STANDARD5

SCI
ENCENOTES

TERM 2

WEATHER

Weat
heri
sthecondi
ti
onoftheatmospher
einashor
tper
iodoft
ime.Aper
sonwho
st
udi
esweatheri
scal
ledameteorol
ogi
st.

Weatherchangesf
rom dayt
oday.I
tcanalsochangej
usti
nhour
s.Forexampl
e,i
nthe
morningi
tcanbecoldandintheaf
ter
noonitcanbehot
.
MEASURI
NGWEATHERCONDI
TIONS

Theel
ement
sofweat
herar
e;

a)Temper
atur
e

b)Wi
nddi
rect
ion

c)Wi
ndspeed

d)Humi
dit
y

e)Ai
rpr
essur
e

f
) Cl
oudcov
er

MEASURI
NGTEMPERATURE
O
Temperatur
eismeasuredwi t
hat her
momet er.Iti
smeasur
edi
ndegreesCel
sius( C)
.
Thethermometerhasli
quidcalledmer cur
yinsideit
.Ift
het
emper
atur
eishot
,thel
iqui
d
expandsandifi
tislowitcontacts.

MEASURI
NGWI
NDDI
RECTI
ON

Weuseawi
ndv anetoshowwinddi
rect
ion.
Iti
sreport
edi
ncardi
nal
direct
ions.Thear
row
oft
hewi
ndvanepointst
othedir
ect
ionf
rom whichthewi
ndisbl
owing.

MEASURI
NGWI
NDSPEED

Weuseananemomet
ert
omeasur
ewi
ndspeedi
nkm/
h

MEASURI
NGHUMI
DITY

Humidityisthequal
it
yofwaterv
apourintheai
r.Weuseahy grometert
omeasur e
humidit
y.Thesimplestonei
scall
edawetanddr ybul
bhy gr
ometer.Wereadthe
temperatureonbothther
mometers.Thebi
ggerthedi
ff
erencebetweenthereadi
ngst
he
dri
ertheair.
MEASURI
NGRAI
NFALL

Thequal
it
yofrai
nthatfal
lsi
smeasur edwi
tharai
ngauge.Therai
ngaugemustbe
pl
acedinanopenspace.Therai
nfal
li
smeasuredinmil
l
il
it
res(ml)
.

MEASURI
NGAI
RPRESSURE

Weuseabarometert
omeasureairpr
essur
e.I
tismeasur
edi
nmi
l
lbar
s(Mb)
.Ahi
gh
pr
essur
ereadi
ngshowst
heairisdry.

MEASURI
NGWEATHERELEMENTS

ELEMENTSOFWEATHER MEASURI
NGI
NSTRUMENTS UNI
TOFMEASURE

Temper
atur
e Ther
momet
er Degr
eeCel
sius

Wi
ndDi
rect
ion Wi
ndVane Car
dinal
poi
nts

Wi
ndSpeed Anemomet
er Km/
hr

Ai
rPr
essur
e Bar
omet
er Mi
l
lbar
s(Mb)

Cl
oudCov
er (
Obser
vat
ion) Okat
s

Sunshi
ne Sunshi
ner
ecor
der Hr
s

Rai
nfal
l Rai
ngauge Mi
l
li
met
res(
mm)
THESOLARSYSTEM

1.TheUni
ver
se

Theuni verseisev eryt

hingthatexistsany where.Thesun,t hemoon,ear t
hand
otherplanetsandst arsarealsoknownast heuniverse.Theuni
verseconsi
stsof
bil
li
onsofst ars.A starisav erylargebal lofv eryhotgas.Somest arsare
thousandsoft i
mesasbi gasear t
handt heygiveoflotsofheatandlight
.Pl
anets
aresmal lbodiest hattr
avelaroundsomest ar
s.Theydonotpr oducethei
rown
l
ightandcanonl ybeseenbecauset helightofast arshinesonit
.

2.TheSol
arsy
stem

Thewor
dsol
arcomesfr
om t
hewordsolwhi
chmeanssun.Thesol
arsy
stem i
s
madeupoft
hesunand8bodi
esorpl
anetst
hatt
rav
elar
oundit.
WhyI
sPl
utoNotCal
l
edaPl
anetAny
mor
e?

I
n2003,
anast
ronomersawanewobj ectbey
ondPl ut
o.Theast
ronomert
houghthehad
f
oundanewpl
anet.Theobj
ecthesawwaslargert
hanPlut
o.HenamedtheobjectEr
is.

Fi
ndingEriscausedot
herastr
onomer stotal
kaboutwhatmakesapl aneta"pl
anet.
"
Thereisagroupofast
ronomersthatnamesobject
sinspace.Thi
sgroupdeci
dedthat
Plutowasnotr eal
l
yaplanetbecauseofit
ssizeandlocat
ioninspace.SoPl
utoand
object
sli
keitar
enowcall
eddwarfplanet
s.

Plut
oisalsocal
l
edapl ut
oid.Aplutoi
disadwarfplanett
hatisfart
herouti
nspacet
han
the pl
anetNeptune.The t hr
ee known plutoi
ds are Pluto,Eri
s and Makemake.
Astr
onomersusetel
escopestodiscovernewobj
ectsli
keplut
oids.

Somest ar
sint heskyar
ebr ighterwhilesomear ev eryfaint
.Thebr i
ghtestst
arinthesky
atnightisoftencalledt
heev eningstar.Thi
sisreallythepl anetVenusandnotast arat
all
.Jupiteristhesecondbr ightestobjectinthenightsky .Mar scanof t
enbeseenasa
redbody .Thef ouri
nnerplanet sareMer cury
,Venus,Ear thandMar s.Theyareallsoli
d
andar emadeofr ockymat erial
.Thenextf ourplanetsf urt
herf r
om thesunareJupiter,
Saturn,UranusandNept une.Theyar emadeofgasandt heyaremuchl ar
gerthanthe
i
nnerpl anet
s.

THEFOURI
NNERPLANETS

i
.Mer
cur
y

I
tist
hesmal
lestofthefourinnerpl
anetsandt
heclosestt
othesun.I
tissohot
t
hatl
eadwi
ll
mel tonit
ssurface.Noli
fecanexi
stonit
.

i
i
.Venus

Venusisaboutt
hesamesi zeoft
heEar t
h.I
tisver
ybri
ghti
ntheskyatni
ght.I
tis
oft
encoveredofdensecl
oudsofpoisonousgaseswhi
chkeepheatf
rom t
hesun
makingVenusevenhott
erthanMercury
.
i
i
i.Ear
th

TheEarthisabout150mill
i
onkilomet
resf
rom thesun.I
tisnottoohotortoocol
d.
ThereislotsofwateronEar t
handithasabi glayerofairar
oundit.TheEart
h
takes365day stogoroundthesunonce(or
bitthesun).TheEart
hhasonemoon
thator
bit
sar oundi
t.

i
v.Mar
s

Marsissmall
erthanEart
handi t
ssurfacetemperat
ureisv eryl
ow about-23
degr
eesCel
si
us.Thesurf
aceisof
tencoveredbyver
ythickdustyst
ormsbecause
ofst
rongwi
nds.Marshastwomoonsthatorbi
tit
.

THEFOUROUTERPLANETS

i
.Jupi
ter

Iti
sthelar
gestpl
anetint
hesolarsy
stem.Iti
sv eryf
arfrom t
hesunandi tis
ext
remel
y col d.Itt
akes12yearst
ogorightroundthesunonce.Jupi
terhas
16moons.

i
i
.Sat
urn

I
thasaser i
esofbr
ightr
ingsaroundi
twhichconsi
stofsmal
lpiecesofr
ock.
Sat
urnhas18moonsandtakes29year
stogoroundt
hesunonce.

i
i
i.Ur
anus

I
tisabout70ti
mesaslar
geastheEar
th.I
thasagr
een\
bluecol
ourand20moons.
I
ttakes84year
stoor
bitt
hesun.

i
v.Nept
une

I
tisthefurt
hestoft
hegasgi
antsfrom t
hesun.Itisbl
ueandhas15smal
l
er
moons.I
ttakes165y
ear
stogoroundthesunonce.

THESUN

I
tisthenear
estst
artotheEart
h.I
tisatthecentr
eofthesol
arsy
stem anditi
saver
y
l
argeball
offl
aminggas.Al
ltheheatandenergyonEart
hcomesfrom theSun.

LI
FEONOTHERPLANETS

Ther
eisnoli
feonot
herpl
anets.Apl
anetneedsthreet
hingsfororganismst
oli
vether
e.
Namelyanat
mospherewhi
chcanbebr eat
hed,sui
tabl
etemperatureandwater
.Theonly
pl
aneti
nthesol
arsy
stem t
hathasal
ltheserequi
rementsist
heEar th.

MATTERANDENERGY

Mat
ter

Whati
smat ter
?
I
tisev
eryt
hingaroundus,ever
ythi
ngwecant ouchandfeel
.Mat
teri
severy
thi
ngt
hathas
massandoccupiesspace.
Wood, wat
er,
iron,
airandpaperar
eal
lmatter
.

St
atesofmat
ter
Thest
atesofmat
terar
esol
i
d,l
i
qui
dandgas.

Exper
iment

St
udyani
cecube.Puti
tingl
assbeakerandheati
t.Whatdoy
ousee?

Pr
oper
ti
esoft
hedi
ff
erentst
ates

Asoli
dishardanditkeepsit
sshape.Itcannotmovearoundorflow.
Al
iquiddoesnotkeepitsshape.I
tfl
owsf r
om oneplacetoanother.
Agashasnoshapeorsi ze.I
twill
fil
lal
lspaceint
hecontainer
.

Thepr
oper
ti
esofmat
ter

Matteri
smadeupofmol ecul
eswhichar
ever
ysmall
par
ticl
esthataretoosmal
ltosee.
Thesemolecul
esar
emov ingal
ltheti
me.Wesayt
heyar
ev i
brat
ing.Thehott
ert
heyare,
thestr
ongert
hevi
brat
ion.

Sol
i
d(cool
) Li
qui
d(war
m)

Thepar t
iclesinasol
i
dfor
m Thepar
ti
cleshav
espaces
betweent hem
aregularpattern.

Gas(
hot
)

Ther
ear
elar
gespacesbet
weent
hepar
ti
cles
PROPERTI
ESOFSOLI
DS

1.Theparti
clesinasoli
darecl osel
ypackedt
oget
her
.
2.Theyarearrangedinaregularpatt
ern
3.Theycanonl yvi
brat
eintheirposit
ions.
4.Theparti
cleshaveveryl
it
tleenergy.

PROPERTI
ESOFLI
QUI
DS

1.Thepart
iclesarepackedcl
osetoget
herbutst
il
lcanmove.
2.Thespacesbet weenthepar
ti
clesi
nali
quidmakeitpossi
blef
ort
hepar
ti
clest
omov
e
andsli
deov ereachother.

PROPERTI
ESOFGASES

1.Thepart
icl
esi
nagasar espacedfarapart.
2.Thepart
icl
eshavealotofener
gyandar eabletomov earoundveryqui
ckl
y.
3.Gaseshavenoshapebecauseparti
clescanmov earoundfreel
y.
4.Gasescansquashedtoget
hertof
itinasmal lspace.

METALSANDNON-
METALS

Sol
i
dscanbedi
vi
dedi
ntot
womai
ngr
oupsnamel
ymet
alsandnon-
met
als.

Met
als Non-
met
als

I
ron Wood

Copper Di
amond(
madeofcar
bon)

Al
umi
nium Coal
(madeofcar
bon)

Gol
d Sul
phur

Lead Phosphor
us

Zi
nc

Chr
ome

Tungst
en
PROPRTI
ESOFMETALSANDNON-
METALS

Pr
oper
ti
esofMet
als Pr
oper
ti
esofNon-
met
als

Mostmet
alsar
eshi
ny. Non-
met
alsar
edul
l
.

Mostmet
alsar
est
rong. Non-
met
alsol
i
dsar
ebr
it
tl
e.

Theyhavehi
ghmel
ti
ngandboi
l
ing Mostoft
hem hav
elowermel
ti
ngand
poi
nts. boi
l
ingpoi
nts.

Metal
saregoodconduct
orsof Theydonotconductel
ect
ri
cit
y.Car
boni
s
el
ectr
ici
ty. anexcepti
onasiti
sablet
oconduct
el
ectr
ici
ty.

Theyar
egoodconduct
orsofheat
. Theydonotconductheat
.

Met
alsaresonor
ous-t
heyproducev
ery Theydonotproducel
oudsoundswhen
l
oudsoundswhenbanged. theyar
ebanged.

Met
alsareducti
l
e-theycanbemadei
n
t
overythi
nwirewit
houtbreaki
ng.

Mostmetal
saresoli
dsatroom
t
emperat
ureexceptmercur
y.

Met al
saremall
eabl
e-t
heycanbe
hammer edi
ntothi
nsheetswit
hout
breaki
ng.

USESOFMETALS

a)Tobuil
dthingsthatmustcarryheavyheightssuchasbr i
dgesandmetalbeams.
b)Theyareusedforjewell
eryandtheshinypartofmotorcar s.
c)Theyareusedtomakekni vesforcutt
ingorsharpendsoft ool
susedf
ordiggi
ng.
d)Tungst
enisusedf orthethi
nwireinsi
deanel ect
ricl
ightbulb.
e)Copperandaluminium ar
eusedf orel
ectri
ccables.
THEUSESOFNON-
METALS

a)Non-met alsl
ikecoalandwoodar eusedtopr
oduceheat
.
b)Phosphor usandsulphurareusedtomakeheadsofmatches.
c)Diamondi sthehardestsubst
ancewhi chi
susedtomakedri
ll
sthatcancutt
hrough
thehardestrock.

HOUSEHOLDCHEMI
CALS

Chemical
saresubst
ancest
hatcanundergoachangeorcancauseina
subst
ance.
Househol
dchemical
saresubstancest
hatweuseinthehome.

SOLI
DCHEMI
CALS

1.Sal
t-I
tismadeupofsmal lgr
ainsandisusedtomakefoodt astebett
er.
2.Sugar–iti
smadeupofsmal lgrai
nsanditisusedf
orsweeteningfoodanddrinks.
3.Baki
ngpowder -i
tproducescarbondioxi
dewhenheatedandt hi
smakesbr eador
doughrise.
4.Epsom salt
s-Thisconsist
sofsmal l
cryst
als.Wedr
inkitt
omakei tt
omakeour
stomachswork.

LI
QUI
DCHEMI
CALS

1.Vi
negar–itgi
vesfoodasourtaste.
2.Oi
l-i
tisusedforcooki
ngandfryi
ngfood.
3.Li
qui
dsoap-itisusedtowashdishes,
potsandpans.
4.Li
qui
dcleaners-forex
ampleHandyAndyareusedtoremov
edi
rtandgr
ease.

GASCHEMI
CALS
1.I
nsectspr
aysar
eusedtoki
lli
nsects.
2.Bot
tl
edgasisusedf
orheat
ing,cooki
ngandl
i
ght
ing.

ENERGY

Whati
sener
gy?

Ener
gyistheabi
li
tytodowor
k.Thi
smeanswhensomethi
nghasenergyi
tcancause
somethi
ngtochange.Ast
onerol
li
ngdownhi
l
lhasener
gybecausei
tismoving.

For
msofener
gy

a)Ki
net
icener
gy
Thi
sisener
gyofmov
ement
.

b)Heatener
gy
All
object
scont
ainheatener
gy.Col
dobj
ect
shav
elessheatt
hanhotones.

c)Potenti
alenergy(
stor
edenergy)
Thi
si stheenergyanobj
ecthasbecauseofi
tsposi
ti
on.Ast
onet
hati
supahi
l
lhas
potenti
alener
gybecauseitcanrol
ldown.

d)Chemical
energy
Thi
sistheenergythati
sreleasedwhenachemicalr
eact
iontakesplace(
usual
l
ywhen
somethi
ngburns).Apieceofwoodorcoalcont
ainschemicalener
gy.

e)El
ectri
calenergy
El
ectr
icalenergycancomefrom batt
eri
es,el
ect
ri
ccurr
entfr
om agener
atororel
ect
ri
c
powerstati
on.Itcanheatwat
er,
lightabul
bandturnamotor.

f)Lightener
gy
Alightbeam fr
om averystr
ongli
ghtwi
l
lheatupt
hesur
faceonwhi
chi
tfal
l
s.Li
ght
energyischangedtoheatener
gy.

g)Soundener
gy
Soundcomesfrom v
ibr
ati
ngobj
ect
s.Forexampl
e,t
hev
ibr
ati
nggui
tarst
ri
ngspr
oduce
music.

SOURCESOFENERGY

a)FUELS

Afuel
isany
thi
ngt
hatcanpr
oduceener
gywheni
tbur
ns.Wood,
pet
rol
,coal
,par
aff
inand
gasar
efuel
s.

Wood Coal
b)ELECTRICITY
I
tpr ov
idesener
gyforli
ght
s,el
ectr
icmotor
s,pumps,machi
nes,
elect
ri
ctr
ainsandmany
otherthi
ngs.El
ect
ri
cit
yisgener
atedatpowerst
ati
ons.

c)WIND
Windhasener
gybecausei
tcant
urnawi
ndmi
l
ltopumpwat
er.

d)THESUN
Allenergyontheear t
hcomesfr
om t
hesun.Plant
sthatdiedalongti
meagousedener gy
fr
om t hesuntogr ow.Whent
heydi
edtheygotburi
eddeepundertheearthandturnedto
coal,oilandgas.Thesun’
sener
gycanbeconvert
edtoelectr
ici
tyt
hroughsolarcel
ls.

RENEWABLEANDNON-
RENEWABLEENERGYSOURCES
Anon-
renewabl
eenergysour
ceisonethatcanbeusedup.Af
teri
tisused,
itcannotbe
r
enewed.Coal
,oi
landgasarenon-
renewablesour
cesofener
gy.

Ar
enewabl
esour
ceofener
gyi
sonet
hati
snotdepl
etedwhenused.

Exampl
esar
e:

Sol
arpower–ener
gyf
rom t
hesun.

Wi
ndpower–ener
gyf
rom t
hewi
nd.

Hy
droel
ect
ri
cpower
-el
ect
ri
cit
ygener
atedusi
ngwat
er.

THEHUMANBODY
Ourbodi
esstor
ecarbohydr
atesandf
ats.Ourbodi
eschanget
hef
oodweeati
ntoheat
ener
gywhichkeepsourbodi
esworki
ngandwar m.

PLANTS

Pl
antsusest
archandsugarthati
sstoredasplantfood.I
nachemi cal
react
ion,foodis
br
okendownandenergyisproducedforthepl
ant.Watervapourandcarbondioxidear
e
pr
oducedandpassedoutthr
ought hel
eavesatnight.

GERMSANDBACTERI
A

Thebact
eriathatl
i
veonsomet
hingl
i
kef
oodorsugaral
sobr
eakupt
hef
oodi
na
chemi
calreacti
on.

HEAT

Whati
sheat?
Heati
sthef
orm ofenergyt
hatmakesthemolecul
esi
nanobj
ectv
ibr
ate.When
somet
hingi
sheated,i
tsmolecul
esvi
brat
efast
erandmor
estr
ongl
y.

Sour
cesofheat

Heatcanbegener at
edfrom:
a)burningf uelsuchaswood, coal
,oi
lorgas.
b)electri
ccur r
entsuchasi nastoveoraheater
.
c)theener gyofsunlight
d)fri
ctionwhenmat eri
alsr
ubagainsteachot
her.Fi
recanbemadebyr
ubbi
ngt
wost
icks
together.

USESOFHEAT
Weuseheatto:
a)Cookf ood
b)Keepourhomesandbodieswarm
c)Producesteam.Thest
eam canbeusedt
odr
ivemachi
nesl
i
kel
ocomot
ivesand
el
ect
ri
calgener
ator
s

Ther
mal
powerst
ati
on
 st
eam engi
ne

d)Bendorwel dmetal
s.Whenmetal
sareheatedt
heybecomesofterandcanbe
bentintonewshapes.Twopar
tsofmetal
scanbeheatedandjoinedtoget
herby
weldi
ng.
e)Dr ythings
f) Reli
evepain.Put
ti
ngheatonasorepar
tofone’
sbodyhelpsl
essent hepai
n.

EFFECTSOFHEAT
Whensomet hi
ngisheated,itchangesintwomainways:
a)Itbecomeshotter(
itstemperatur
eincr
eases)
b)Itbecomeslar
ger(itexpands)

Exper
iment1

Temper
atureincr
ease.
Whenanythi
nggainsheat
,it
stemper
atur
eincr
eases.

Whaty
ouwi
l
lneed:
abur
ner
,ti
n/beakerandt
her
momet
er

Whatt
odo:
1.Pourwateri
ntoat inorglassbeaker.
2.Placei
toveraflame.
3.Placeather
momet erinthewater.
4.Recordthetemperat ur
eeveryminute.
5.Eachtimeyourecor d,useyourfi
ngertof
eel
howhotorcol
dthewat
eri
s.
6.Whatdoy ounotice?

Exper
iment2

Whensomet
hingi
sheat
edi
texpands.
Whaty
ouwill
need:retortstand,
knit
tingneedl
eandaburner.
1.Findalongknitti
ngneedleandcl ampitsendsi
nret
ortst
and.
2.Useabur nertoheatt hewholeneedle.
3.Whatdoy ouobser ve?

LI
GHT

Whatislight
?
Lighti
saf or
m ofener
gythatinst
rai
ghtl
i
nescal
l
edr
ays.Whenl
i
ghtr
aysent
ert
heey
e
theyproduceasensat
ioncal
ledli
ght
.

El
ect
ri
cbul
b

t
orch

candl
e

Sourcesoflight
a)Thesun
b)Themoonandst ars–atnightt
hemoonshinesr ef
lectedsunl
ightontheear
th.
c)Firesandf l
ames
d)Lightning-li
ghtni
ngfl
ashesproducesl
ightt
hatlastsforaveryshortt
ime.
e)Firef
li
es-t hesearesmal
linsect
sthatf
lyatnight
.

Ki
ndsofl
ight
Ther
eisl
i
ghtthati
spr
oducednat
ural
l
y(notmadebypeopl
e)andl
i
ghtt
hati
spr
oduced
ar
ti
fi
cial
l
y(madebypeopl
e).

Nat
ural
li
ght
i
) Thesun-i
tpr
oducesli
ghtandheat.
i
i) Li
ghtni
ng–aver
ylargeel
ectri
cspar
kintheskythatl
ast
sforav eryshor
tti
me.
i
ii
) Fi ref
li
es-t
heypr
oduceaf l
ashi
ngli
ghtf
rom thebackoft
heirbodies.

Fi
ref
ly

Ar
ti
fi
cial
li
ght

Thi
sisl
ightfr
om sourcesthatar
emadebypeopl e.
a)Fireandot herfl
ames-anyt
hingthatburnsproducesli
ghtandheat.
b)Electri
clight–anelect
ri
ccurrentheatsupthethinwir
ewhi chglowssobri
ght
ly
t
hatitproducesli
ghtandheat.Theelectr
iccurr
entcanbefr om abat
ter
yorfr
om
t
heelectriccur
rent
.

Asi
mpl
eci
rcui
t

LUMI
NOUSANDNON-
LUMI
NOUSBODI
ES

a)LUMINOUSBODIES
Theseareobj
ect
sthatpr
oducel
i
ght
.Thesun,
fir
e,bur
ningl
ampandel
ect
ri
cli
ghtbul
b
arel
uminousbodi
es.
b)NON- LUMINOUSBODI ES
Thesear eobject
sthatdonotpr
oducel
i
ght
.Onecanseetheobj
ectbecausel
i
ghtf
rom
anothersourceli
ghtshi
nesonit
.Themoonisanon-
lumi
nousbody.

Themoon
Refl
ecti
onoflight
Whenl i
ghtf
allsonanysurfaceitseemst obounceofft
hatsur
face.Whenl i
ghtf
all
sona
smoothsurfacel i
keamir
ror,iti
sreflect
edbackinsuchawaythatitstri
kessomeother
pl
aceasar oundspotofli
ght.
Whenl i
ghtshi nesonar oughsur facel i
keawhitepaper,i
tisr ef
lectedindif
fer
ent
di
recti
onsandi tseemst
ospr eadthroughoutt
heroom.

Regul
arr
efl
ect
ionandScat
ter
ingofl
i
ght

Regul
arrefl
ect
ion
Whenlightfal
l
sonasmoot hsur
facel
i
keami
rr
ori
tisr
efl
ect
edbacki
nthesameway
andtheraysst
aytoget
her
.

Scat
ter
ingofl
i
ght
Whenli
ghtray
sf al
lonar
oughsur
face,t
heyar
eref
lect
edbutt
heydonotst
ayt
oget
her
.
Theyar
escatt
ered.
SOUND

Whatissound?
Soundi safor
m ofenergyt
hatt
rav
elsi
nwav
es.I
tent
erst
heear
sandpr
oducesa
sensat
ionwecall
sound.

Someot
hersourcesofsoundare:
a)Peopletal
king.
b)Abellri
nging.
c)Acarhoot i
ng.
d)Thunderroari
ng.
e)Atinfal
li
ngof ft
heshel
f.

Pleasantandcl
earsoundsar
emusi
calsoundswhi
l
eunpl
easantandhar
shsoundsar
e
noise.

Whatcausessound?
Soundi
scausedbyv i
brat
ingobj
ect
s.

Experi
ment
Producingsound
Whaty ouwill
need:
apl
ast
icr
uler

Whatt
odo
1.Hol
dtherul
erovert
heedgeofatabl
e
2.Wit
hyourot
herhand,t
apthef
reeendoft
her
ulersot
hati
tmov
esupanddown.
3.Whatdoyounot
ice?
Al
lmusi
cal
inst
rument
spr
oducev
ibr
ati
onswhi
chcausesound.

Howdoessoundmov e?
Whensomet hingmakesasound,i tt
ravel
st hroughtheairtoourears.Soundcanonl
y
tr
avelthr
oughamat er
ialmedi
um (ai
r,wood,steel,water
,gl
assandothers.)
Soundt r
avel
sbett
erthroughsol
i
dst hantheai r.Soundcannottr
avelthroughav
acuum
becausether
eisnoair.

Changi
ngsound

Exper
iment

Whaty
ouwi
l
lneed:
arubberband

Whatt
odo
1.Holdtherubberbandinyourinyourteet
handstret
chithol
diti
noneposi
ti
on.
2.Plucktherubberbandandlist
entothesounditmakes.
3.Pullt
herubberbandtight
er.Whatisthesoundli
kenow?

Whentherubberbandispulledt i
ght
eritproducesahighernote.Wesayi thasahi gher
pi
tch.
Pi
tchofamusicalnoteishowhi ghorlowthenoteis.
Wecanchanget hepit
choft hesoundofav i
brati
ngobjectbymaki ngi
tvibr
atefasteror
sl
ower.Thefasterthevibr
ation,thehigherthepitchandt heslowerthevibrat
ion,the
l
owerthepit
ch.
St
rongvi
brati
onsproduceloudersoundswhi l
eweakervibrat
ionsproducesoft
ersounds.