medium. The three main effects
8. Light travels in a straight line in the same
of light are: Formation of images
Formation of eclipse
Formation of shadows
9. Nature of image in a plane mirror:
object is in front of it.
(i) The image is as far behind the mirror as the
(ii) The image formed in the mirror is laterallyinverted.
formed in the mirroris the same as the size of the object.
(iii) The size of the image
(iv) The image formed is erect and real.
the light ray bounces back.
10. When a ray of light approachesa smooth polishedsurface and is called the incident ray.The
is called the reflection of light. The light ray that strikes the surface
ray that bounces back is called the reflected ray.
11. When all reflected rays are parallel to each other, the reflection is called regular reflection.When
the reflected rays are not parallelto each other, the reflection is called irregular reflection.
12. The laws of reflectionassume that light travels in straight lines and is not diffracted. The laws:
(i) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
(ii) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal, all lie in the same plane.
13. The wavelength of visible light determinesthe colour that the light appears. A prism separates
visible light into its different colours.
Colour of Objects under different Colour of Light
Object colour White light Red light Blue light Green light
Red Red Red Black Black
Green Green Black Black Green
Yellow Yellow Red Black Green
Blue Blue Black Blue Black
14. Light travels at approximately300,000 km/s in a vacuum, about
200,000 km/s in glass. 225,000 km/s in waterand

66
 Chapter Challenge
refer to the images
Thequestions A and B
point out a difference in the
given below.
nature of
reflection formed in
select from the diagrams given
producean image as seen in below the one
image B. that will

(a)
(b)
(iii) Name the type Of reflection shown in (a)
and (b).
(N) State one characteristic of the type of
(a) and (b). reflection shown in

(v) State five characteristics of the image formed

in A.
Thequestionsrefer to the ray diagram shown.
2.
(i) On the diagram label the following parts:
a. Incident ray b. Reflected ray
c. Normal d. Angle of Reflection
Angle of Incidence f. Reflecting surface
(ii) State the laws of reflection.
(iii) State two assumptions that are made when stating the
laws of reflection.
3. Thequestions refer to the image shown.
If you were the image in the mirror, which hand of yours is
raised- the right or the left hand?
(ii) Now look at the man and state which hand he has
raised.
(iii) What is this phenomenon called?
(iv) State one use of this phenomenon in our daily life.
(v) Make a simple ray diagram using the letter E to
demonstrate this phenomenon.
4. The following questions refer to mixing of colours of light.
(i) Colourthe white areas with the appropriatecolours.

(absorbed/reflected).
(ii) White is formed when all wavelengths are
light is mixed with light.
(iii) White is formed when

67
 Exercise
1. What is
reflection? State the laws of reflection.
2. With respect are true or false. Correct
to the diagram given, state whetherthe statements
incorrect statements. the
(i) MO is the normal.
(ii) 00 is the incident ray.
(iii) Lb = dc
(iv) O is the point of
incidence of the ray.
a d
(v) PO is the angle of reflection. o
3. a. How many different rays can strike a mirrorat the same point and with the sameangle
Of
b. For a given incident ray striking a mirror, how many possible reflected rays are there?
4. The image below
shows the wavelengths of the componentsof visible light. Answer the questions.
Vtolet

Indigo

Blue

G reen

Yellow

Orange

What is a wavelength?
(ii) Which colour has the longest wavelength?
(iii) Which colour has the shortest wavelength?
(iv) A yellow filter is placed in front of the visible light spectrum. Use the appropriatecolour
pencils to show the wavelengths that will pass through the filter.
Name the colours that constitute the primary colours of light.
(vi) Name the colours that constitute the primary colours of pigments (paint).
(vii) Which two pigment colours will produce the colour orange?
(viii) State the effect of shining red light on a screen that is:
a. black b. white c. red d. green
(ix) Red roses with their green leaves are arranged in a vase kept in a dark room. What colour
will the roses and the leaves appear when viewed in:
a. green light b. red light c. blue light?

68
 arne/State:
N
5. Three sources of light.
A naturalbody that shines due
to its
own light.
A natural body that shines due
to reflected
A term to describe objects that light.
emit light
of their
own.
Threeeffects of rectilinear
propagation
of light.
whether the following statements
are true or
6
An opaque object reflects most false:
of the light
that falls on it.
(ii) The earth is a luminous body.
A polishedsurface is visible only
from that direction
(N) Mercury is a transparent material. in which it reflects light.
(v) We see objects because they absorb
light.
(v,i)White bodies absorb light while dark
objects reflect light.
A certaincharacteristic of the image
formedin plane mirrors
is used by ambulancesto display
Namethis characteristic of the
image formed in
plane mirrors. Image Object
(ii) What is the advantage of using it
ambulance? on the
(iii) Give one other example from daily life where
this characteristic is used.
S. Inthespace provided below draw the mirror image of
thealphabet P. 8.

9. a. Given a point object [01 placed in front of the

reflectingsurface of a plane mirrorMMI. Taking
any two rays from point O, construct a ray diagram
to show the formation of its image.
b. Given is an extended object AB placed in front
of the reflecting surface of a plane mirrorMMI
Taking rays from the extreme points of the object,
constructa ray diagram to show the formation
of its image in the mirror.

Ml

69
 10. Tick the correct answer:
(i) Sources of light are called: Luminous bodies
a. Non-luminous bodies d. Opaque bodies
of:
energy in the form d. None
(ii) The electric bulb gives out visible Sound Ofth
This is called:
off in all directions.
(iii) The light that falls on an object bounces b. Absorption
of light
a. Refraction of light of light
d. Dispersion
medium after striking a surface is called.
(iv) A ray of light which returnsto the same
Emergent ray d. Reflected
b. Refracted ray
Incident ray Object
(v) Choose the correct ray diagram:
Object C.
d. Object
Obrect
a. b.

incident ray and normal at the point of incidence is called:

(vi) The angle between the
b. Angle of incidence
a. Angle of emergence
c. Angle of reflection
d. Angle of deviation
none, it looks:
(vii) When an object absorbs all the wavelengths and reflects
a. White b. Colour of the object
c. Black d. Image of the object
(viii) If a material transmits all the light that falls on it, the material is said to be:
a. Transparent b. Opaque c. White d. Black
(ix) The primary spectral colours are:
a. Yellow, blue and red b. Red, blue and green
c. Green, cyan and blue d. Red, blue and magenta
(x) The secondary spectral colours are:
a. Yellow, magenta and cyan b. Yellow, blue and cyan
c. Red, green and blue d. Magenta, cyan and red
(xi) The complementary spectral colours are:
a. Red and blue b. Cyan and red
c. Magenta and green d. Both b and c
(xii) The speed of light in air is:
a. 3 10 5 m/s b. 3 x 108 cm/s c. 3 10 8 m/s d. 3 x 104 km/s
(xiii) Light year is a unit of
and 1 light year — trillion km.
a. Time, 3 x 105 b. Year, 3 x 108 c. Distance, 9.5 d. Time, 95
(xiv) The Sun is light minutesaway from
Earth.
a. 8 b. 16 c. 32 d. 4
70