Here’s a summarized and refined version of your presentation on **Plate Tectonics**,
highlighting key points while trimming down unnecessary details. I'll also add a few points to
provide clarity and continuity.
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### **SLIDE 1: Plate Tectonics**
Ref: Daryl F. Cadanilla
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### **SLIDE 2: Learning Competency**
(S10ES-Ia-j-36.1):
**Objective:** Describe the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major
mountain belts.
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### **SLIDE 3: Plate Tectonics Overview**
**Plate Tectonics Theory:**
- Earth's lithosphere is divided into plates that float and move independently over the mantle.
- Most seismic activity (earthquakes and volcanoes) happens at plate boundaries.
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### **SLIDE 4: Lithosphere Recap**
- The **lithosphere** is broken into tectonic plates.
- **Tectonics** refers to the constant, slow movement of these plates, resulting in events like
**earthquakes**.
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### **SLIDE 5: Earthquake Triangulation**
**Objective:** Locate the epicenter of an earthquake using the triangulation method.
**Data needed:**
1. Three recording stations.
2. Time difference in the arrival of P-waves and S-waves at each station.
3. Use the time difference to calculate the distance of the epicenter from each station.
**Example:**
- Epicenter: **Cebu**
- Difficulty with two stations: Results in two possible epicenters.
- Distance of epicenter from station: **9000 km**.
**Why it's important:**
- Helps in identifying the damage zone and preparing for the maximum impact.
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### **SLIDE 6: Distribution of Earthquake Epicenters**
- Earthquake epicenters are concentrated along plate boundaries.
- Some areas, like the interiors of stable continental plates, have little or no earthquake activity.
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### **SLIDE 7: Active Volcanoes Distribution**
- Volcanoes are often located along convergent and divergent plate boundaries.
- Compare earthquake epicenters with volcano locations to see overlapping patterns (e.g., the
Pacific Ring of Fire).
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### **SLIDE 8: Mountain Range Distribution**
- Mountain ranges align with tectonic plate boundaries.
- Many mountain belts, such as the **Himalayas**, form due to the collision of plates
(convergent boundaries).
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### **SLIDE 9: Basis of Plate Division**
- Plate boundaries are identified by the location of earthquake epicenters, volcanic activity, and
the formation of mountain ranges.
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### **SLIDE 10: Types of Plate Boundaries**
(S10ES-Ia-j-36.2)
**Objective:** Describe the different types of plate boundaries and the processes that occur
along them.
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### **SLIDE 11: Three Types of Plate Boundaries**
1. **Divergent Boundaries** – Plates move apart (e.g., Mid-Atlantic Ridge).
2. **Convergent Boundaries** – Plates move toward each other (e.g., Himalayas).
3. **Transform Boundaries** – Plates slide past each other (e.g., San Andreas Fault).
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### **SLIDE 12: Divergent Boundaries**
- Plates move apart, creating rift valleys on land or mid-ocean ridges underwater.
- Examples: **East Africa Rift Valley** and **Mid-Atlantic Ridge**.
**Geological Effects:**
- Rift valleys, shallow earthquakes, volcanic activity, and creation of new seafloor.
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### **SLIDE 13: Convergent Boundaries**
- Plates collide, causing mountain building, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions.
- Example: **Himalayas**, where the Indian and Eurasian plates collide.
- Oceanic-continental convergence can lead to subduction zones with volcanic activity (e.g.,
**Cascade volcanoes**).
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### **SLIDE 14: Geological Effects of Convergence**
- Intense folding and faulting.
- Creation of mountain ranges and volcanic arcs.
- Shallow to deep earthquake activity along subduction zones.
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### **SLIDE 15: Transform Fault Boundaries**
- Plates slide past one another, causing strike-slip faults.
- **Example:** **San Andreas Fault** in California.
- **Geological Effects:** Shallow earthquakes, but no significant vertical movement (thus no
tsunamis in most cases).
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### **SLIDE 16: Assessment Question**
Which of the following is NOT a divergent plate boundary?
a. Nazca Plate and South American Plate (Convergent)
b. North American Plate and Eurasian Plate (Divergent)
c. East African Rift (Divergent)
d. Plate boundary over Iceland (Divergent)
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### **SLIDE 17: Summary of Geological Effects**
- **Divergent Boundaries:** Rift valleys, mid-ocean ridges, volcanic activity.
- **Convergent Boundaries:** Mountain building, subduction zones, volcanic arcs.
- **Transform Boundaries:** Strike-slip faults, shallow earthquakes.
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This streamlined version focuses on the essentials of plate tectonics, including key concepts
and examples, while removing repetitive or overly detailed information.
