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5. THERMAL AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS

Terms commonly used in thermodynamics. 5. Adiabatic Process: Thermally isolated so that no heat can
enter or leave the system
System
6. Isentropic Process: A reversible adiabatic process is
The substance (or substances) involved in physical and/ or called isentropic process.
chemical changes is known as the system. There are four
types of system in thermodynamics 7. Isobaric Process: The process carried out at a constant
pressure
1. Open System: In such a system, exchange of energy and
matter occurs with its surroundings 8. Isochoric Process: The process carried out of constant
volume
2. Closed System: In such a system, exchange of energy
may occur but no transfer of matter occurs between the 9. Cyclic Process: The process leads from a given state
system and its surroundings through a sequence of changes back to the original state.

3. Thermally Isolates System: No exchange of energy (in State

the form of heat) takes place
The state of a system is described by specifying the values of
4. Mechanically Isolated System: No work is done on the all relevant macroscopic variables (volume, pressure and
system or by the system. temperature), so that the system could be precisely
duplicated from this information.
Surroundings
State Variables or Functions
Defined as the region outside the boundaries of the system
which may act on the system. The macroscopic quantities that are used to specify the state
of thermodynamic system are called state variables because
Process their values depend only on the condition.
The actual change that occurs in a system and the manner of Volume, temperature, pressure and density are state
its occurrence is known as the process. A process may be variables but work and heat are not state variables.
physical or chemical.
Extensive Variables
Magnetizing of iron bar → Physical process
Those variables that are proportional to the amount of matter
Rusting of iron → Chemical process are called extensive variables e.g. volume V and heat
capacity.
1. Reversible process:Process carried out very slowly so
that system remains in temperature and pressure equilibrium Intensive Variables
with surroundings
Those variables that are independent of the amount of matter
are called intensive variables e.g. temperature T, pressure P
and viscosity 𝜂.
2. Irreversible Process: In such a process a property of the
system differs by a finite Laws of Thermodynamics and their Consequences
amount from one instant to another and system cannot • In thermodynamics we deal with the transformation
returns to its original state. Such processes are real or natural of heat into mechanical work or vice versa
processes. • The state of a thermodynamical system is defined by
the thermodynamic variables such as pressure P,
3.Spontaneous Process: Takes place under a given set of
volume V, temperature T
conditions without application of any force.
• Out of these three thermodynamics variables, only
4. Isothermal Process: Reversible process at a constant two are independent variables
temperature

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• The relation connecting these thermodynamics • Statement: Whenever other forms of energy are
variables, is called the equation of state of the converted into heat energy or vice versa there is a
system fixed ratio between that form of energy and heat thus
• For example the equation of state for the gaseous converted
system is
W = The amount of work done
𝑓(𝑃, 𝑉, 𝑇) = 0
H = The amount of heat produced
Thermal Equilibrium and Zeroth Law of 𝑊
Thermodynamics 𝐻
= Is a constant

Two systems in thermal equilibrium with a third one are in = ‘T’ (Mechanical equivalent of heat)
thermal equilibrium with each other. This statement is called
the zeroth law of thermodynamics. • In mathematical form, we can state the law as

Internal Energy 𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑑𝑊
The total internal energy of a system is the sum of internal where𝑑𝑄 → Amount of heat given to a system which is used
kinetic energy (due to motion of molecules) and internal up in
potential energy (due to intermolecular attractions)
(i) raising the internal energy of the system by an amount of
The Difference Between the Two Specific Heats of a Du and
Perfect Gas
(ii) During work dW by the system
The specific heat of a system is defined as the amount of
heat energy given to a unit mass of the system to raise • Specific heat capacity
temperature by unity.
(i) at constant volume ∆𝑈 = 𝐶𝑉 ∆𝑇
If 𝑑 𝑄 → Amount of heat energy given for a rise of
temperature by an amount d T. Then For nmol ∆𝑈 = 𝑛𝐶𝑉 ∆𝑇

Specific heat of system, (ii) at constant pressure ∆𝐻 = 𝐶𝑃 ∆𝑇

𝑑𝑄 For n mol ∆𝐻 = 𝑛𝐶𝑃 ∆𝑇

𝐶=
𝑑𝑇 Isothermal change of perfect gas:
When volume is kept constant, then
PV = RT
𝜕𝑄
𝐶𝑉 = ( ) Adiabatic change of perfect gas:
𝜕𝑇 𝑇
𝑃𝑉 𝛾 = Constant
When pressure is kept constant,
𝜕𝑄 𝑇𝑉 𝛾−1 = Constant
𝐶𝑝 = ( )
𝜕𝑇 𝑃 1−𝛾
𝑇𝑃 𝛾
= Constant
The difference in specific heat at constant pressure to that at
constant volume is given as Work done during isothermal expansion of an ideal gas:
𝑉
𝐶𝑃 − 𝐶𝑉 = 𝑅 W = 2∙ 3026 RT 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑉𝑓
𝑖

First Law of Thermodynamics Work done during adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas:
• The first law of thermodynamics is a law of 1
conservation of energy 𝑊= (𝑃 𝑉 − 𝑃𝑓 𝑉𝑖 )
𝛾−1 1 1

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Work done during the stretching of wire: Work output in energy unit
𝜂=
Heat input in same energy units
𝑑𝑊 = −𝐹𝑑𝑙
𝑊
Work done during the stretching of film: = 𝑄

𝑑𝑊 = −𝑇𝑑𝐴 𝑄1 = The amount of heat absorbed by the system

Work done during the magnetization: 𝑄2 = The amount of heat rejected by it then work done by
the system
𝑑𝑊 = −𝐻𝑑𝐼
W = 𝑄1 − 𝑄2 and heat absorbed
Cooling in adiabatic reversible process:
= 𝑄1
𝑇 𝐷𝑉
𝑑𝑇 = 𝐶 ( 𝑑𝑇 ) 𝑑/𝑃(For gas expansion)
𝑃 𝑃 𝑄1 − 𝑄2 𝑄2
𝜂= =1−
𝑇 𝑑𝑙 𝑄1 𝑄1
𝑑𝑇 = − ( ) 𝑑𝐹
𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 𝐹 Carnot’s Engine
(For stretching of wire) A simple type of engine working between two reservoirs at
𝑑𝐼 fixed temperature 𝑇1 (temperature of source) and 𝑇2
𝑑𝑇 = − ( ) 𝑑𝐻 (temperature of sink)
𝑑𝑇 𝐻
The efficiency of the Carnot’s engine is given as
(For magnetic salt in magnetic field)
𝑄2 𝑇2
Joule’s law for perfect gas: 𝜂 =1− =1−
𝑄1 𝑇1
𝜕𝑈
( ) =0 𝑄1 𝑇1
𝜕𝑉 𝑇 =
𝑄2 𝑇2
Joule’s coefficient for Vander Waal’s gas:
• Summary of various steps of the Carnot cycle
𝜕𝑇
𝜂=( ) Step 1. 𝐴 → 𝐵isothermal
𝜕𝑉 𝑈
1 𝑎 𝑄2 = −𝑊1
=-𝐶 2
𝑉𝑉
𝑉2
𝑊1 = −𝑛𝑅𝑇2 1𝑛 ( )
Nature of Vander Waal’s forces: The potential function 𝑉1
𝐴 𝐵 Step 2. B → C adiabatic
𝑈= 12
− 6
𝑟 𝑟
Heat absorbed by gas = 0
Joule – Thomson effect: Amount of cooling
𝑊2 = ∆𝑈 = 𝑛𝐶𝑉 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
1 2𝑎
𝑑𝑇 = ( − 𝑏) 𝑑𝑃 Step 3. C → D isothermal
𝐶𝑃 𝑅𝑇

Second Law of Thermodynamics 𝜃1 = −𝑊3

A heat engine is a mechanical device which converts heat 𝑉4

𝑊3 = −𝑛𝑅𝑇2 1𝑛 ( )
into mechanical work. The system which undergoes such 𝑉3
change is called working substance.
Step 4. D →A adiabatic
The efficiency of the heat engine
Heat absorbed by gas = 0

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𝑊4 = ∆𝑈 = 𝑛𝐶𝑉 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 𝑇2

∆𝑆 = ∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑(1𝑛 𝑇)
Second Law of Thermodynamics
𝑇1
Kelvin – Planck’s statement – It is impossible to construct
a device which when operates in a cycle, extracts heat from a 3. Phase change
source and converts whole of it into work. (∆H)phase change
∆𝑆 =
Clausius statement – It is impossible to construct a device T
when operates in a cycle, produces no effect other than to 4. Temperature change
transfer heat from a colder body to hotter body.
𝑇2
Both of these statements are equivalent to each other. ∆𝑆 = 2 ∙ 303𝑛𝐶𝑃 log ( )
𝑇1
Entropy
5. Variation in 𝑪𝑷 with Temperature
There is no straight forward definition for entropy but
If the heat capacity of a system is given as a function of
generally defined in terms of a differential equation for
temperature namely
infinitesimal change Ds in entropy
𝑑𝑄 𝐶 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑇 + 𝑐𝑇 2 +. ….
𝑑𝑆 = for a reversible condition
𝑇
𝑇2
𝑑𝑄 ∆𝑆 = 𝑎 1𝑛 ( ) + 𝑏(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑑𝑆 > for a spontaneous process 𝑇1
𝑇
𝑐
𝑑𝑆 <
𝑑𝑄
for a non spontaneous process + (𝑇22 − 𝑇12 )+. ..
2
𝑇
6. The TdS equations
• The dimensions of entropy are energy and
temperature are usually quoted in joules per degree a) The entropy s of a pure substance can be regarded as a
kelvin per mole of the substance concerned function of temperature and volume
• Entropy is a variable of state. Depends only on the
initial and final states of a system and not on the 𝜕𝑃
𝑇𝑑𝑆 = 𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑇 + 𝑇 (𝜕𝑇 ) 𝑑𝑉 1stTdS equation
path taken between the states. 𝑣

Entropy Changes b) The entropy S of a pure substance can also be regarded as

a function of temperature and pressure
1. Isothermal expansion of an ideal gas into vacuum
𝜕𝑉
𝑇𝑑𝑆 = 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 − 𝑇 ( ) 𝑑𝑃𝐼 1nd TdS equation
𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑉2 𝜕𝑇 𝑃
∆𝑆 = = 𝑛𝑅 1𝑛 ( )
𝑇 𝑉1 • Ideas on phase transition
𝑃
= 𝑛𝑟 1𝑛 (𝑃1 ) Investigates the equilibrium between a liquid and its vapour
2
in between any two phases of a substance
𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑄𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑣
= ∆𝑆 > A 1st order phase transition is defined as that one in which
𝑇 𝑇
Gibbs function with respect to pressure and temperature
2. At constant volume and at constant pressure changes discontinuously at the transition point but the value
of the Gibbs function remain same in both the phases at
𝑇2
equilibrium
∆𝑆 = ∫ 𝐶𝑣 𝑑(1𝑛 𝑇)
A second order phase transition can be defined as the
𝑇1
phenomenon that takes place with no change in entropy and
volume at constant temperature and pressure.

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Second order phase transitions also exist, which changes the 𝑑𝑃 𝐿

slope of S Vs T curve at the transition pint and not a change =
𝑑𝑇 𝑇(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
of value. The heat capacity does not become infinite at the
transition temperature but changes continuously, the volume a) Effects of change of pressure of the melting point:
does not change at the transition, and there is no latent heat When a solid is coveted into a liquid, there is a change in
of transformation. The Gibbs function and its first volume
derivatives are also continuous. Example of such a transition
𝑑𝑃
is the liquid vapour transition at the critical point. if𝑉2 > 𝑉1 , 𝑑𝑇 is a positive quantity so the melting point of the
substance will increase in pressure and vice versa.
There is a third type of transition also called a lambda
transition, that occurs between two liquid phases of 𝐻𝑒 4 , 𝑑𝑃
Now if 𝑉2 < 𝑉1 , 𝑑𝑇 is a negative quantity, is such cases the
between the ordinary liquid He I and superfluid He II. Latent
heat in this transition is absent and the heat capacity at the melting point of the substance will increase with increase in
transition tends to infinity. pressure and vice versa [e.g. for ice 𝑉2 < 𝑉1 , hence the ice
will melt at a temperature lower than 0℃ at a pressure higher
The Clausius – Clapeyron equation is an important relation than the normal pressure].
describing the variations of pressure with temperature for a
system consisting of the phases in equilibrium. For the liquid b) Effect of change of pressure of boiling point
– vapour equilibrium. 𝑑𝑃
: Here always 𝑉2 > 𝑉1 , thus is a positive quantity. So with
𝑑𝑇
𝜕𝑃 𝑙𝑉 increasing pressure, the boiling point of a substance
( )=
𝜕𝑇 𝑇(𝑉 ′′′ − 𝑉 ′′ ) increases and vice – versa. The liquid will boil at a lower
temperature under reduced pressure.
Similar equations exist for the solid liquid phases. These
equations are not valid for phase transitions of the second • Entropy of mixing for ideal gas
order.
𝑃10 𝑃20
• Compressibility ∆𝑆 = 𝑅 [𝑛1 1𝑛 ( ) + 𝑛2 1𝑛 ( )]
𝑝1 𝑃2
The mean compressibility 𝑍 of a material is defined as where𝑛1 → mole of one gas
𝑉2 − 𝑉1
𝑍=− 𝑃10 →initial pressure of one gas
𝑉1 (𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )
(0)
𝑛2 the mole of another gas at an initial pressure 𝑃2 and 𝑃1
For a volume V at a pressure P,
and 𝑃2 are the initial pressure of the two gases
𝑑𝑉
Z=- 𝑃1 = 𝑥1 𝑃𝑡 and𝑃2 = 𝑥2 𝑃𝑡
𝑉𝑑𝑃

1 𝑑𝑉
= - 𝑉 𝑑𝑃 𝑥1 and𝑥2 → mole fraction of two gases

The negative sign arises because an increase in pressure 𝑃𝑡 →total pressure of mixture
always results in a decrease in volume.
In special case when 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃10 = 𝑃20 ,
Units of Z is reciprocal of newtons square metre. At constant
∆𝑆 = −𝑅(𝑛1 1𝑛 𝑥1 + 𝑛2 1𝑛 𝑥2 )
temperature known as isothermal compressibility and given
as [since𝑥1 and 𝑥2 are less than unity]
1 Second latent heat capacity:
𝑍=
𝑃
𝑑𝐿 𝐿
Thermodynamical Relationships = + 𝐶2 − 𝐶1
𝑑𝑇 𝑇
Clausius – Clapeyron latent heat equation

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Thermodynamic potential – We have the following four Under the same total pressure the chemical potential of any
thermodynamics potential which are the functions of the gas in a mixture is always less than the chemical potential of
thermodynamic variables P, V, T and S that gas in a pure state.

(i) Internal or intrinsic energy, U Radiation

(ii) Enthalpy or total heat function, Total energy density:

∞
F = U – TS
𝑢 = ∫ 𝑢𝜆 𝑑𝜆
0
(iii) Enthalpy or total heat function
Total emissivity:
H = U + PV
∞
(iv) Gibb’s potential 𝐸 = ∫ 𝑒𝜆 𝑑𝜆
0
G = U + PV – TS
𝐶𝑢
E= 4
(for diffuse radiation)
= H – TS
= Cu (for plane waves)
= F + PV
Pressure of radiation:
Maxwell’s thermodynamic relationship
1
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑃 P = 3 𝑢 (for diffuse waves)
( ) = −( )
𝜕𝑉 𝑆 𝜕𝑆 𝑉
But if the surface is a perfect reflector, then the pressure
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑉 exerted by the diffused radiation will be two times this value.
( ) =( )
𝜕𝑃 𝑆 𝜕𝑆 𝑃 2
P = 3𝑢
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑆
( ) =( ) P = u for plane waves
𝜕𝑇 𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝑇
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑆 • Stefan’s Boltzmann Radiation
( ) = −( )
𝜕𝑆 𝑃 𝜕𝑃 𝑆 The rate of energy radiation from surface is
The chemical potential can be defined in any of the
𝐸 ∝ 𝑇4
following six different ways
𝜕𝐺 E = 𝜎𝑇 4
𝜇𝑖 = ( )
𝜕𝑛𝑖 𝑇.𝑃.𝑛 The net rate of emission from unit area of the surface of
1 .𝑛2 …
black body will be
𝜕𝐹
𝜇𝑖 = ( ) E = 𝜎(𝑡 4 − 𝑡04 )
𝜕𝑛𝑖 𝑇.𝑉.𝑛
1 .𝑛2 …

𝜕𝑉 𝑇0 →temperature of surroundings
𝜇𝑖 = ( )
𝜕𝑛𝑖 𝑆.𝑉..𝑛 Wien’s law:
1 .𝑛2 …

𝜕𝑆 𝐴
𝜇𝑖 = −𝑇 ( ) 𝑢𝜆 𝑑𝜆 = 𝑓(𝜆𝑇)𝑑𝜆
𝜕𝑛𝑖 𝑉.𝑛 𝜆5
1 .𝑛2 …
𝐴′
𝜕𝑆 𝑒𝜆 𝑑𝜆 = 𝑓(𝜆𝑇)𝑑𝜆
𝜇𝑖 = −𝑇 ( ) 𝜆5
𝜕𝑛𝑖 𝐻.𝑃.𝑛
1 .𝑛2 …
𝜆𝑇 = Constant

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𝑒𝝀 𝑇 5 Stefan’s constant
( ′) = ( )
𝑒𝝀 𝑇
2 𝜋 5𝑘4
𝜎=
• Adiabatics expansion of black body radiation 15 𝑐 2 ℎ3

U = Uv [V – volume of enclosure] Elements of Classical Statistics

1st Law Probability for (𝑟, 𝑁 − 𝑟) distribution

𝑁𝐶𝑟
𝑑𝑈 + 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑄 = 0 𝑃𝑟,𝑁−𝑟 =
2𝑁
𝑑(𝑢𝑉) + 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 0
Probability for either of r or s events
1 1
or𝑢𝑑𝑉 + 𝑉𝑑𝑢 + 3 𝑢𝑑𝑉 = 0 [𝑃 = 3 𝑢] 𝑃𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑠 = 𝑃𝑟 + 𝑃𝑠
4 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑢 Joint probability of composite event
⇒ =−
3 𝑉 𝑢
𝑃𝑟𝑠 = 𝑃𝑟 𝑃𝑠
4
Integrate 3 log 𝑉 = − log 𝑢 + constant
For maximum probability
log 𝑉 4/3 𝑢 =constant 𝑁
𝑟=
𝑢 = 𝐴𝑇 4 2
𝑁𝐶𝑁/2
𝑉 4/3 𝐴𝑇 4 = constant 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2𝑁
1/3
or𝑉 𝑇 = constant For minimum probability
3
or𝑉𝑇 = constant 𝑟 = 0 or 𝑁
Average energy of Planck’s oscillator 1
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
ℎ𝜐 2𝑁
𝐸=
(𝑒 ℎ𝜐/𝑘𝑇 − 1) Probability for (𝒓, 𝑵 − 𝒓) distribution with weight factor
p:1–P
Average energy of classical oscillator
𝑃(𝑟, 𝑁 − 𝑟) = 𝑁𝐶𝑟 (𝑃)𝑟 (1 − 𝑃)𝑁−𝑟
𝐸 = 𝑘𝑇
• If U units of energy are distributed among N
Number of modes of vibrations distinguishable particles of zero spin, the total
8𝜋 number of accessible microstate Ω is given by
𝑁𝜆 𝑑𝜆 = 𝜆4
𝑑𝜆per c.c.
(𝑁 + 𝑈 − 1)!
8𝜋𝜐2 Ω=
𝑁0 𝑑𝜐 = 𝑑𝜐per c.c (𝑁 − 1)! 𝑈!
𝑐3

The wavelength at which energy is maximum • 2𝑁 represents the total number of microstates.

ℎ𝑐 Thermodynamic probability for 𝑵𝒊 distribution

𝜆𝑚 =
5𝑘𝑇 ∟𝑁
W = ∟𝑁
1 ∟𝑁2 ∟𝑁3 ……
Total energy density
Energywise distribution
8𝜋 5 𝑘 4 𝑇 4
𝑈=
15𝑐 3 ℎ3

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𝑁𝑖
= 𝐴𝑒 −𝛽𝑒𝑖 8𝑘𝑇
𝑁 < 𝑐 >= √
𝜋𝑚
BoltzmannCanonical distribution:
Mean square speed
𝑒 −𝐸𝑟 /𝑘 𝑇
𝑃𝑟 = 3𝑘𝑇
∑𝑒 −𝐸𝑟 /𝑘 𝑇 < 𝑐 2 >=
𝑚
Kinetic Theory of Gases
3𝑘𝑇
Maxwellian velocity distribution function 𝑐𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √
𝑚
𝑚 3/2
𝑃(𝑣)𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑣𝑧 = ( )
2𝜋𝑘𝑇 Maxwellian energy distribution function
2 2 2
𝑒 −𝑚(𝑣𝑥 +𝑣𝑦 +𝑣𝑧 𝑦)2𝑘𝑇 1 3/2 1/2 −𝐸/𝑘𝑇
𝑃(𝐸) = 2𝜋 ( ) 𝐸 𝑒
𝜋𝑘𝑇
𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑣𝑧
𝑘𝑇
𝑚 1/2 −𝑚𝑣 2 /2𝑘𝑇 𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 =
𝑃(𝑣𝑥 )𝑑𝑣𝑥 = ( ) 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑣𝑥 2
2𝜋𝑘𝑇
Probability for a molecule to travel free distance x is
𝑚 1/2
|𝑃(𝒗𝒙 )|2𝑚𝑎𝑥 =( ) P = 𝑒 −𝑥/𝜆
2𝜋𝑘𝑇
1 Energy per degree of freedom
𝑃(𝒗𝒙 ) = |𝑃(𝑣𝑥 )|𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑒
1
𝜀 = 𝑘𝑇
2𝑘𝑇 2
at𝑣𝑥 = √ 𝑚
Coefficient of viscosity of a gas
<𝑣𝑥 > = 0
1
𝑘𝑇
𝜂 = 𝜌𝑐𝜆
<𝑣𝑥2 > = 3
𝑚
Coefficient of thermal conduction of a gas
𝑘𝑇 1
(𝑣𝑥 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √ 𝐾 = 𝜂𝑐𝑣 = 𝜌𝑐𝜆𝑐𝑣
𝑚 3
The Maxwellian speed distribution Coefficient of diffusion
1
𝑚 3/2 2 −𝑚𝑐 2 /2𝑘𝑇 D = 3 𝑐𝜆
𝑃(𝑐)𝑑𝑐 = 4𝜋 ( ) 𝑐 𝑒 𝑑𝑐
2𝜋𝑘𝑇
Brownian Motion
2𝑘𝑡
𝑐𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 = √ According to equipartition theory, a Brownian particle can
𝑚 be consider as a rigid body with six degrees of freedom. As a
result of random Collison of the Brownian particle with the
𝑚 −1 molecules of the liquid in which it moves and with other
|𝑃|(𝑐)|𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 = 4√ 𝑒
2𝜋𝑘𝑇 Brownian particles, it drifts along. If 𝑟𝑛 is the distance
covered by the particle after n observations, < 𝑟𝑛2 > = mean
Mean speed, square distance covered by the particle after n steps.
𝑎2 𝑟
< 𝑟𝑛2 > = 𝑎2 𝑛 = ∆𝑡

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when𝑎3 =< 𝑞𝑖2 > is the mean square of the displacement 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑛0 < 𝑣 > 𝜆𝑚 =𝜂
during ith observation 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎2 𝑡 1
∴< 𝑟𝑛2 > = = 𝛼𝑡 where𝜂 = 3 𝑛0 < 𝑣 > 𝜆𝑚
∆𝑡
𝑛0 <𝑣>𝑚 1
𝛼is measured experimentally and also calculated or𝜂 = 3
(4 2𝜋2 𝑛 )
√ 0 0
theoretically. As the Brownian particle move with speed v,
the momentum due to random impacts of the molecules in 𝑚<𝑣>
= 13
the direction opposite to the motion of the particles on the √2𝜋𝑟02
average larger than the momentum due to impacts in the
direction of motion. This leads to a force friction – bv Heat Conduction

The equation of the particle becomes 𝑚𝑥̇ = −𝑏𝑥̇ + 𝐹𝑥′ when The transport of energy between neighbouring volume
𝑣 = 𝑥̇ and 𝐹𝑥 is the random force acting on it. Solving this elements by virtue of the temperature difference between
equation, gives for 𝛼. them is known as heat conduction

6𝑘𝑇 6𝑘𝑇𝑡 If Q is heat that flows perpendicular to the faces of a place of

𝛼= , < 𝑟𝑛2 >= ; 𝑃 = 6𝜋𝜇𝑟0 material in the form of a slab of thickness dand of area A, for
𝑏 𝑏 a time t is measured, then
𝜇 →viscosity of the liquid and 𝑟0 is the radius of the
𝑄 𝑑𝑡
spherical particle moving randomly in the liquid. ∝𝐴
𝑡 𝑑
Transport Phenomena
whereDt → Change in temperature
If a system is in a non - equilibrium state, it will gradually
attain the equilibrium state it left alone. The time during • Fundamental law of heat conduction –
which the system attains the equilibrium state is called the 𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑇
relaxation time. = −𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
Two different non – equilibrium states here. 𝑑𝑇
where𝑑𝑥 is called the temperature gradient and kis called the
(i) Viscosity –In the equilibrium state, different parts of a thermal conductivity
system are at rest with respect to each other. When the
different parts are in relative motion, factors tending to • Linear flow of heat perpendicular to the faces of
decrease the relative viscosity namely drag forces or viscous a slab –
forces arise. In gases, these forces take part in the exchange
𝑇 −𝑇
of momentum of ordered motion between different layers. Q = 𝑘𝐴 1 2
𝑑

(ii) In thermal conduction the equilibrium state is • Radial flow of heat between two coaxial
characterized by the same temperature at all pints of the cylinders –
system. If in a certain region, the temperature deviates from
the equilibrium value, heat is transported in the system in 𝑑𝑇
such a way as to make the temperature of all parts of the 𝑄 = 𝑘. 2𝜋𝑟𝑙
𝑑𝑟
system identical. Such a transfer of heat is termed thermal
conditions. 𝐼𝐺 →is total flux along the x – axis at xgiven by 𝑄 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑇 = − ∙
2𝜋𝑟𝑙𝑘 𝑟
1 𝜕𝑔
𝐼𝐺 = − 3 𝑛0 < 𝑉 > 𝜕𝑥 is the basic transport equation.
Integrating between 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 , we have
Viscosity is caused by the transport of molecular momentum 𝑄 𝑟2
across the direction of motion of the layer of gas having 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = 1𝑛 ( )
2𝜋𝑙𝑘 𝑟1
different velocities. Due to this friction force, the layer
moving faster is decelerated and that moving slower is • Radial flow of heat between two concentric
accelerated. G is the momentum mu where ∆𝑣 is the spheres –
difference in velocities between layer separated by ∆𝑥

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𝑑𝑡
𝑄 = −𝑘4𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝑟
𝑄 𝑑𝑟
and𝑑𝑇 = − 4𝜋𝑘 𝑟2

integrating between 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 , we have

𝑄 1 1
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = ( − )
4𝜋𝑘 𝑟1 𝑟2

Phase Space

The space in which the state of a particle is represented by a

point in terms of the six dimensions of position and
momentum𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑝𝑥 , 𝑝𝑦 , 𝑝𝑧 is known as the 𝜇 – space. In a
phase space the state of an assembly of N particles is
represented by a point in the 6N – dimensional space. 2𝐸
whose semi – major axis 𝑎 = √ 𝑘 and semi minor axis b =
The volume of phase space Δ𝜏 is given by
√2𝑚𝐸
2
Δ𝜏 = 4𝜋𝑝 . 𝑑𝑝. 𝑉
• Phase diagram for a single particle free to move
and in terms of energy in one dimension
3 1 1 𝑝2
Δ𝜏 = 2𝜋(2𝑚)2 𝜀 2 𝑑 𝜀. 𝑉 Here E = 2 𝑚𝑣𝑥2 = 2𝑚
𝑥

• Phase space diagram of one dimensional Since there is no potential energy for free particle
oscillator
or𝑝𝑥 = ±√2𝑚𝐸
The energy of the one – dimensional oscillator
there are two momentum states for every energy state, one
𝑝𝑥2 1 for motion in the + x direction and the other for motion in –
E= + 𝑘𝑥 2
2𝑚 2 xdirection.
can be written as

𝑝𝑥2 𝑘𝑥 2
+ =1
2𝑚𝐸 2𝐸
𝑥2 𝑏𝑥2
or + =1
(2𝐸/𝐴) 2𝑚𝐸

in the x - 𝑝𝑥 phase space, this represents an ellipse

Ensembles

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As ensemble is defiend as a collection of very large number Π 𝑔𝑛𝑠

W = N! ( 𝑛𝑠 ! )
of assemblies which are essential independent of one another 𝑠 𝑠
but which have been made macroscopically as identical as
possible. There are three types of esembles. Quantization

(i) Macrocanonical ensemble – where each assembly has De – Broglie showed that a particle moving with a velocity 𝜈
the same value of volume V, number of system N and is associated with a wavelength 𝜆
energy E ℎ ℎ
𝜆= =
(ii)Canonical ensemble – In this case the assemblies have 𝑚𝑣 𝑝
same temperature T, volume V, and the number of system N.
The dual nature of matter gives rise to the uncertainty is
(iii) Grand canonical ensemble – The assemblies have the simultaneous measurement of position and momentum
same temperature T, volume V and chemical potential 𝜇
Δ𝑥Δ𝑝 ≥ ℎ
Liouville Theorem
Symmetric and Antisymmetric States
It is given by the equation
The distinction between identical particles is defined as:
𝑑𝜌 distinguishable particles which are described by classical
=0 mechanics and indistinguishable particles which are
𝑑𝑡
described by quantum mechanics.
This equation governs the motionof incompressible fluid in
phase space. The indistinguishable particles further classified as bosons or
fermions.
2nd part of theorem is principle of conservation of extension
in phase phase. The state of a system may be represented by a wave function
Ψ.
𝑗
𝑑 𝑑
(𝛿𝑇) = (Π𝑑𝑞𝑖 𝑑𝑝𝑖 ) = 0 • If the wave function remains unchanged after the
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 system has been inverted about the origin of co
𝑖
ordinates, then the state of the system is said to be
Probability symmetric
The probability of any event is defined as A totally symmetric wave function is referred to as a system
of boson and the system obeys Bose Einstein Statistics
𝑁𝐴
𝑃(𝐴) =
𝑁 • If the wave function change sign due to the
No.of case of observing an event inversion process, the state of the system is
= Total number of events antisymmetric.

Proability is of two types A totally antisymmetric wave function is called a system of

fermions and the system obeys F – D statistics
(i) The equal a priori probability – The equal a priori
probability of N balls among kcells is the product of k • If a system of particles is described by a totally
probabilities of the form (𝑔𝑖 )𝑛𝑖 is – antisymmetric wave function, no two particles can
occupy the same state (Pauli exclusion principle)
(𝑔1 )𝑛1 . (𝑔2 )𝑛2 . (𝑔3 )𝑛3 … . . (𝑔𝑘 )𝑛𝑘
Average Value
(ii) The thermodynamicalprobability – It is given by
The average value of X is defined as
𝑁!
𝑡
𝑛1 ! 𝑛2 ! 𝑛3 ! … . . 𝑛𝑘 !
𝑋 = ∑ 𝑃𝑛 𝑥𝑛
The total probability W of the distribution 𝑛=1

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Classical Limit 1
and𝛽 =
𝑘𝑇
A classical description is valid when
are known as the Lagrange’s undetermined multipliers. 𝐵 =
𝑟𝑎𝑣 𝑝𝑎𝑣 ≫ ℎ ℎ3 is the volume of the smallest cell in the phase space.

ℎ Bose Einstein Distribution

𝑝=
𝜆 The distribution of identical and indistinguishable particles
∴ 𝑟𝑎𝑣 ≫ 𝜆𝑎𝑣 (classical limit) of zero and integral spin over the various energy states for
most probable configurations is given by Bose Einstein
If 𝑟𝑎𝑣 ≪ 𝜆𝑎𝑣 (quantum limit) distribution as

We imagine that each particle occupies a tiny cube of side 𝑔1

𝑛1 =
𝑟𝑎𝑣 and these cubes fill the volume V 𝑒 −(𝛼−𝛽∈ 𝑖 )−1

3
𝑟𝑎𝑣 =𝑉 • Properties of B – E distribution

𝑉 1/3 1. For bosons, there is no limit to the number than can go

or𝑟𝑎𝑣 = (𝑁) into any single particle state

if we related with temperature T with the average, energy ∈ ∴at the absolute zero of temperature, all the bosons in our
by systems will be in the single particle ground state.
2 2. The energy distribution of the ideal boson gas in a box,
𝑝𝑎𝑣 3
=∈= 𝑘𝑇 the energy distribution n(∈)𝑑 ∈ is
2𝑚 2
𝑝𝑎𝑣 ≃ (3𝑚𝑘𝑇)1/2 𝑔𝑉 2𝑚 3/2 ∈1/2 𝑑 ∈
𝑛(∈)𝑑 ∈= ( 2 ) ( 2 ) [ ]
ℎ
4𝜋 ℎ exp{(∈ −𝜇)|𝑘𝑇} − 1
or𝜆𝑎𝑣 ≃ (3𝑚𝑘𝑇)1/2
3. in the high temperature classical limit, both bosons and
Condition fermions are very small and equation for 𝑓(𝐸) reduces to the
classical Boltzmann distribution function
𝑉 1/3
( ) ≫ ℎ(3𝑚𝑘𝑇)1/2 (Classical limit) 4. The chemical potential 𝜇of an ideal boson gas must
𝑁
always be less than the energy of the lowest energy single
1 1/3 particle state and it is always negative.
or(𝜌) ≫ 𝜆𝑎𝑣
5. If U is the total energy of an ideal boson gas, the U is
or𝑡 ≫ 𝑝𝜆3𝑎𝑣 (Classical limit) given by
quantum limit ∞
𝑈 = ∫ 𝑛(∈) ∈ 𝑑 ∈
𝑝𝜆3𝑎𝑣 ≫ 1 0

Maxwell Boltzmann Distribution 6. The internal energy, entropy and pressure of a boson gas
tend to zero when the absolute temperature goes to zero
The distribution of identical and distinguishable particles
over the various energy states for the most probable Planck’s Radiation Formulae
configuration given by the expression 8𝜋ℎ𝑐𝑑𝜆
𝐸(𝜆)𝑑𝜆 =
𝑛𝑖 = 𝑔𝑖 𝑒 𝛼+𝛽∈𝑖 𝜆5 (𝑒 ℎ𝑐/𝜆𝑘𝑡
− 1)

is known as the Maxwell Boltzmann distribution. Specific Heats of Solids

𝐵𝑁 1
Einstein model:
Here, 𝛼 = 1𝑛 [ 𝑉 3 ]
(2𝜋𝑚𝑘 𝑇)2

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ℎ𝜐 2 𝑒 ℎ𝜐/𝑘𝑇 The property of liquid Helium bellow 2∙ 19K to flow

𝐶𝑉 = 3𝑁𝑘 ( ) through the capillary tubes without showing any resistance is
𝑘𝑇 (𝑒 ℎ𝜐/𝜆𝑘𝑇 − 1)2
called superfluidity
We can express it in terms of Einstein temperature, such that
There are two theories of superfluidity of liquid Helium II.
ℎ𝜐 = 𝑘Θ𝐸
(i) London theory – Liquid Helium II is considered as a
2 Θ /𝑇 degenerate Bose fluid made up of the normal fluid and the
Θ𝐸 𝑒 𝐸
𝐶𝑉 = 3𝑁𝑘 ( ) superfluid.
𝑇 (𝑒 𝐸 /𝑇 −)2
Θ

(ii) Landau theory – The energy of liquid Helium is made

Debye’s T – Cube law
up of the energy of rotons and the energy of phonons.
12𝑁𝑘𝜋 4 𝑇 3 Fermi – Dirac Statistics
𝐶𝑉 = ( )
5 Θ𝐷
It applies to identical and indistinguishable particles having
Bose Einstein Condensation half integral angular momentum. The particles obey Pauli’s
exclusion principle and have antisymmetric wave function.
A phenomenon that occurs at low temperature in system Fermi – Dirac distribution law is given by
consisting of large numbers of bosons whose total number is
conserved in collisions. Used in the explanation of super 𝑔𝑖
fluidity, this phenomenon enables a significant fraction of 𝑓(∈)𝑑 ∈= 𝑛𝑖 = −(𝛼+𝛽∈ )
𝑒 𝑖 +1
the particles to occupy a single quantum state. No analogous
phenomenon occurs for two or more fermions, which are • Properties of Fermi – Dirac distribution
prohibited by the Pauli exclusion principle from occupying ∈−∈𝐹
𝜕𝑓(∈) 1 exp{−( )}
the same quantum state. 1. =( ) 𝑘𝑇
2
𝜕∈ 𝑘𝑇 [1+exp{−(
∈−∈ 0 )}]
𝑘𝑇
The limiting case of Bose Einstein denervation is given by
the equation 𝜕𝑓
𝜕∈
is
an even function it remains unchanged when the sign of
𝑉(2𝜋𝑚𝑘𝑇)3/2 (∈ −∈𝐹 )/kT is reversed.
N= ℎ3
2∙ 612
It means its value distributed symmetrically with respect to
For temperature well below 𝑇𝑏 (Bose Einstein temperature) the point (∈ −∈𝐹 ) / kT = 0
there is a finite fraction of particles in the single particle
ground state (single lowest momentum state) known as Bose 2. At ∈=∈𝐹
– Einstein condensation.
𝜕𝑓 1
=−
It is not a condensation in space, but a condensation into the 𝜕𝑇 4𝑘𝑇
same single particle ground state.
at this point the function 𝑓(∈) decreases.
A condensation in momentum space; the particle condense
into the state 𝑝 = 0. This state (p = 0) produces abrupt 3. The function 𝑓(∈) at the point ∈=∈𝐹 (= 𝜇) becomes less
𝜕𝑓
change in the thermodynamic properties of the ideal B – E steep when the temperature is lowered; at absolute zero, 𝜕𝑇
gas when the temperature decreases through 𝑇𝑏 becomes - ∞. The function 𝑓(∈) acquires a step like form
• Since the particle that are in state p = 0haver zero
momentum, they do not contribute to the pressure
or internal energy of the system. Therefore, the
pressure and internal energy rapidly decrease as the
temperature tends to zero.

Superfluidity

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Fermi Energy

The Fermi energy for a degenerate gas is given by

2
𝜋2 𝑇
∈𝑓 =∈𝑓 (0) [1 − ( ) ]
12 𝑇𝑓

and for a non degenerate gas by

𝑁ℎ3
∈𝑓 = 𝑘 𝑇 1𝑛 [ ]
2𝑉(2𝜋 𝑚𝑘 𝑇)3/2

Specific Heat of Metals

Specific heat of metals due to lattice vibrations was found to

4. If E is the reference energy (i.e. it is the starting point with be proportional to 𝑇 3 at sufficiently low temperature.
a value 0) in FD distribution, then Besides the lattice vibrations, the specific heat of metals also
has an electronic contribution proportional to T.
1
𝑓(∈) =
1 + exp(−𝜇∗ ) Thus, specific heat of metals can be expressed as
𝜇 ∈
where𝜇 ∗ = (= 𝑝 ) and dimensionless quantity known as 𝐶𝑉 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇 3
𝑘𝑇 𝑘𝑇
reduced electrochemical potential or the reduced Fermi level. Statistical Thermodynamics entropy:
1
5. when∈ −∈𝐹 = 0, 𝑓(∈) = 2 irrespective of the temperature 𝑆 = 𝑘 1𝑛 𝑊
under non – equilibrium condition ∈𝐹 ≠ 𝜇.
Additivity of entropy for assemblies of identical non –
6.At absolute zero, only the lowest lying states are occupied. integrating systems:

7. At T = 0 K, 𝑓(∈) = 1 for all values of ∈<∈𝐹 𝑓(∈) = 0 𝑆𝑇 = 𝑆1 + 𝑆2

for all values of ∈>∈𝐹
Gibb’s Paradox: The increase in entropy due to mixing is
8. When T = 0, the fermions fill all the single particles states 𝑚
upto the Fermi energy (∈𝐹 ) and U ≠ 0 at T = 0 ∆𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑥 = ∑ 𝑛𝑖 𝑅 1𝑛 𝑥𝑖
For ideal fermions 𝑖=1

3𝑁 For a single component 𝑥𝑖 = 1 and ∆𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 0

𝑈0 = 5
∈𝐹0 at T = 0
If there are two components, each containing one mole, then
9. A fermion gas, at a finite volume, has zero entropy when 1
𝑥𝑖 = 2 = 𝑥2 . So
the absolute temperature is zero, but the internal energy and
pressure doesnotdisappear at T = 0 ∆𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 2𝑅 1𝑛 2
Electron Gas and the entropy will increase upon mixing.
Metals contain electrons which are free to move over the According to equation (i), if all the particles are identical,
entire surface of the metal exactly like the particles of a gas. there will still be an increase in entropy upon mixing,
The behavior of electron is studied on the basis of Fermi – although the concept of mixing loses its meaning. This
Dirac statistics by considering them to form electron gas. anomaly was first observed by Gibb’s, hence it is called the
1 Gibb’s paradox.
Fermi function 𝑓(∈) = (∈−∈𝑓 )/𝑘𝑇
𝑒 +1
Entropy of an irreversible process is given by
gives the number of electrons per energy state.
𝑆2 > 𝑆1
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Partition Function 𝑉
𝑍= (2𝜋𝑚𝑘𝑇)3/2
ℎ3
𝑁
𝑍= = ∑ 𝑔𝑖 𝑒 −∈𝑖/𝑘𝑇 𝑉 3
5
𝐴 and𝑆 = 𝑁𝑘 [1𝑛 (2𝜋𝑚𝑘𝑇)2 + 2]
𝐼 𝑁ℎ 3

Classical partition function: is also known as Sackur – Tertrode equation for the entropy
of semi – classical gas
𝑉
𝑍= (2𝜋𝑚𝑘𝑇)3/2
𝐵 𝑍𝑁
Free energy: F = - kT[1𝑛
𝑁!
]
Relation between Partition Function and
Thermodynamical Quantities F = - 𝑘𝑇 1𝑁(𝑍)
𝜕
Free energy Total energy: E = 𝑁𝑘𝑇 2 𝜕𝑇 (1𝑛 𝑍)
𝐹 = 𝑁𝑘 𝑇 1𝑛 𝑍 𝜕
Pressure: 𝑃 = 𝑁𝑘𝑇 [𝜕𝑉 (1𝑛 𝑍)]
Total energy
and gas equation is PV = NkT
𝜕 1𝑛 𝑍
2
𝐸 = 𝑁𝑘 𝑇 ( ) Separation of Partition Function
𝜕𝑇 𝑉

Specific heat at constant volume The total petition function can be expressed as the product of
the partition function for individual degrees of freedom
𝜕1𝑛 𝑍 𝜕 2 1𝑛 𝑍
𝐶𝑉 = 𝑁𝑘 [2𝑇 + 𝑇2 ] Z = 𝑍𝑡 𝑍𝑟 𝑍𝑣 𝑍𝑒
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 2
Cannonical Ensemble
Pressure of a gas
𝜕 1𝑛 𝑍 The Cannonical Ensemble
𝑃 = 𝑁𝑘𝑇 { }
𝜕𝑉 𝜏 In the canonical ensemble the assemblies are having the
same volume V, number of system N and are in thermal
Enthalpy contact with each other so that they are in equilibrium and
𝜕1𝑛 𝑍 have the same temperature T.
𝐻 = 𝑁𝑘𝑇 2 ( ) + 𝑅𝑇
𝜕𝑇 𝑉 The canonical partition function is given by
Entropy of a perfect gas
𝑍 = ∑ 𝑒 −𝐸𝑖/𝑘𝑇
𝑉 3 𝑖
𝑆 = 𝑁𝑘 1𝑛 (2𝜋𝑚𝑘𝑇)3/2 + 𝑛𝐾
𝐵 2 Thermodynamical Properties of the canonical ensemble
For two assemblies of equal volumes and at the same 𝐸
temperature and pressure, the entropy on removing partition (i)Entropy : S = 𝑇 + 𝑘 1𝑛 𝑍
becomes
(ii)Free energy :𝐹 = −𝑘𝑇 1𝑛 𝑍
𝑆𝜏 = 2𝑆 + 2𝑁𝑘 1𝑛 2
𝜕𝐸𝑖
The factor 2Nk 1n 2 arises due to the distinguishable of (𝐢𝐢𝐢)𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞: 𝑃 = − ∑ 𝑃𝑖 ( )
𝜕𝑉 𝑁
classical particles and is known as the mixing term. 𝑖

(iv)Chemical Potential:
Semi – Classical Gas
𝜕𝐸𝑖
It consists of indistinguishable particles 𝝁 = ∑ 𝑝𝑖 ( )
𝜕𝑉 𝑉
𝒊

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Total Partition Function The Grand Canonical Ensemble

The canonical partition function of the semi classical The grand canonical ensemble is a collection of a
ensemble is given as independent assemblies having the same temperature T,
volume V and the chemical potential 𝜇
𝓏𝑁
Z= 𝑁! The Grand Canonical Distribution
and classical expression The most probable distribution of assemblies in grand
1 canonical ensemble is given by
𝑍= ∫𝑒 −𝐸/𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝜏
ℎ3 𝑁 𝑀𝑁𝑖 = 𝑒 𝛼𝑁+𝛽𝐸𝑁𝑖
Thermodynamical Properties of a Real Gas
and the grand canonical partition function
The real gas particles exert a force of attraction on each
other. The total energy of the gas is made up of the kinetic 𝜇𝑁 − 𝐸𝑁𝑖
𝑄 = ∑ ∑ 𝑒𝑥𝑝. ( )
energy of the motion of the gas particles and potential 𝑘𝑇
𝑁 𝑖
energy of interactions between them
ThermodynamicalProperteis of Grand Canonical
(i) Total energy : Ensemble
𝑁 𝑁
1 𝐸−𝜇𝑁
𝐸= ∑(𝑝𝑥2𝑖 + 𝑝𝑦2𝑖 + 𝑝𝑧2𝑖 ) + ∑ ∑ 𝑈𝑖𝑗 1. S = 𝑘 [1𝑛 𝑄 + 𝑘𝑇
]
2𝑚
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑗>1
𝜕
2. P = 𝑘𝑇 (1𝑛 − 𝑄)
𝜕𝑉
(ii) Partition function:
3. 𝜇 = 𝑈 − 𝑇𝑆 + 𝑃𝑉
1
𝑍 = 3 (2𝜋𝑚𝑘𝑇)3𝑁/2 𝑍𝑟
ℎ ! 4. 𝐸 = 𝑘𝑇 2
𝜕
(1𝑛 𝑄) + 𝜇 𝑘 𝑇
𝜕
(1𝑛 𝑄)
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝜇
(iii) Fermi energy:
5. PV = 𝑘𝑇 1𝑛 Q
(2𝜋𝑚𝑘𝑇)3𝑁/2
𝐹 = −𝑘 𝑇 [1𝑛 { } + 1𝑛 𝑍𝑟 ] Semi classical Grand Partition Function
ℎ3𝑁 𝑁!
The grand partition function in terms of chemical potential 𝜇
(iv) Pressure :
and partition function Z per system is given by
𝑁𝑘𝑇
𝑃= 𝑄 = exp(𝑍𝑒𝜇/𝑘𝑇 )
𝑉
(v) Gibb’s free energy : The mean number of systems in the ith assembly

𝜕 1𝑛 𝑍𝑟 𝜕
𝐺 = 𝑘𝑇 [−1𝑛 𝑍 + ( ) ] 𝑁 = 𝑘𝑇 ( (𝑍𝑒𝜇/𝑘𝑇 ))
𝜕 1𝑛 𝑉 𝑇 𝜕𝜇 𝑉.𝑇.

(vi) Entropy: Microcanonical Ensemble

𝜕 1𝑛 𝑍 The Microcanonical Ensemble

𝑆 = 𝑘 [1𝑛 𝑍 + 𝑇 ( ) ]
𝜕𝑇 𝑣
The ensemble in which system has the same fixed energy
(vii) Specific heat and also the same number of particles is called a
microcanonical ensemble.
𝜕 1𝑛 𝑍 𝜕 2 1𝑛 𝑍
𝐶𝑣 = 𝑘 [2 ( ) + 𝑇2 ( )] Partition function
𝜕 1𝑛 𝑇 𝑉 𝜕𝑇 2

The Grand Canonical Ensemble

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Partition function indicates how the gas molecules of an ∴ 𝐵2 (𝑇) = 𝑎2 𝜆𝑇 3 is known as second virial coefficient for
assembly are distributed or partitioned among the various perfect gas
energy levels.
𝑃𝑉
=1
𝑍 = ∑ 𝑔𝑖 𝑒 −∈𝒊 𝒍𝒌𝑻 𝑁𝑘𝑇
𝑖 For real gas,
Transitional partition function for a gas molecule −𝑃𝑉 𝐵2 (𝑇)
=1+
=
𝑉
(2𝜋𝑚𝑘𝑇)3/2 𝑁𝑘𝑇 𝑉
ℎ3
Note – 2nd virial coefficient
Properties Relating Partition Function and
Thermodynamical Quantities (i) if𝐵2 is negative, then P is less than the ideal gas
3 (ii) If 𝐵2 is positive, P is more than the ideal gas where V, N,
1. Entropy :𝑆 = 𝑁𝑘 1𝑛 𝑍 + 2 𝑁𝑘
T are constants
2. Free energy :𝐹 = 𝑁𝑘𝑇 1𝑛 𝑍
Put 𝐵2 (𝑇) = 0 for calculating the Boyle’s temperature
𝜕 (1𝑛 𝑍)
3. Total energy :𝐸 = 𝑁𝑘𝑇 2 ( ) Boyle’ temperature for a hard sphere is not defined because
𝜕𝑇 𝑉
𝐵2 (𝑇) is independent of T
4. Enthalpy :
𝜕(1𝑛 𝑍)
𝐻 = 𝑁𝑘𝑇 2 ( ) + 𝑅𝑇 QUESTIONS
𝜕𝑇 𝑉

5. Gibb’s potential G : 1. Which of the following is correct

𝜕(1𝑛 𝑍) 3 𝑇1 𝑇2
𝐺 = 𝑁𝑘𝑇 2 ( ) + 𝑅𝑇 − 𝑁𝑘𝑇 1𝑛 𝑍 − 𝑁𝑘𝑇 a) + =0
𝜕𝑇 𝑉 2 𝐻2 𝐻1
𝐻1 𝐻2
𝜕(1𝑛 𝑍) b) =
6. Pressure :𝑃 = 𝑁𝑘𝑇 ( ) 𝑇1 𝑇2
𝜕𝑉 𝑇
c) 𝐻1 𝑇1 = 𝐻2 𝑇2
7. Specific heat at constant volume 𝐶𝑉 d) 𝐻1 𝑇1 + 𝐻2 𝑇2 = 0
𝜕(1𝑛 𝑍) 𝜕 2 (1𝑛 𝑍)
𝐶𝑉 = 𝑁𝑘 [2𝑇 + 𝑇2 ] 2. On a (T - ϕ) diagram, i.e. temperature (T) and
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 2 𝑉
entropy (ϕ), the isothermals are
Virial Coefficient
a) parallel to ϕ axis
Consider the real gas, virial expansion is given by
b) parallel to T axis
𝑃𝑉
= 1 +correction c) may have any orientation
𝑁𝑘𝑇
d) some parallel to T and some parallel to ϕ axis
∞ 𝑖−1
𝜆3
= ∑ 𝑎𝑖 (𝑇) ( )
𝑣 3. To change in the internal energy of the gas is
𝑙=1
directly proportional to
where𝑎𝑖 = 1

𝑃𝑉 𝜆3 𝜆3
2 a) the change in volume
or𝑁𝑘𝑇 = 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 ( 𝑣 ) +. ….
𝑣 b) change in quantum
2𝜋 ∞ c) change in temperature
and𝑎2 = ∫ (1 −
𝜆3 0
𝑒 𝛽𝑢(𝑟) )𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟
d) none of these
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9. The device which converts heat into mechanical

4. Specific heats of a gas at constant volume (𝐶𝑣 ) work is
and at constant pressure (𝐶𝑝 ) are related as
a) motor b) generator
𝐶 𝑅 𝑅 c) heat engine d) energy converter
a) 𝐶𝑃 = 1 − 𝐽 b) 𝐶𝑃 − 𝐶𝑉 =
𝑉 𝐽
𝐽 𝑅
c) 𝐶𝑃 − 𝐶𝑉 = 𝑅 d) 𝐶𝑃 + 𝐶𝑉 = 10. A reversible heat engine can have 100%
𝐽
efficiency if the temperature of sink is
5. The first law of thermodynamics is conservation
of a) less than that of source
b) equal to that of source
a) momentum b) energy c) 0℃ d) 0 K
c) both (A) and (B) d) none of these
11. In a heat engine the maximum heat that can be
6. A combustion experiment is performed by converted into mechanical work
burning a mixture of fuel and oxygen in a constant
volume ‘bomb’ surrounded by a water bath. During a) depends upon friction
the experiment the temperature of water rises. b) depends upon working temperatures
Regarding the mixture of fuels and oxygen as the c) is 100%
system d) depend upon the working

a) Q = - ve; W = 0; ΔU = - ve 12. In a refrigerator the heat exhausted to the outer

b) Q = + ve; W = 0; Δu = - ve atmosphere is
c) Q = + ve; W = 0; ΔU = + ve
d) Q = - ve; W = 0; ΔU = + ve a) less than that absorbed from the contents of the
refrigerator
7. A thermos bottle containing coffee is vigorously b) same as that absorbed from the contents
shaken and thereby the temperature of coffee rises. c) more than that absorbed from the contents
Regard the coffee as the system d) any of the above depending upon the working
substance
a) Q = 0; W = - ve; ΔU = + ve
b) Q = 0; W = + ve; ΔU = + ve 13. The combined form of first and second law of
c) Q = 0; W = - ve; ΔU = - ve thermodynamics is given by
d) Q = 0; W = + ve; ΔU = - ve (P = Pressure, V = Volume, T = Temperature, U =
Internal energy, S = Entropy, Q = Quantity of heat)
8. A resistor immersed in running water carries an
electric current. Consider the resistor as the system a) 𝑇𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑃𝑑𝑉
b) 𝑑𝑄 = 𝑇𝑑𝑆 + 𝑃𝑑𝑉
a) Q = 0; W = - ve; ΔU = - ve c) 𝑑𝑈 = 𝑇𝑑𝑆 + 𝑑𝑄
b) Q = 0; W = - ve; ΔU = + ve d) 𝑇𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑈 − 𝑃𝑑𝑉
c) Q = 0; W = + ve; ΔU = - ve
d) Q = 0; W = + ve; ΔU = + ve

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14. The work done W during an isothermal process

in which the gas expands from an initial volume 𝑉1 𝑉
a) 2 ∙ 303 𝑃1 𝑉1 log 𝑉2
1
to a final volume 𝑉2 is given by 𝑉2
(R = Gas constant, T = Temperature) b) 𝑅𝑇1 log 𝑉
1
𝑃12 𝑉12 −𝑃22 𝑉22
𝑇
c) 𝑅(𝑇2 −𝑇1 )
a) 𝑅(𝑉2 − 𝑆𝑉1 )𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (𝑇1)
2 d) 𝐶𝑉 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
𝑉2
b) 𝑅(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (𝑉 )
1
𝑉2 19. The ratio of two specific heats of a distance gas
c) 𝑅𝑇 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (𝑉 )
1 is
𝑉1
d) 𝑅𝑇 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (𝑉 )
2
a) 1∙ 66 b) 1∙ 33
c) 1∙ 40 d) 1∙ 52
15. The change in entropy is
20. Using second latent heat equations
a) positive in a reversible change 𝑑𝐿 𝐿
b) negative in an irreversible change 𝐶2 − 𝐶1 = 𝑑 𝑇 − 𝑇 show that the specific heat of
c) positive in an irreversible change steam is negative
d) negative in a reversible change
a) If L = 800 - 0∙ 705 T
16. Is a system A is in thermal equilibrium b) If L = 800 T - 0∙ 705
separately with B and C, then B and C are also in c) If L = 800 𝑇 2 - 0∙ 705 T
thermal equilibrium with each other. This is the d) If L = 800 T - 0∙ .705 𝑇 2
statement of
21. Which of the following is not Maxwell’s
a) zeroth law of thermodynamics thermodynamics relation
b) first law of thermodynamics
c) second law of thermodynamics 𝜕𝑆 𝜕𝑃
a) ( ) =( )
d) third law of thermodynamics 𝜕𝑉 𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑉
𝜕𝑆 𝜕𝑉
b) ( ) = − ( )
17. In a cyclic process 𝜕𝑃 𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑃
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑉
c) ( ) = ( )
𝜕𝑃 𝑆 𝜕𝑆 𝑃
a) work done is zero
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑆
b) work done by the system is equal to the quantity d) ( ) = ( )
𝜕𝑉 𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑉
of heat given to the system
c) work done does not depend on the quantity of 22. Which of the following Maxwell’s relation leads
heat given to the system to Clausius – Clapeyron equation
d) the internal energy of the system increases
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑃
a) ( ) = −( )
18. One mole of a perfect gas expands adiabatically. 𝜕𝑉 𝑆 𝜕𝑉 𝑉
As a result of this, its pressure, temperature and 𝜕𝑆 𝜕𝑃
b) ( ) = ( )
volume changes from 𝑃1 , 𝑇1 , 𝑉1 to 𝑃2 , 𝑇2 and 𝑉2 𝜕𝑉 𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑉
respectively. If molar specific heat at constant 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑉
c) ( ) = ( )
volume is 𝐶𝑉 , then the work done by the gas is 𝜕𝑃 𝑆 𝜕𝑆 𝑃

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𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑆 a) remains constant but not zero

d) ( ) =( )
𝜕𝑇 𝑃 𝜕𝑃 𝑇 b) varies linearly
c) varies non linearly
23. The Clausius Clapeyron equation indicates that d) is zero
an increase in pressure increases the melting point,
in case of 27. One kilogram of ice melts at 0℃ into water at
the same temperature. The change in entropy is ( in
a) all substances cal/K)
b) substances which expand on solidification
c) substance which contract on solidification a) ∞ b) 0 c) 0∙ 293 d) 293
d) substances which neither expand nor contraction
on solidification 28. A physical or chemical change takes place in
such a way that the entropy either decreases or
24. The thermodynamical expressing the change of remains unchanged. This statement is
temperature with volume at constant energy entropy
is a) true universally
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑃
a) ( ) = −𝑇 ( ) b) true only for open system
𝜕𝑉 𝑆 𝜕𝑄 𝑉
c) true only for closed system
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑃
b) ( ) = 𝑇 ( ) d) not true
𝜕𝑉 𝑆 𝜕𝑄 𝑉
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑃
c) ( ) = −𝑉 ( ) 29. Change in entropy depends
𝜕𝑉 𝑆 𝜕𝑄 𝑇
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑃
d) ( ) = 𝑇 ( ) a) only on the transfer of heat
𝜕𝑉 𝑆 𝜕𝑄 𝑇
b) only on change of temperature
c) on transfer of mass
25. The thermodynamical relation expressing TdS
d) on the thermodynamic state
equation

𝜕𝑃 30. If the degree of freedom of a gas is n, then the

a) 𝑇𝑑𝑆 = 𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑇 − 𝑇 ( ) 𝑑𝑉 ratio of 𝐶𝑃 and 𝐶𝑉 is
𝜕𝑇 𝑉
𝜕𝑃
b) 𝑇𝑑𝑆 = 𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑇 + 𝑇 ( ) 𝑑𝑉 2 1
𝜕𝑇 𝑉 a) 1 + 𝑛 b) 1 + 𝑛
𝜕𝑆
c) 𝑇𝑑𝑆 = 𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑇 − 𝑇 ( ) 1
c) 1 + 2𝑛
2𝑛
d) 2𝑛+1
𝜕𝑉 𝑇
𝜕𝑆
d) 𝑇𝑑𝑆 = 𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑇 + 𝑇 ( )
𝜕𝑉 𝑇 31. A perfectly black body is radiating at 𝑇1 K. Its
radiation rate is to be increased to 16 times. What
26. The Gibb’s function G in thermodynamics is will be temperature 𝑇2 𝐾 for this
defined as
G = H – TS a) 𝑇2 = 16 𝑇1 b) 𝑇2 = 8 𝑇1
(where H = Enthalpy, T = Temperature, S = c) 𝑇2 = 4 𝑇1 d) 𝑇2 = 2 𝑇1
Entropy)
In an isothermal, isobaric, reversible process, G –

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32. Two ends of a rod are kept at 127℃ and 227℃.

When 2000 cal of heat flows in this rod, then the a) 3∙ 7𝐽 𝐾 −1 𝑠 −1
change in entropy is b) 3∙ 7𝐽 𝐾 −1 𝑠 −2
c) 0 ∙ 33𝐽 𝐾 −1 𝑠 −1
a) 1∙ 0 cal/K b) 20 cal/K d) 0 ∙ 33𝐽 𝐾 −1 𝑠 −2
c) 6∙ 9 cal/K d) 0∙ 7 cal/K
38. Given for solar radiation 𝜆𝑚 = 4753Å, and
33. A given amount of heat cannot be completely Wien’s constant b = 2∙ 898 × 10−3 𝑚 − 𝐾. The
converted into work. However it is possible to surface temperature of the system is
convert a given amount of work completely into
heat. This statement result from the a) 6790 K b) 6097 K
c) 6907 K d) 6970 K
a) zeroth law of thermodynamics
b) first law of thermodynamics
39. If 𝜆𝑚 for solar radiation is 4753 Å, then the
c) second law of thermodynamics
temperature of the photosphere of the sum will be
d) third law of thermocynamics
a) 6100 K b) 6100℃
34. The enthalpy of unit mass for nay system is
c) 61000 Kd) 61000℃

a) H = U + PV + S b) H = U + PV – S
40. When applied to solar radiation, Planck’s law
c) H = U + PV d) None of these
reduces to Wien’s law in the

35. The Gibb’s potential is defined as a) ultraviolet region

b) microwave region
a) G = V – PV + TS b) G = U + PV + TS
c) infrared region
c) G = U – PV – TS d) G = U + PV – TS
d) visible region

36. For a stable thermodynamics systems, the

41. For a stable thermodynamics system, the
temperature dependence of the free energy F(T) is
temperature dependence of the internal energy U
represented by
(T) is represented as

37. An oil bath kept at 27℃ is being supplied heat

at the rate of 100 J − s −1 . Assuming the process to
be quasistatics, the rate of increase of entropy of the
system is approximately
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42. With U and F as thermodynamics potentials, the 3𝑘 𝑇 2𝑘𝑇

a) √ b) √
Gibb’s Helmholtz is given as 𝑚 𝑚

8𝑘𝑇 3𝑘 𝑇
𝜕𝐹 c) √ d) √ 2𝑚
a) U = F – T (𝜕𝑇) 𝑚
𝑉
𝜕𝐹
b) U = F + T (𝜕𝑇) 47. Which of the following curves represents
𝑉
𝜕𝐹 Maxwell’s distribution law of velocities of
c) S = F – T (𝜕𝑇)
𝑉 molecules
𝜕𝐹
d) S = F + T (𝜕𝑇)
𝑉

43. ‘Critical temperature’ is defined as the

a) lowest at which the gas can be liquefied by

increase by pressure alone
b) lowest temperature at which the gas can be
liquefied at constant pressure
c) highest temperature at which the gas can be
liquefied by increasing of pressure alone
d) highest temperature at which the gas can be
liquefied at constant pressure 48. In a gas the relative compounds of the most
probable speed (𝑣𝑝 ), the average speed 𝑣 and root
44. Denoting temperature, entropy and internal mean square speed (𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 ) of the molecules are
energy by T, S and U respectively and their initial
and final values by subscripts i and f respectively, a) 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 > 𝑣 > 𝑣𝑝
the Joule – Thomson expansion of an ideal gas can b) 𝑣 > 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 > 𝑣𝑝
be expressed as
c) 𝑣𝑝 > 𝑣 > 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
d) 𝑣𝑝 > 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 > 𝑣
a) 𝑈𝑓 ≠ 𝑈𝑖 ; 𝑇𝑓 = 𝑇𝑖 ; 𝑆𝑓 ≠ 𝑆𝑖
b) 𝑈𝑓 ≠ 𝑈𝑖 ; 𝑇𝑓 = 𝑇𝑖 ; 𝑆𝑓 = 𝑆𝑖
49. The average translational kinetic energy of the
c) 𝑈𝑓 = 𝑈𝑖 ; 𝑇𝑓 = 𝑇𝑖 ; 𝑆𝑓 ≠ 𝑆𝑖
molecules of a gas will be doubled will
d) 𝑈𝑓 = 𝑈𝑖 ; 𝑇𝑓 = 𝑇𝑖 ; 𝑆𝑓 ≠ 𝑆𝑖
a) at constant volume, its pressure is doubled
45. Radiation is contained in a volume V and has b) at constant volume, its pressure is halved
pressure P and total energy E. Identify the correct c) at constant temperature, its pressure is doubled
value of PV d) at constant temperature, its pressure is halved
1 1 2
a) 3 𝐸 b) 2 𝐸 c) 3 𝐸 d) E 50. In a Maxwellian gas, if 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 is the most mean
square velocity, then the most probable velocity 𝑣𝑝
46. In a gas the expression for the average speed of is
molecules is given by
a) √1/3 𝑣𝑚𝑠 b) √2/3 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠

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c) √3/2𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 d) none of these c) with a system having N - 1023 particles,

probability of two halves of a box having particle
51. The mean free path 𝜆 of a gas molecules are density difference of 0∙ 001% is negligibly small
given by Maxwell is related to its radius a, as d) photons may be treated as following Fermi Dirac
statistics
1 1
a) 𝜆 = b) 𝜆 =
√2∙4𝜋 2 𝑛 √2∙𝜋𝑎2 𝑛
1 1
56. Figure below shows four curves, two of which
c) 𝜆 = d) 𝜆 = are for adiabatic change in a gas and two for
√2∙2𝜋 2 𝑎2 𝑛 √2∙2𝜋2 𝑛
isothermal changes. The adiabatic are
52. According to Maxwell’s law of distribution of
velocities of molecules, the most probable velocity
is

a) greater than the mean velocity

b) equal to the mean velocity
c) equal to root mean square velocity
d) less than the root mean square velocity a) 1 and 4 b) 1 and 3
c) 2 and 3 d) 2 and 4
53. The mean translational kinetic energy per
molecule of an ideal gas is
57. Boltzmann distribution of particles between
1
different states under equilibrium at temperature T
a) kT b) 2 𝑘𝑇 is given by
3 2 𝑁2 = 𝑁1 exp(−𝐸1 /𝑘𝑇)
c) 2 𝑘𝑇 d) 𝑘𝑇
3 2
Vibrational states have equal spacings ℎ𝜐 as a first
54. The root mean square speed, average speed and approximation. For a particular case exp (-ℎ𝜐/𝑘𝑇) =
most probable speed for a gas are in the ratio 0∙ 4. Out of N molecules, a number 𝑁0 is in the
ground state. Then 𝑁0 /𝑁 is nearest to
a) √3: 2√2: 3√2
b) √2: 2√2: √3 a) 0∙ 6 b) 1/1∙ 4
c) √3: √2: 2√2 c) 1/1∙ 64 d) 1/1∙ 92
d) √3: 2√2: √2
58. The figure further shows the probability
distribution 𝑃𝛼 of molecules of a gas against a
55. In relation to statistical mechanics –
parameter 𝛼. In this figure two curves are shown for
(choose incorrect statement)
temperatures 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 . Which of the following is
true, if C refers to molecular speed and 𝑣𝑥 to one of
a) all particles of a given kind are treated as
the Cartesian components of velocity
mutually indistinguishable b) the phase space for n
degrees of freedom will have 2n dimensions and its
unit cell volume will be ℎ2

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61. Following figure shows the distribution of C for

a given gas. For the same gas, as the temperature
rises, the curve would change with

a) 𝛼 = 𝑣𝑥 and 𝑇2 > 𝑇1
b) 𝛼 = 𝑣𝑥 and 𝑇2 < 𝑇1
c) 𝛼 = 𝐶 and 𝑇2 > 𝑇1
d) 𝛼 = 𝐶 and 𝑇2 < 𝑇1
a) peak shifting to left, height rising
b) peak shifting to right, height falling
59. Following figure shows two distributions for a
c) peak shifting to right, height rising
given gas for two temperatures, for a parameter 𝛼
underfiend d) P (C) increasing for all C values

62. For the phase representing a single particle of

mass m in a volume V, the number of phase cell in
energy range 0 to E, if volume of each phase cell is
ℎ03

4𝜋𝑉
a) (2𝑚𝐸)3/2
3ℎ03
a) 𝛼 stands for P 4𝜋𝑉
b) 𝛼 stand for C b) (2 𝑚𝐸)1/2
3ℎ03
c) 𝛼 stands for 𝑃𝑥 4𝜋𝑉
c) (2 𝑚𝐸)2/3
3ℎ03
d) 𝑇2 is less than 𝑇1 4𝜋𝑉
d) (2 𝑚𝐸)1/3
3ℎ03
60. Following curve shows the distribution of ∈ for
one gas. For another gas of higher molecular mass, 63. In statistical physics, the absolute temperature T
T remaining unchanged, the distribution will of a system is related to the total number of
accessible states Ω as

𝜕Ω 𝜕 log Ω
a) 𝑘𝑇 = b) 𝑘𝑇 =
𝜕E 𝜕E
1 𝜕Ω 1 𝜕 log Ω
c) 𝑘𝑇 = d) 𝑘𝑇 =
𝜕E 𝜕E

64. The average value of 𝑣𝑥 in Maxwellian

distribution is given as
a) change towards s 1 𝑘𝑇 𝑘𝑇
a) 0 b) 2𝛼 c) d) √ 𝑚
𝑚
b) change towards q
c) change towards r
d) not change 65. The Maxwell velocity distribution is valid for a
classical gas
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a) in equilibrium irrespective of the nature of 70. In a grand canonical ensemble, a system A of

particle interaction fixed volume is a contact with a large reservoir B.
b) strictly under contact interaction amongst Then
particles
c) under a steady flow of particles a) A can exchange only energy with B
d) only in the absence of interparticle interactions b) A can exchange only particle with B
c) A can exchange neither energy nor particles with
66. The quantum statistics reduces to classical B
statistics under the following condition d) A can exchange both energy and particles with B

a) 𝑝𝜆3 = 1 b) 𝑝𝜆3 >> 1 71. Out of the following, identify the correct entry
c) 𝑝𝜆3 << 1 d) 𝜌 = 0 for the value of 𝑃𝐹 , the radius of the Fermi sphere of
where 𝜌 is the number density of the particles and 𝜆 a degenerate free electron gas at zero temperature,
is the thermal de – Broglie wavelengths having N particles and contained in volume V

67. A system containing 10 distinguishable spin – ½ a) (3𝜋 2 )1/3 (𝑁/𝑉)1/6 ℏ

particles is kept in a magnetic field B. The system b) (3𝜋 2 )1/3 (𝑁/𝑉)1/3ℏ
has an energy – 2 𝜇𝐵 𝐵a. The distinct possible c) (3𝜋 2 )1/3 (𝑁/𝑉)2/3 ℏ
configurations are d) (3𝜋 2 )1/3 (𝑁/𝑉)ℏ

a) 210 b) 720 72. Which of the following relations between

c) 1024 d) ⌊10 internal energy U and the canonical partition
function Z, is true
68. In a micro canonical ensemble, a system A of
fixed volume is in contact with a large reservoir B. 𝜕
a) U = - 𝜕𝑇 log 𝑍
Then 𝜕
b) U + 𝑘𝐵 𝑡 2 𝜕𝑇 log 𝑍
a) A can exchange only energy with B c) U = - kT log Z
b) A can exchange neither energy nor particles with 𝜕
d) U = kT 𝜕𝑉 log 𝑍
B
c) A can exchange neither energy nor particles with
73. Plot for F – D distribution is
B
d) A can exchange both energy and particles with B

69. In a canonical ensemble, a system A of fixed

volume is in contact with a large reservoir B then

a) A can exchange only energy with B

b) A can exchange only particle with B
c) A can exchange neither energy nor particles with
B
d) A can exchange both energy and particles with B 74. The F- D occupation index is given as
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where, ∈𝑓 is called the ‘Fermi energy’ a) 𝑘𝑇 1𝑛 [

(2𝜋 𝑚𝑘 𝑇)3/2 𝑁ℎ3
]
2𝑉
the value of 𝑓𝐹𝐷 (∈𝑖 ) at the absolute zero of 𝑁ℎ3
(∈𝑖 −∈𝐹 ) b) 𝑘𝑇 1𝑛 [2𝑉(2𝜋𝑚𝑘 𝑇)3/2 ]
temperature and = −∞ (or ∈𝑖 <∈𝑓 ) is
𝑘𝑇
2𝑉
c) 𝑘𝑇 1𝑛 [(2𝜋𝑚𝑘 𝑇)2/3 𝑁ℎ3 ]
1
a) 1 b) 0 c) ∞ d) 2 2𝑉(2𝜋𝑚𝑘 𝑇)3/2
d) 𝑘𝑇 1𝑛 [ ]
𝑁ℎ3

75. Which of the following relations between

79. According to Debye’s theory of specific heat at
entropy S and the canonical partition function Z, is
high temperature specific heat is proportional to
true

𝜕(1𝑛 𝑍)
a) T b) 𝑇 2 c) 𝑇 3
a) 𝑆 = 𝑘 [1𝑛 𝑍 + 𝑇 ( )] d) Independent of T
𝜕𝑇
𝜕(1𝑛 𝑍)
b) 𝑆 = 𝑘 [1𝑛 𝑍 − 𝑇 ( ) ]
𝜕𝑇 𝑉 80. According to Debye’s theory of specific heat at
1 𝜕(1𝑛 𝑍)
c) 𝑆 = 𝑘 [1𝑛 ( ) + 𝑇 ( 𝜕𝑇 ) ] low temperature specific heat is proportional to
𝑍 𝑉
1 𝜕(1𝑛 𝑍)
d) 𝑆 = 𝑘 [1𝑛 ( ) − 𝑇 ( 𝜕𝑇 ) ] a) T b) 𝑇 2 c) 𝑇 3
𝑍 𝑉
d) Independent of T
76. Which of the following relations between free
energy F and the canonical partition function Z, is 81. Specific heat of metals can be expressed as
true
a) 𝑇 3 b) AT + 𝐵𝑇 2
𝜕
a) 𝐹 = − 𝜕𝑇 log 𝑍 c) 𝐴𝑇 2 + 𝐵𝑇 3 d) AT + 𝐵𝑇 3
𝜕
b) 𝐹 = 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 2 𝜕𝑇 log 𝑍
82. According to consequences of the second law of
c) 𝐹 = −𝑘 𝑇 log 𝑍 thermodynamics (symbols have their usual
𝜕 meaning)
d) 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑇 𝜕𝑉 log 𝑍

𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈
77. In case of Bose – Einstein condensation a) T = ( 𝜕𝑆 ) and P = - ( 𝜕𝑆 )
𝑉 𝑆
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈
b) T = - ( 𝜕𝑆 ) and P = (𝜕𝑉 )
a) number of particles increase in lower energy 𝑉 𝑆
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑉
levels at low temperatures and high pressures. c) T = (𝜕𝑉 ) and P = - ( 𝜕𝑆 )
𝑆 𝑉
b) number of particles decreases in lower energy 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑉
levels at low temperatures and high pressures d) T = - (𝜕𝑉 ) and P = ( 𝜕𝑆 )
𝑆 𝑉
c) number of particles increasers in lower energy
levels at high temperatures and low pressures 83. The thermodynamical potential enthalpy H = U
d) number of particles decreases in lower energy + PV, then which of the following relation hold true
levels at high temperatures and low pressures
𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻
a) T = - ( 𝜕𝑆 ) and V = ( 𝜕𝑃 )
𝑉 𝑆
78. The Fermi energy for a non – degenerate gas is 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻
given by b) T = ( 𝜕𝑆 ) and V = ( 𝜕𝑃 )
𝑉 𝑆

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𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻 1
c) T = - ( 𝜕𝑃 ) and V = ( 𝜕𝑆 ) 𝑓(∈) = (∈−∈𝑓 )/𝑘𝑇
𝑆 𝑉 𝑒 +1
𝜕𝐻
d) T = ( 𝜕𝑃 ) and V = ( 𝜕𝑆 )
𝜕𝐻 Gives the probability of occupation of electrons per
𝑆 𝑉 state. Then the probability of number of electrons at
absolute temperature (T = 0 K) when ∈=∈𝑓 is
84. Helmholtz free energy is given as FU – TS, then
which of the relation hold true 1
a) 1 b) 0 c) ∞ d) 2
𝜕2𝐹 𝜕2𝐹
a) 𝐶𝑉 = (𝜕𝑉 2 ) b) 𝐶𝑉 = 𝑇 (𝜕𝑇 2 )
89. Which of the following figures shows the
𝜕2𝐹 𝜕2𝐹
c) 𝐶𝑉 = −𝑇 (𝜕𝑉 2 ) d) 𝐶𝑉 = 𝑇 (𝜕𝑉 2 ) dependence of the specific heat of diatomic gas on
2 𝑇
temperature T
85. Gibb’s thermodynamical potential can be
represente4d as G = H – TS. Which relation hold
true
[where H = Enthalpy, S = Entropy]
𝜕𝑆 𝑃 𝜕𝑆 𝑃
a) (𝜕𝑉) = −𝑇 b) (𝜕𝑉) =𝑇
𝑈.𝑁 𝑈.𝑁
𝜕𝑆 𝑃 𝜕𝑆 𝑃
c) (𝜕𝑉) = −𝑇 d) (𝜕𝑉) =𝑇
𝑉.𝑁 𝑉.𝑁

86. Gibb’s thermodynamical potential can be

represented as G = H – TS (Symbols have their 90. For two assemblies of equal volumes and at
usual meaning) which relation holds true same temperature and pressure, the entropy on
removing partition becomes
𝜕𝑆 1 𝜕𝑆 𝜇
a) (𝜕𝑉) = − 𝑇 and (𝜕𝑁) =𝑇 𝑆𝑇 = 2𝑆 + 2𝑁𝑘 1𝑛 2
𝑉.𝑁 𝑈.𝑉
𝜕𝑆 𝜇 𝜕𝑆 1
The factor 2Nk + 2Nk 1n 2
b) (𝜕𝑉) = 𝑇 and (𝜕𝑁) =𝑇
𝑉.𝑁 𝑈.𝑉
𝜕𝑆
c) (𝜕𝑉)
1
= 𝑇 and (𝜕𝑁)
𝜕𝑆
= −𝑇
𝜇 a) the indistinguishability of classical particles
𝑉.𝑁 𝑈.𝑉 b) the distinguishable of classical particles
𝜕𝑆 1 𝜕𝑆 𝜇
d) (𝜕𝑉) = − 𝑇 and (𝜕𝑁) =𝑇 c) the steady flow of particles
𝑉.𝑁 𝑈.𝑉
d) the absence of interparticle interaction
87. Helmholtz free energy : F = U – TS. Which
relation hold true 91. If the two sub – system 1 and 2 are in thermal
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 equilibrium and the entropy 𝜎 of the total system
a) (𝜕𝑉) = −𝑃 and (𝜕𝑁) = −𝑆
𝑇 𝑉 must have maximum value with respect to small
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 transfer of energy from one subsystem to the other,
b) (𝜕𝑉) = 𝑃 and (𝜕𝑇) = 𝑆
𝑇 𝑉 then the statistical temperature 𝜏 is defined as
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
c) (𝜕𝑉) = −𝑃 and (𝜕𝑇) = 𝑆
𝑇 𝑉
1 𝜕𝜎 1 𝜕𝜎
𝜕𝐹
d) (𝜕𝑉) = 𝑃 and (𝜕𝑇) = −𝑆
𝜕𝐹 a) 𝜏 = (𝜕𝑈) b) 𝜏 = − (𝜕𝑈)
𝑇 𝑉 𝜕𝜎 𝜕𝜎
c) 𝜏 = (𝜕𝑈) d) 𝜏 = − (𝜕𝑈)
88. Fermi function

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92. If the subsystem are in mechanical equilibrium b) F = 𝑁𝑘𝑇 log 𝑍

and the volume 𝑉1 and 𝑉2 of two subsystem read c) F = 𝑁𝑘𝑇 2 log 𝑍
just in such a way that the entropy is maximum, 𝜕
d) F = 𝑁𝑘 𝜕𝑉 (log 𝑍)
then statistical pressure 𝜋 may be defiend by

𝜋 𝜕𝜎 𝜋 𝜕𝜎 97. Which of the following relations between free

a) = − (𝜕𝑉) b) 𝜏 = (𝜕𝑉)
𝜏 𝑈.𝑁 𝑈.𝑁 energy F and the canonical partition function Z, is
𝜋 𝜕𝜎 𝜏 𝜕𝜎 true
c) − 𝜏 = − (𝜕𝑉) d) – 𝜋 = (𝜕𝑉)
𝑈.𝑁 𝑈.𝑁

a) F = - 𝑘𝑇 log 𝑍 b) F = - 𝑘𝑇 2 log 𝑍
93. For a particle equilibrium, chemical potential 𝜇𝑖 c) F = 𝑘𝑇 log 𝑍 d) F = 𝑘𝑇 2 log 𝑍
may be defined as

𝜇𝑖 𝜕𝜎 𝜏 𝜕𝜎
98. 1 gm of perfect gas at volume 𝑉𝐴 pressure 𝑃𝐴
a) = − (𝜕𝑛 ) b) 𝜇 = (𝜕𝑛 ) and temperature 𝑇𝐴 changes from state A to state B
𝜏 𝑖 𝑈.𝑉 𝑖 𝑖 𝑈.𝑉
𝜇𝑖 𝜕𝜎 𝜏 𝜕𝜎 when volume is 𝑉𝐵 , pressure is 𝑃𝐵 and temperature
c) - = (𝜕𝑛 ) d) - 𝜕𝑛 = − (𝜕𝑛 )
𝜏 𝑖 𝑈.𝑉 𝑖 𝑖 𝑈.𝑉 𝑇𝐵 . The change in entropy is

𝑉 𝑇
94. Which of the following relations between total a) 𝐶𝑉 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝐵 + 𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑒 𝑇𝐵
𝐴 𝐴
energy E and the microcanonical partition function 𝑇𝐵 𝑉𝐵
Z, is true b) 𝐶𝑉 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑇 + 𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑉
𝐴 𝐴
𝑉𝐴 𝑇𝐴
c) 𝐶𝑉 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑉 + 𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑇
𝜕 𝐵 𝐵
a) E = - N 𝜕𝑇 log 𝑍 𝑇𝐴 𝑉𝐴
d) 𝐶𝑉 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑇 + 𝑅 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑉
𝜕(log 𝑍) 𝐵 𝐵
b) E = 𝑁𝑘 𝑇 2 [ ]
𝜕𝑇 𝑉
c) E = - 𝑁𝑘 𝑇 log 𝑍 99. At any temperature the energy of the molecules
𝜕 of an ideal gas is
d) E = 𝑁𝑘 𝑇 log 𝑍
𝜕𝑉

a) only P.E. b) Only K.E.

95. Which of the following relation between
c) Both K.E. and P.E.
pressure P and the microcanonical partition function
d) None of these
Z, is true

𝜕 100. The potential energy of the molecules of

a) P = - 𝑁 (𝜕𝑉 log 𝑍) ideal gas is
𝑇
b) P = - 𝑁𝑘𝑇 log 𝑍
c) 𝑃 = −𝑁𝑘𝑇 (
𝜕 (log 𝑍)
) a) equal to their kinetic energy
𝜕𝑉 𝑇 b) equal to the internal energy
2 𝜕(log 𝑍)
d) P = 𝑁𝑘𝑇 ( 𝜕𝑉 ) c) zero
𝑇
d) equal to the external work
96. Which of the following relations between free
energy F and the microcanonical partition function 101. On suffering adiabatic expansion the
Z, is true internal energy of a gas

𝜕 a) increases
a) F = - N 𝜕𝑇 (log 𝑍)
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b) decreases
c) remains unchanged a) the work done differs for neighbouring adiabatic
d) may increase or decrease baths connecting these states
b) the work done is same for all neighbouring
102. Which of the following statements is adiabatic paths connecting those states
true c) there is no work done because there is no heat
flow
a) it is possible to transfer heat from lower to higher d) the total energy of the system does not change
temperature
b) all the reversible processes are cyclic 108. The work done by a gas in adiabatic
c) work done in a cyclic process is zero expansion is represented by the diagram
d) cooling is produced in adiabatic expansion of a
gas

103. The quantity remaining constant in the

isothermal expansion of an ideal gas is

a) heat b) internal energy

c) pressure d) temperature and pressure

104. For a thermodynamic system work done

in a process depends upon

a) the path b) state of the system 109. In the PV diagram below which is the
correct statement
c) external pressure d) nature of the system

105. Work done in an isothermal change in a

gas is

𝑉 𝑉
a) W = T 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑉2 b) W = R 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (𝑉2 )
1 1
𝑉1 𝑉
c) W = RT 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (𝑉 ) d) W = RT 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (𝑉2 )
2 1

106. In an isobaric process work done is

a) any point on the line abc represents a higher
𝑉 temperature than any point on the line abc
a) W = RT 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (𝑉2 )
1 b) the area abcda represents the work done by the
𝑅
b) W = 𝛾−1 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) system for the process
c) heat is lost to the surroundings during the process
c) W = P (𝑉2 − 𝑉1)
is represented by path adc
d) W = 0
d) the path abc and adc represents isothermals
107. In case a system goes reversibly from an
initial state to a final state adiabatically
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𝛾
110. If 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 are the temperatures of two d) Adiabatic curve slope = 2. (Isothermal curve
reservoirs (where 𝑇1 > 𝑇2 ) and a Carnot engine slope)
being operated between them will have the
efficiency
115. The absolute zero is the temperature at
(𝑇1 −𝑇2 ) (𝑇1 −𝑇2 )
which isothermal and adiabatic processes are
a) b) identical
𝑇2 𝑇1
𝑇1 𝑇2
c) (𝑇 −𝑇 ) d) (𝑇 −𝑇 )
1 2 1 2 a) true b) false
c) can’t be defined d) none of these
111. When a perfect gas is suppose to expand
freely against vacuum in an insulated vessel, the gas 116. The temperature of the surface of the sun
has undergone is approximated 6000 K. If we take a big lens of and
focus the sun rays and produce a temperature of
a) an increase in pressure 8000 K. This will violate
b) a change in temperature
c) a change in entropy a) zeroth law b) first law
d) a change in phase c) second law d) third law

112. In an isothermal change the internal 117. When a liquid is heated but its state
energy of molecules remains unchanged, its molecule gain

a) may increase or decrease a) P.E. b) K.E.

b) does not change c) Both (A) & (B) d) None of these
c) increases
d) decreases 118. If W is work done by a system against
the surrounding, what will - W stand for
113. The gas exerts pressure on the walls of
the container because the gas molecules a) work done on the system by its surroundings
b) work done by the system on the surroundings
a) have finite size c) work done is zero
b) obey Boyle’s law d) none of these
c) have momentum
d) collide with one another 119. The internal energy of a perfect mono
atomic gas at 27℃ is
114. The slopes of isothermal and adiabatic
curves are related as a) only kinetic b) only potential
c) partly potential and partly kinetic
a) isothermal curve slope = Adiabatic curve slope d) only vibrational
b) isothermal curve slope = 𝛾. (Adiabatic curve
slope) 120. The efficiency of a heat engine working
c) Adiabatic curve slope = 𝛾. (Isothermal curve between heat reservoir at temperature 327℃ and
slope) 27℃ is

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a) 25% b) 50% c) 75% d) 100%

121. Let ∆𝑊𝑖 = amount of work done by a gas

when compressed isothermally to volume V, ∆𝑄 =
amount of heat absorbed by the gas during the
process, ∆𝑊𝑎 = amount of work done by the gas
when expanded adiabatically to volume V ; ∆𝐸 =
change in internal energy of gas due to complete
process. So ∆𝐸 is given by 1 1 1 1
a) 4 b) 6 c) 8 d) 10
a) ∆𝑊𝑖 + ∆𝑄 + ∆𝑊𝑎
b) ∆𝑄 + ∆𝑊𝑎 − ∆𝑊𝑖 125. A reversible engine cycle is shown in the
c) ∆𝑄 − ∆𝑊𝑖 − ∆𝑊𝑎 following T – S diagram. The efficiency of the
engine is
d) None of these

122. The T – S diagram of two cycles for the

operation of an engine are shown in figure below

1 1 1 1
The numerical values of the parameters 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 , 𝑆1 a) b) c) d)
3 2 5 4
and 𝑆2 in two figures are the same which cycle ahs
greater efficiency 126. A piston containing an ideal gas is
originally in the state X (see fig). The gas is taken
a) first b) second through a thermal cycle X → Y→ X as shown. The
c) both have equal efficiency work done by the gas is positive if the direction of
d) none the thermal cycle is

123. If a reversible cycle, the value of the

𝑑𝑄
integral ∮ is
𝑇
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑄
a) ∮ >0 b) ∮ <0
𝑇 𝑇
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑄
c) ∮ =0 d) ∮ = constant
𝑇 𝑇

124. The efficiency of a reversible heat

a) clockwise b) counter clockwise
engine performing this cycle is
c) neither clockwise nor counter clock wise
d) clockwise from X → Y and counter clockwise
from Y → X

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127. For any process, the second law of

thermodynamics requires that the change of entropy 132. An ideal gas in a cylinder is compressed
of the universe by adiabatically to one third of its initial volume.
During this process 20 J work is done the gas by
a) positive only b) positive or zero compressing agent. Which of the following
c) zero only d) negative or zero statements is true for this case

128. A sample of ideal gas with initial a) change in the internal energy in this process is
pressure P and volume V is taken through an zero
isothermal expansion process during which the b) the internal energy increases by 20 J
change in entropy is found to be ∆S. The universal c) the internal energy decreases by 20 J
gas constant is R. Then the work done by the gas is d) temperature of the gas decreases
given by
133. An engine absorbs heat at a temperature
(𝑃𝑉∆𝑆)
a) b) nR∆𝑆 of 1000 K an rejects heat at 600 K. If the engine
(𝑛𝑅)
𝑃∆𝑆 operators at maximum possible efficiency, the
c) PV d) (𝑛𝑅𝑉) amount of work performed by the engine for 2000 J
heat input is
129. Which of the following is a property of
entropy a) 1600 J b) 1200 J
c) 800 J d) 400 J
a) entropy increasers during an irreversible
operation 134. The two ends of a rod of thermal
b) net change in entropy in a reversible cycle is zero conductivity K, length L, and cross section A are
c) change in entropy during an adiabatic operation immersed in two heat reservoirs at temperature 𝑇1
is zero and 𝑇2 . The rod is thermally insulated from the
d) all of the above surroundings. In a steady state, the entropy of the
universe increases per unit time at the rate
130. At 0 K fluids are assumed no have
a) |𝑇1 − 𝑇2 |2 /𝑇1 𝑇2 (𝑘𝐴/𝐿)
a) minimum entropy b) |(𝑇1 + 𝑇2 )2 /𝑇1 𝑇2 |(𝑘𝐴/𝐿)
b) maximum entropy c) [(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )/√𝑇1 𝑇2 ](𝑘𝐴/𝐿)
c) zero entropy d) [(𝑇1 + 𝑇2 )/√𝑇1 𝑇2 ](𝑘𝐴/𝐿)
d) fixed value of entropy
135. A mass m of water at temperature 𝑇1 K
131. The difference in entropy between a is isobarically and adiabatically mixed with an
state of volume 𝑉𝑖 and a state of volume 𝑉𝑓 equal mass of water at 𝑇2 𝐾. The entropy change of
(temperature and no. of molecules remaining the universe is
constant) is equal to
𝑇
a) 2𝑚 𝐶𝑃 𝑇1
𝑉𝑓 𝑉 2
a) 𝑛𝑅 log 𝑉 b) 𝑛𝑅 log 𝑉 𝑖 1 𝑇 +𝑇
2
𝑖 𝑓 b) 2𝑚𝐶𝑃 1𝑛 2√𝑇
𝑉 𝑇 1 2
𝑉
c) 𝑛𝑅 2 log 𝑉𝑓 d) 𝑛𝑅 2 log 𝑉 𝑖
𝑖 𝑓

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(𝑇1 +𝑇2 ) d) efficiency of the engine

c) 2𝑚𝐶𝑃 1𝑛 2
d) None of these
142. On a T – S diagram the isothermals are
136. In a reversible process the entropy of the
a) straight line parallel to the T – axis
system
b) straight lines parallel to the S – axis
c) straight lines inclined to any angle
a) increase b) decrease
d) rectangular parabola
c) zero d) remains constant

137. In a reversible process the entropy of the 143. 𝐶𝑃 > 𝐶𝑉 (where 𝐶𝑃 = specific heat of a
Universe gas at constant pressure and 𝐶𝑉 = specific heat of
the same gas at constant volume) because of
constant pressure
a) remains constant
b) increases
a) the attraction between the molecules is lager
c) decreases
b) the coefficient of expansion differs
d) sometimes increase sometimes decreases
c) work is done by the expanding gas
d) none of these
138. In a reversible adiabatic change in
entropy
144. Steam of 100℃ is mixed with 1500
a) increases b) decreases grams of water at 15℃ that the final temperature of
the mixture is 80℃. The mass of steam is
c) remains constant d) zero

a) 1250 gms b) 625 gms

139. In a complete Carnot cycle, the change
c) 175 gms d) 350 gms
in the entropy of the universe is

a) positive b) negative 145. The relation connecting pressure and

volume in an adiabatic expansion is given by 𝑃𝑉 𝑛 =
c) zero d) infinite
constant. If the specific heat at constant pressure is l
and the specific heat at constant volume is m, then n
140. Entropy remains constant in
is given by

a) isothermal process 𝑚 𝑙
a) b) 𝑚 c) 𝑙 − 𝑚 d) 𝑚 − 𝑙
b) adiabatic process 𝑙
c) cyclic process
d) isobaric process 146. A perfect gas is expanded from 10𝑚3 to
20 𝑚 at a constant pressure of 105 N/𝑚2 . The
3

141. The area of the Carnot cycle on a T – S temperature before the expansion was 100℃.
diagram represents Temperature after the expansion is

a) heat absorbed from the source a) 473 K b) 473℃

b) work done in a cycle c) 200℃ d) 746℃
c) heat rejected to the sink

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147. In Q. 147, the amount of work done by 154. 1 gm of water at 0℃ is heated to get
the gas during expansion is water at 100℃. The change in entropy can be given
by
a) 105 J b) 106 J
c) 107 J d) 2 × 105 J a) 𝑑𝐹 = 𝑉𝑑𝑃 − 𝑆𝑑𝑇
𝑇
b) 𝐶𝑃 1𝑛 (𝑇2)
1
148. One mole of a perfect gas is heated at a
c) 𝑑𝐸 = ∆𝑄 − ∆𝑊
constant pressure of 1 atm from 0℃. What is the
d) 𝐶𝑃 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
change in internal energy? (1 atm = 103 𝑁/𝑚2)

a) 1∙ 25 × 103 b) 1∙ 25 × 102 155. A fluid at high pressure is throttled

through a narrow porous opening in a region of
c) 8∙ 7 × 105 J d) 2∙ 24 J
lower pressure without any transfer of heat. In such
a process
149. In Q. 149, what is the amount of work
done by the gas as a consequence of being heated
a) the entropy does not change
b) the Gibb’s free energy remains constant
a) 1∙ 33 × 103 J b) 1∙ 2 × 102 J
c) the entropy is decreased
c) 8∙ 7 × 105 J d) 2∙ 4 J
d) the enthalpy of the fluid is constant

150. In Q. 149, change in entropy of the gas 3

156. A gas is compressed isothermally to its 4
a) 6∙6 J/K b) 7∙ 45 J volume of that at NTP, then change in entropy
c) 300 J/K d) 9180 J/K
a) 056 cal/K b) 0 cal/K
151. In Q. 149, the amount of heat required to c) – 56 cal/K d) 9∙ 9 cal/K
raise the temperature of the gas from 0℃ to 100℃
157. Q. 157 change in entropy of the gas if it
2
a) 5 × 10 cal 3
b) 6 × 10 cal is compressed adiabatically
c) 7 × 104 cal d) 15 cal
a) 0 cal/K b) 0∙ 56 cal/K
152. In Q. 149, change in enthalpy of the gas c) – 56 cal/K d) 9∙ 9 cal/K

a) 2∙ 1 × 103 J b) 3∙ 2 × 104 J 158. Under equilibrium conditions, the

c) 0∙ 29 deg∙ gram d) 7∙ 6 × 108 J thermodynamic variable associated with black body
radiation at temperature T which reduces to zero is
153. 1 gm of ice melted and converted to
a) entropy b) Helmholtz free energy
water at 0℃. The change in its entropy is
c) gibb’s free energy d) pressure
a) zero b) 80 cal/gm
159. The entropy of an isolated system
c) 0∙ 29 deg. gram d) 10 cal/degree
a) remains unchanged in any process
b) remains unchanged or increase during any
process

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c) remains unchanged in an irreversible process 165. A second order phase transition is

d) the entropy of non – isolated system always characterized by
increase
a) a latent heat
160. For silver, the specific heat at constant b) a discontinuous change in its specific heat
pressure is the range of 50 K to 100 K is given by c) a change in volume
𝐶𝑃 = 0 ∙ 076 T - 0∙ 00026 𝑇 2 - 0∙ 15 cal d) irreversible behaviour during warming and
𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝑑𝑒𝑔−1 where T is the Kelvin temperature. If cooling
2 mole of silver are heated from 50 K to 100 K.
Calculate the change in entropy 166. At atmospheric pressure (1 atm = 1∙
01 × 10 𝑁/𝑚2 ) 1 gram of water having volume
3

a) 3∙ 58 cal/K b) 0∙ 358 cal/K 1cc becomes 1671 cc of steam on boiling. The

c) 5∙ 38 cal/K d) 0∙ 538 cal/K increase in internal energy of the system when
latent heat of vaporization of water is 539 cal/gm is
161. An electric current of 3 amp. Flows given by
through a resistances of 10 ohm. It is being cooled
by running waste rand is kept at temperature 300 K, a) 498 cal b) 4980 cal
change in entropy per second of the resistance c) 49∙ 8 cal d) 4∙ 98 cal

a) 0∙3 degree 𝑑𝑒𝑔−1 167. At the critical point

b) 3 joule 𝑑𝑒𝑔−1 1. the difference in densities of the liquid and
c) no change gaseous phase is small
d) zero 2. the pressure does not depend on the volume
3. density fluctuations are large
162. In 162 gain in entropy of water is 4. the latent heat for liquid vapour transition
becomes very large
a) 0∙ 3 joule 𝑑𝑒𝑔−1
b) 3 joule 𝑑𝑒𝑔−1 a) 1 only b) 2 and 3
c) no change c) 3 and 4 d) 4 only
d) zero
168. If pressure is increased on piece of wax,
163. In Q.162 entropy of universe the melting point of wax

a) zero b) increase a) decreases b) does not change

c) decrease d) none of these c) increases d) decreases at first then increase

164. In the process of phase transition 169. The melting point of a solid is lowered
by increase in pressure when the solid melts, its
a) gibb’s potential function remains constant volume
b) only entropy remains constant
a) increases b) decreases
c) only volume remains constant
c) does not change d) none of these
d) only temperature remains constant

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170. The most probable velocity 𝑣𝑚𝑝 and the

root mean square velocity ‘c’ are related by
1 2
a) 𝑣𝑚𝑝 = √2 𝑐 b) 𝑣𝑚𝑝 = √3 𝑐

3 1
c) 𝑣𝑚𝑝 = √8 𝑐 d) 𝑣𝑚𝑝 = √3 𝑐

171. Two stars A and B emit maximum

radiation at 3500Å respectivley. The temperature for
the two stars A and B are in the ratio

176. Graph between entropy (S) and

a) 1 : 7 b) 5 : 7
temperature (T) for 2nd order phase transition is
c) 7 : 5 d) 63 : 1

172. In the distribution of energy radiated by

a black body, we find Planck’s formula reduces to a
Rayleigh Jeans formula in a black body radiation
for

a) higher wavelength region

b) small wavelength region
c) both (A) and (B)
d) no relation between the two
177. When the temperature of radiating black
body increases, the maximum intensity of radiation
173. In Planck’s constant h, dimensionally
a) shifts towards the longer wavelength
a) the product of energy and distance
b) shifts towards the shorter wavelength
b) the product of linear momentum and distance
c) remains unaffected
c) the product of force and time
d) depends on the ambient temperature
d) the ratio of energy and time
178. From kinetic theory of gases one infers
174. If we place T by 2T then, the max that for an intermediate range of pressure the
spectral distribution of black body radiation will viscosity of a gas is
increase
a) independent of temperature at constant density
a) 8 times b) 16 times
b) proportional to absolute temperature at constant
c) 32 times d) 64 times
density
c) inversely proportional to the absolute temperature
175. Graph between G and T for 1st order
at constant density
phase transition is given by
d) independent of the density at constant
temperature

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179. In the process of phase transition 184. Suppose temperature of the sum goes
a) gibbs potential function remains constant down by a factor of two, then the total power
b) only entropy remains constant emitted by the sun will go down by a factor of
c) only volume remains constant
d) only temperature remains constant a) 2 b) 4 c) 8 d) 16

180. A second order phase transition is 185. Mean total energy of a classical three –
characterized by dimensional harmonic oscillator in equilibrium with
a heat reservoir at temperature T is
a) a latent heat
3
b) a discontinuous change in the specific heat a) 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 b) 2 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 c) 2𝑘𝐵 𝑇 d) 3𝑘𝐵 𝑇
c) a change in volume
d) irreversible behaviour during warming and 186. Which of the followings is not an exact
cooling differential

181. A system consist of 1024 atoms and is at a) 𝑑𝑄 (Q = heat absorbed)

a temperature of 300 K. Assuming that there is no b) 𝑑𝑄 (U = internal energy)
interatomic energy in the system, its total internal c) dS (S = entropy)
energy is d) dF (F = free energy)

a) 12∙ 4 kJ b) 12∙ 4 J 187. The sublimation curve of solid ammonia

c) 4∙ 12 Kj d) 4∙ 12 J 3050
is given by 1n P = 19∙ 5 − , where P is in nm of
𝑇
Hg and T is in K. The temperature of the triple point
182. For an isolated thermodynamical system
of ammonia is
P, V, T, U, S and F represent the pressure, volume,
temperature, internal energy, entropy and free
energy respectively. Then the following relation is a) 3750 K b) 3050 K
true c) 700 K d) 200 K

𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 188. Boyle’s law can be expressed in

a) (𝜕𝑇) = −𝑆 b) (𝜕𝑇) = −𝑆
𝑉 𝑃 differential form as
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈
c) ( 𝜕𝑆 ) = 𝑇 d) (𝜕𝑉 ) = −𝑃
𝑃 𝑇 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉 𝑉
a) 𝑑𝑃 = 1 b) 𝑑𝑃 = 𝑃
𝑑𝑉 𝑃 𝑑𝑉 𝑉
183. Thermal expansion in solids with c) = d) =−
𝑑𝑃 𝑉 𝑑𝑃 𝑃
increasing temperature is a consequence of
189. The boiling point of a liquid at pressure
a) anharmonicity of lattice vibrations
𝑃0 is 𝑇0 . Its molar latent heat of vaporization is L
b) pressures of the electron gas and molar volume of the liquid phase is negligible
c) dislocations in the lattice as compared to the vapour phase. The vapour phase
d) none of these obeys perfect gas equation. The boiling point T at
pressure P is given by

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𝑃 𝐿 𝑇 194. The mean free path of the particles of a

a) 𝑃 = (𝑅𝑇 ) (1 − 𝑇0)
0 0
gas at a temperature 𝑇0 and pressure 𝑃0 has a value
𝑃 1 𝑇
b) 1n (𝑃 ) = (𝑅𝑇 ) (1 − 𝑇0) 𝜆0 . If the pressure is increased to 1∙ 5 𝑃0 and the
0 0
𝑃 𝐿 𝑇 temperature is reduced to 0∙ 75 𝑇0 the mean free
c) 1n (𝑃 ) = (𝑅𝑇 ) (1 − 𝑇 )
0 0 0 path
𝑃 𝐿 𝑇0 a) remains unchanged
d) 𝑃 = 1 + 𝑅𝑇 1𝑛 ( 𝑇 )
0 0
b) its reduced to half
c) is doubled
190. Choose the correct alternatives
d) is equal to 1∙ 125 𝜆0
a) internal energy of a Vander Waals gas at a given
195. A second order phase transition in one in
temperature increases as the volume increases
which
b) internal energy of a perfect gas at a given
temperature increases as the volume increases
a) The plot of entropy is a function of temperature
c) internal energy of a Fermi gas at a given
shows a discontinuity
temperature increases as the volume increase
b) the plot of specific heat as a function of c) the
d) internal energy of a Fermi gas at a given
plot of volume as a function of pressure shows a
temperature decreases as the volume increases
discontinuity
d) the plot of comprehensibility as a function of
191. Which of the following is an example of
temperature of continuous
a first order phase transition
196. The temperature of a cavity of fixed
a) a liquid gas phase transition at the critical point
volume is doubled. Which of the following is true
b) a paramagnet ferromagnet phase transition
for the black body radiation inside the cavity
c) a normal metal super conductor phase transition
d) a liquid gas phase transition away from the a) its energy and the number of photons both
critical point increase 8 times
b) its energy increases 8 times and the number of
192. The order of magnitude of the number of photons increases 16 times
air molecules in a room of volume 50 𝑚3 at STP is c) its energy increase 16 times and the number of
photons increase 8 times
a) 1027 b) 1029 c) 1030 d) 1020
d) its energy and the number of photons both
increase 16 times
193. An amount of heat Q is transferred from
a heat reservoir at temperature 𝑇𝐴 to another heat
197. In an ideal gas obeying MB statistics
reservoir at temperature 𝑇𝐵 , the entropy ∆𝑆 of the
there are N number of particles at temperature T.
combined system
The heat capacity at constant volume is
1 1 1 1
a) 𝑄 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) b) 𝑄 (𝑇 + 𝑇 ) a) 𝑁𝑘𝐵 b) 3𝑁𝑘𝐵
𝐵 𝐴 𝐴 𝐵
𝑄 1 1 3
c) d) 𝑄 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) c) 2 𝑁𝑘𝐵 d) 2𝑁𝑘𝐵
√𝑇𝐵 𝑇𝐴 𝐴 𝐵

198. Which one of the following is a first

order phase transition
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a) vaporization of liquid at its boiling points 203. Einstein frequency for a case for which
b) ferromagnetic to paramagnetic Θ𝐸 = 100 K
c) normal liquid Helium to superfluid Helium
d) superconductivity to normal state a) 2∙ 0 × 1012 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1
b) 20 × 1012 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1
199. Consider black body radiation in a cavity c) 4∙ 0 × 1012 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1
maintained at 2000 K. If the volume of the cavity is d) 0∙ 4 × 1012 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1
reversibly and adiabatically increased from 10 𝑐𝑚3
to 640 𝑐𝑚3 , the temperature of the cavity changes 204. A gas obeys the equation of state P (V -
to b) RT where b is a constant. For this gas a plot of V
versus T at constant P (isobar) will be
a) 800 K b) 700 K
c) 600 K d) 500 K

200. The equation of states of a dilute gas at

𝑃𝑉 𝐵(𝑇)
very high temperature is described by 𝑘 𝑇=1+ ,
𝐵 𝑉
where V is the volume per particle and B (T) is a
negative quantity. One can conclude that this is a
property of

a) a vander waals gas

b) an ideal Fermi gas
c) an ideal bose gas 205. For liquefying a gas, it is essential that
the gas
d) an ideal inert gas

a) should be above ties temperature of invention

201. In the region of co – existence of a liquid
b) should be above its critical temperature
and vapour phases of a material
c) should be below its temperature of inversion for
a) 𝐶𝑃 and 𝐶𝑉 are both infinite above the critical temperature
1 𝜕𝑉 d) should be below its temperature of inversion and
b) 𝐶𝑉 and 𝛽 [= 𝑉 (𝜕𝑇 ) ] are both finite
𝑃 also below its critical temperature
1 𝜕𝑉
c) 𝐶𝑉 and K [= − 𝑉 (𝜕𝑃) ] are both finite
𝑇
206. For 𝑎 = 10−3 and b = 10−3 , critical
d) 𝐶𝑃 , 𝛽 and K are all finite
pressure of a gas is given by

202. The specific heat of an electron gas a) 3∙ 7 atm b) 0∙ 37 atm

3
c) 37 atm d) 370 atm
a) approaches value 2 R at low temperatures
b) increases linearly at high temperature 207. The general gas equations PV = RT was
3 improved by Vander Waal who introduced a
c) approaches value 2 R at very high temperature
d) none of these

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𝑎
correction factor 𝑉 2 which is added to P. The term 213. Which of the following is not Maxwell’s
𝑎 equation
relates to
𝑉2
𝜕𝑆 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑃
a) (𝜕𝑉) = (𝜕𝑇 ) b) (𝜕𝑉) = − (𝜕𝑉)
a) volume of the molecules 𝑇 𝑉 𝑉
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑉
b) effective area of the molecules c) (𝜕𝑃) = (𝜕𝑆 ) d) (𝜕𝑃) = ( 𝜕𝑆 )
𝑆 𝑆 𝑃
c) average velocity of the molecules
d) force of attraction between the molecules
214. What is the correct relation between the
pressure P and the energy density E of a gas
208. Thermal radiation are 1
a) P = 2 𝐸 b) P = E
3 2
a) infra red radiation c) P = 5 𝐸 d) P = 3 𝐸
b) UV radiation
c) gamma radiation 215. The pressure of a gas filled in a vessel is
d) none of these P, if the masses of all the molecules of the gas are
halved and their speeds doubled, the new pressure
209. The law always at given temperature the will be
ratio of spectral emissive and absorbive powers of a
body is constant is called 𝑃
a) 4P b) 2P c) P d) 2

a) Wien’s law b) Stefan’s law

216. If the temperature of a gas is increased to
c) Kirchoff’s law d) Displacement law
4 times its initial value, the RMS speed of the
molecules will be
210. The pressure exerted by diffused
radiations on the perfectly reflecting surface is
a) Quadrupled b) Doubled
2 1 c) Halved d) Unchanged
a) 𝑝 = 3 𝑢 b) 𝑝 = 3 𝑢
𝑢
c) 𝑝 = 𝑢 d) 𝑝 = 217. Choose the correct statement
𝑐

211. At temperature, TK the emissive power a) pressure of a gas is proportional to the mean
of a black body is square speed of molecules
b) root mean square velocity of molecules is
a) 𝑒 = 𝑇 b) 𝑒 = 𝑇 2 proportional to the pressure of the gas
c) 𝑒 = 𝑡 3 d) 𝑒 = 𝑇 4 c) the average kinetic energy of gas molecules is
inversely proportional to the absolute temperature
𝜕𝑆 d) the pressure of the gas is proportional to the
212. In one of the Maxwell’s relations (𝜕𝑃)
𝑇 square root of the energy density
equals
218. A real gas behaves like an ideal gas at
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
a) (𝜕𝑇 ) b) - (𝜕𝑇 )
𝑉 𝑉
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑃 a) high temperature and high pressure
c) - (𝜕𝑉) d) (𝜕𝑇 )
𝑆 𝑉 b) high temperature and low pressure
c) normal temperature and pressure
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d) high pressure and low temperature

225. The temperature of inversion 𝑇𝑖 and
219. A gas obeys Boyle’s law, the shape of Boyle’s temperature of a gas are related as
the graph between PV and P is
1
a) 𝑇𝑖 = 𝑇𝐵 b) 𝑇𝑖 = 2 𝑇𝐵
a) a straight line parallel to PV axis 5
b) a straight line parallel to P axis c) 𝑇𝑖 = 2𝑇𝐵 d) 𝑇𝑖 = 3 𝑇𝐵
c) a hyperbola
d) a straight line passing through origin and inclined 226. The probability of the combination
at 45° to the aixs (𝑟, 𝑛 − 𝑟) for distribution of n particles in two
similar boxes is
220. The critical temperature of a gas is
1
a) n𝐶𝑃 b) 2 n𝐶𝑃 c) 2𝑛 n𝐶𝑃 d) 2𝑛 𝑙 𝑛 𝐶𝑟
8 27 𝑎
a) 𝑇𝐶 = 27 𝑏𝑅 b) 𝑇𝐶 = 8 𝑏𝑅
𝑎 8𝑎 227. n similar coins are tosses a number of
c) 𝑇𝐶 = 27 𝑏2 d) 𝑇𝐶 = 27 𝑏𝑅
times. The maximum probability of the
combination
221. The temperature at which a gas liquefies
is called 1 𝑛! 1 𝑛!
a) 1 b) 2𝑛 . 𝑟!(𝑛−𝑟)! c) 2𝑛 d) 2𝑛 . (𝑛/2)!(𝑛/2)!
𝑎 𝑎 8𝑎 8𝑎
a) 𝑏𝑅 b) 27 𝑏2 c) 27 𝑏𝑅 d) 27 𝑏
228. The number of maximum probable states
in case of odd number of particles is
222. The relation between Boyle’s
temperature and critical temperature is a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4

a) boiling point
229. In the equilibrium state, the
b) Boyle’s temperature thermodynamic probability of a system is
c) melting point
d) critical temperature a) maximum b) minimum but not 1
c) one d) zero
223. The temperature of inversion 𝑇𝑖 of a gas
is given by 230. The volume of a cell in six dimensional
phase quace is
8 27
a) 2𝑇𝐵 = 27 𝑇𝐶 b) 𝑇𝐵 = 𝑇𝐶
8
c) 𝑇𝐵 = 2 𝑇𝐶
3
d) 3𝑇𝐵 = 13 𝑇𝐶
5 a) ℎ3 b) ℎ6 c) ℎ−3 d) ℎ−6

231. The number of co – ordinates in the

224. The temperature of inversion 𝑇𝑖 of a gas
phase space of a single particle is
is given by

𝑎 2𝑎
a) 2 b) 3 c) 5 d) 6
a) 𝑇𝑖 = 𝑅𝑏 b) 𝑇𝑖 = 𝑅𝑏
2𝑎 2𝑎𝑏
c) 𝑇𝑖 = 𝑎𝑅 d) 𝑇𝑖 = 𝑅

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232. For a single particle of mass m enclosed 237. A linear simple harmonic oscillator of
in a volume V, the number of accessible microstates mass m and frequency 𝜐, the number of micro states
in energy range E to E + 𝛿𝐸 is given by (the phase between the energy range E to E + 𝛿𝐸
space is divided by the rule 𝛿𝑝𝑖 𝛿𝑞𝑖 = ℎ0 ) –
1
a) Ω(E) = h υ E1/2 δE
2πV(2m)3/2 E1/2 0
a) Ω(E) = δE 1
h30 b) Ω(E) = h υ EδE
0
2πV(2mE)3/2 1
b) Ω(E) = δE c) Ω(E) = h υ δE
h30
0
2πV(2m)3/2 E1/2 ∂E 1
c) Ω(E) = d) Ω(E) = h υ E 3/2 δE
h0 0
2πV(2m)3/2 E1/2 δE
d) Ω(E) = h0 238. For a thermodynamic system, Helmholtz
free energy is a function of
233. The volume of a perfect gas of N atoms
is doubled the energy being held constant. Change a) S.V b) V.T
in entropy is c) T.P d) S.P

a) N log 2 b) 𝑁 2 log 2
1 1
239. A system of three cells such that 𝑁1 =
2
c) N log 2 d) 𝑁 log 2 5, 𝑁2 = 3, 𝑁3 = 2, 𝐸1 = 0, 𝐸2 = 2, 𝐸3 = 4 joules
per particle. If 𝛿𝑛3 = - 2, then 𝛿𝑛1 and 𝛿𝑛2 will be
234. In case of isothermal expansion (N and E = constants) respectively
forbidden process will be
a) – 2, 4 b) 4, - 2
a) W < 𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑥 b) W = 𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑥 c) 2, - 4 d) – 4, 2
c) W > 𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑥 d) W = 0
240. The Gibbs function g in thermodynamics
235. Two particles are said to be is defined as G = H – TS (Symbols have usual
distinguishable when meaning). In an isothermal, isobaric, reversible
process G
a) the average distance between them is large
compared to their de – Broglie wavelength a) Varies linearly
b) the average distance between them is small b) remains constant but not zero
compared to their de – Broglie wavelengths c) varies non linearly
c) they have overlapping wave packets d) is zero
d) their total wave functions is symmetric under
particle exchange 241. The free energy of a photon gas enclosed
1
in a volume V is given by F = 3 𝑎 𝑉𝑇 4, where a is a
236. For a energy state E of a photon gas, the constant and T is the temperature of the gas. The
density of state is proportional to chemical potential of the photon gas is

4
a) √𝐸 b) e c) 𝐸 3/2 d) 𝐸 2 a) 0 b) 3 𝑎𝑉𝑇 3
1
c) 3 𝑎𝑇 4 d) 𝑎𝑉𝑇 4

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245. The mean internal energy of a one

242. The wave function of two identical dimensional classical harmonic oscillator in
particles is states n and s are given by ϕ𝑛 (𝑟1 ) and equilibrium with a heat bath of temperature T is
ϕ𝑛 (𝑟2 ) respectivley. The particles obeys Maxwells
1
Boltzmann statistics. The state of the combined two a) 2 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 b) 𝑘𝐵 𝑇
particle system s expressed as 3
c) 2 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 d) 3𝑘𝐵 𝑇
a) ϕ𝑛 (𝑟1 ) + ϕ𝑠 (𝑟2 )
1 246. A monoatomic crystalline solid
b) [ϕ𝑛 (𝑟1 )ϕ𝑠 (𝑟2 ) + ϕ𝑛 (𝑟2 )ϕ𝑛 (𝑟1 )]
√2 comprises of N atoms. Out of which n atoms are in
1
c) [ϕ𝑛 (𝑟1 )ϕ𝑠 (𝑟2 ) − ϕ𝑛 (𝑟2 )ϕ𝑠 (𝑟1 )] interstitial positions. If the available interstitial sites
√2
d) ϕ𝑛 (𝑟1 )ϕ𝑠 (𝑟2 ) are 𝑁 ′ , the number of possible microstates is

(𝑁 ′ +𝑛)! 𝑁! 𝑁!
243. Each of the two isolated vessels, A and a) b) 𝑛!(𝑁+𝑛)! 𝑛!(𝑁′ +𝑛)!
𝑛!𝑁!
B of fixed volumes contains N molecules of a 𝑁! 𝑁! 𝑁!
perfect monoatomic gas at a pressure P. The c) 𝑛!(𝑁′ −𝑛)! d) 𝑛!(𝑁−𝑛)! 𝑛!(𝑁′ −𝑛)!
temperatures of A and B are 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 respectively.
The two vessels are brought into thermal contact. At 247. The phase diagram of a free particle of
equilibrium, the change in entropy is mass m and kinetic energy E, moving in a one
dimensional box with perfectly elastic wall at x = 0
3 1 2𝑇 2 +𝑇 2 and x = L, is given by
a) 2 𝑁𝑘𝐵 1𝑛 [ 4𝑇 ]
𝑇 1 2
𝑇2
b) 𝑁𝑘𝐵 1𝑛 (𝑇 )
1
3 (𝑇1 +𝑇2 )2
c) 2 𝑁𝑘𝐵 1𝑛 [ ]
4𝑇1 𝑇2
d) 2𝑁𝑘𝐵

244. The internal energy of n moles of a gas

3 𝑎
is given by E = 2 𝑛𝑅𝑇 − 𝑉, where V is the volume
of the gas at temperature T and a is a positive
constant. One mole of the gas in state (𝑇1 , 𝑉1) is
allowed to expand adiabatically into vacuum to a
final state (𝑇2 , 𝑉2). The temperature 𝑇2 is

1 1
248. If the equations of state for a gas with
a) 𝑇1 + 𝑅𝑎 (𝑉 + 𝑉 ) 1
internal energy V is pV = 3 𝑈, then the equations for
2 1
2 1 1
b) 𝑇1 − 3 𝑅𝑎 (𝑉 − 𝑉 ) an adiabatic process is
2 1
2 1 1
c) 𝑇1 + 3 𝑅𝑎 (𝑉 − 𝑉 ) a) 𝑃𝑉 1/3 = constt
2 1
1 1 1
d) 𝑇1 − 3 𝑅𝑎 (𝑉 − 𝑉 ) b) 𝑃𝑉 2/3 = constt
2 1
c) 𝑃𝑉 4/3 = constt
d) 𝑃𝑉 3/5 = constt

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249. The total number of accessible states of b) only constituent particles

1
N non interacting particles of spin 2 is c) both energy and constituent particles
d) none of these
a) 2𝑁 b) 𝑁 2 c) 2𝑁/2 d) N
255. Choose the correct statement
a) in a microcanonical ensemble the total number of
250. A one dimensional random walker takes
steps to left or right with equal probability. The particle N and the energy E are constant while in a
probability that the random walker starting from canonical ensemble N and temperature T are
origin is back to origin after N even number of steps constants
is b) in a micocanonical ensemble the total number of
𝑁! 1 𝑁 𝑁! particle N is a constant but the energy E is variable
a) 𝑁 𝑁 (2) b) 𝑁 𝑁
( )!( )!
2 2
( )!( )!
2 2
while in a canonical ensemble N and T are
1 2𝑁 1 𝑁 constants
c) 2N! (2) d) 2! (2)
c) in a microcanonical ensemble N and E are
constants while in a canonical ensemble N and T
251. The number of states for a system of N both vary
identical free particles in a three dimensional space d) in a microcannonical ensemble N and E are
having total energy between E and E + 𝛿𝐸(𝛿𝐸 << constants while in a canonical ensemble N is a
𝐸) is proportional to constant but T varies
3𝑁 𝑁
a) (𝐸 2 −1 ) b) 𝐸 2 𝛿𝐸 256. In a canonical ensemble
1
c) 𝑁𝐸 𝛿𝐸2 d) 𝐸 𝑁 𝛿𝐸
a) the energy and the temperature are constants
b) the entropy and the energy are constants
252. For a microcannonical ensemble, the
c) the temperature and the density are constants
phase density inside a small energy interval remains
d) the density and the entropy are constants
constant and outside such a region it is

257. In a classical microcanonical ensemble

a) same as inside b) zero
for a system of N interacting particles, the
c) according to the representation of the system
fundamental volume in phase space which is
d) we cannot infer about energy outside
regarded as equivalent to one microstate is

253. Canonical ensemble is related to

a) ℎ3𝑁 b) ℎ2𝑁
c) ℎ𝑁 d) h
a) the size of the system
b) the freedom of the systems
258. The dimension of phase space of ten
c) the number of particles in systems
rigid diatomic molecules is
d) thermal equilibrium of systems
a) 5 b) 10 c) 50 d) 100
254. In a grand canonical ensemble, the
comprising system are capable of exchanging
259. The classical partition function Z, gives
the
a) only energy

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a) sum of states of the system 264. A system of N localised, non interacting

1
b) sum of energy of the system spin 2 ions of magnetic moment 𝜇 each is kept in an
c) sum of momentum of the system external magnetic field H. If the system is in
d) none of the above equilibrium at temperature T, the Helmholtz free
energy of the system is
260. Consider a one level system having
𝑉 𝜇𝐻
energy E = - NkT 1n (𝑉 ) where 𝑉0 is a constant and a) 𝑁𝑘𝐵 𝑇 1𝑛 (cos ℎ 𝑘 𝑇)
0 𝐵
the symbols have usual meanings the partition 𝜇𝐻
b) - 𝑁𝑘𝐵 𝑇 1𝑛 (2 cos ℎ 𝑘 𝑇)
function for the system is 𝐵
𝑉 𝜇𝐻
a) Z = exp [𝑁 1𝑛 (𝑉 )] c) 𝑁𝑘𝐵 𝑇 1𝑛 (2 cos ℎ 𝑘 𝑇)
0 𝐵
𝑉 𝜇𝐻
b) Z = N 1n (𝑉 ) d) - 𝑁𝑘𝐵 𝑇 1𝑛 (2 sin ℎ 𝑘 𝑇)
0 𝐵
𝑉
c) Z = exp [𝑁𝑘𝑇 1𝑛 (𝑉 )]
0 𝜇𝐻
d) - 𝑁𝑘𝐵 𝑇 1𝑛 (2 sin ℎ )
d) 0 𝑘𝐵 𝑇

261. If Z is the partition function of a system 265. Consider a radiation cavity of volume V
1 at temperature T. The density of states at energy E
and 𝛽 = 𝑘𝑇 where k is the Boltzmann constant then
of the quantized radiation (photons) is
the average pressure P is given by
8𝜋𝑉 8𝜋𝑉
𝜕𝑍 1 𝜕 1𝑛 𝑍 a) ℎ3𝑐 3 𝐸 2 b) ℎ3𝑐 3 𝐸 3/2
a) P = 𝜕𝛽 b) 𝛽 ( )
𝜕𝑉 8𝜋𝑣 8𝜋𝑉
1 𝜕 1𝑛 𝑍 1 𝜕 1𝑛 𝑍
c) ℎ3𝑐 2 𝐸 d) ℎ3𝑐 2 𝐸1/2
c) - ( ) d) ( )
𝛽 𝜕𝑉 𝛽2 𝜕𝑉

266. The average number of photons in

262. If the partition functions of a harmonic equilibrium inside the cavity (in Q. 266) is
𝑘𝑇
oscillator with frequency 𝜔 at a temperature T is ℎ𝜔, proportional to
then the free energy of N such independent a) T b) 𝑇 2 c) 𝑇 3 d) 𝑇 4
oscillators is
267. The distribution function 𝑓(∈) for a
3 ℎ𝜔 photon gas is given by
a) 2 𝑁𝑘𝑇 b) kT 1n 𝑘𝑇
ℎ𝜔 𝐻𝜔
c) 𝑁𝑘𝑇 1𝑛 𝑘𝑇 d) 𝑁𝑘𝑇 1𝑛 2𝑘𝑇 a) exp (− 𝑘𝑇)
∈
b)
1
∈
exp( )+1
𝑘𝑇
1 1
263. The partition function of two Bose c) ∈ d) ∈
exp( )−1 exp(− )−1
𝑘𝑇 𝑘𝑇
particles each of which can occupy any of the two
energy levels 0 and ∈ is
268. Choose the correct alternatives
At the same temperature
a) 1 + 𝑒 −2∈/𝑘𝑇 + 2𝑒 −∈/𝑘𝑇
b) 1 + 𝑒 −2∈/𝑘𝑇 + 𝑒 −∈/𝑘𝑇
a) a fermion gas will exert the greatest pressure
c) 2 + 𝑒 −2∈/𝑘𝑇 + 𝑒 −∈/𝑘𝑇 b) a boson gas will exert the greatest pressure
d) 𝑒 −2∈/𝑘𝑇 + 𝑒 −∈/𝑘𝑇 c) a fermion gas will exert the least pressure

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d) a gas decaying MB statistics d) the bosons essentially behaves likes fermions

269. Consider a system of 2 identical particles 275. Degeneracy in perfect gases is the
each of which can be in any one of 3 single particle departure of their properties from those of ordinary
states. The number of states of the system are gases and becomes significant at
possible in B – E statistics
a) very low temperature and high densities
a) 9 b) 3 c) 6 d) 1 b) very high temperature and low densities
c) only high temperatures
270. Which statistics will apply to deuterons d) only low density
and 𝛼 - particles
276. Fermi energy gives the value so energy
a) B – E b) F – D in a F – D system upto which all the energy states
c) M – B d) None of these are

271. The average energy of an electron in a a) occupied b) vacant

metal at T = 0 is c) party filled d) none of these

2 3
a) 4 𝐸𝐹 (0) b) 5 𝐸𝐹 (0) 277. The pressure for a non interacting Fermi
4 1 gas with internal energy U at temperature T is
c) 5 𝐸𝐹 (0) d) 5 𝐸𝐹 (0)
3𝑈 2𝑈
a) P = 2 𝑉 b) P = 3 𝑉
272. If 𝑓 is the F – D distribution then 3𝑈 1𝑈
∞ c) P = d) P =
𝜕𝑓 5𝑉 2𝑉
∫ (− ))𝑑/𝐸
−∞ 𝜕𝐸
278. A system of non interacting Fermi
a) 1 b) 0 c) f d) – f particles with Fermi energy 𝐸𝐹 has the density of
state proportional to √𝐸, where E is the energy of a
273. According to the F – D statistics the particles. The average energy per particles at
number of particles in a phase cell can be temperature T = 0 is

1 1 2 3
a) any number b) only two a) 6 𝐸𝐹 b) 5 𝐸𝐹 c) 5 𝐸𝐹 d) 5 𝐸𝐹
c) only three d) only one
279. The Fermi energy of a free electron gas
274. B – E condensation temperature 𝑇𝐵 depends on the electron density 𝜌 as
refers to the temperature below which
a) 𝜌1/3 b) 𝜌2/3 c) 𝜌−1/3 d) 𝜌−2/3
a) an assembly of Bose gas condenses to the liquid
state
280. The probability that a state which is 0∙ 2
b) there is an appreciable occupation of the ground eV above the Fermi energy in a metal atom at 700
state in an electron system K is
c) there is a significant large occupancy of the
ground state in a boson system a) 96∙ 2% b) 62∙ 3% c) 3∙ 5% d) 37∙ 7%
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1
. The total spin of the system if 𝑆𝑧 = 𝑆𝑧 (1) +
2
281. Which of the following conditions 𝑆𝑧 (2) + 𝑆𝑧 (3).
should be satisfied by the temperature T of a system
of N non – interacting particles occupying a volume The total number of possible microstates, for this
V for B – E condensation to take place system is

ℎ2 𝑁 2/3 a) 3 b) 6 c) 2 d) 8
a) T < 2𝜋𝑚𝑘 [𝑉𝑇(3/2)]
𝐵
ℎ2 𝑁 3/2 285. In Q. 285 total number of microstates
b) T < 2𝜋𝑚𝑘 [𝑉𝑇(3/2)] 1
𝐵 with 𝑆2 = 2 is
ℎ2 𝑁 1/2
c) T < 2𝜋𝑚𝑘 [𝑉𝑇(3/2)]
𝐵
1/2 a) 3 b) 5 c) 6 d) 7
ℎ2 𝑁
d) T < [ ]
2𝜋𝑚𝑘𝐵 𝑉𝑇(3/2)
where m is the mass of each particle of the system, 286. In Q. 285 consider an ensemble of
𝑘𝐵 is the Boltzmann constant, h is the Planck’s systems where each microstate ahs equal
constant and T is the well known zeta function probability. The ensemble average of 𝑆𝑧 is

1 1 3
282. Which of the following relations a) - 2 b) 0 c) 2 d) 2
between the particle number density n and
temperature T must hold good for a gas consisting 287. A system of N particles is enclosed in a
of non interacting particles to be described by volume V at a temperature T. The logarithmic of the
quantum statistics partition function is given by 1n Z = N 1n {(V - bN)
(𝑘𝐵 𝑇)3/2}, where b is a constant with appropriate
𝑛 𝑛
a) 𝑇 1/2 << 1 b) 𝑇 3/2 << 1 dimensions. If P is the pressure of the gas, the
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 equation of state is given by
c) 𝑇 3/2 >> 1 d) 𝑇 1/2 and 𝑇 3/2 can have any value

a) P(V- bN) = N𝑘𝐵 𝑇

283. Consider the Fermi Dirac distribution
b) P (V - bN) = 𝑘𝐵 𝑇
function f (E) at room temperature (300 K) where E
c) P (V - b) = 𝑁𝑘𝐵 𝑇
refers to energy. If 𝐸𝐹 is the Fermi energy, which of
d) P (V - b) = 𝑘𝐵 𝑇
the following is true

a) 𝑓(𝐸) is a step function 288. In Q. 288 the internal energy of the gas
1 is given by
b) 𝑓(𝐸𝑟 ) has a value of 2
c) states with E < 𝐸𝐹 are filled completely a) U = (2) 𝑘𝐵 𝑇
1
b) U = N𝑘𝐵 𝑇
d) 𝑓(𝐸) is large and tends to infinity as E decreases 3
much below 𝐸𝐹 c) U = 2 𝑁𝑘𝐵 𝑇 d) U = 2N𝑘𝐵 𝑇

284. A system consists of three spin half 289. The specific heat of an ideal Fermi gas
particles, the z – component of whose spins in 3 – dimensional at very low temperature (T)
1 varies as
𝑆𝑧 (1), 𝑆𝑧 (2) and 𝑆𝑧 (3) can take any value + 2 and -

a) T b) 𝑇 3/2 c) 𝑇 2 d) 𝑇 3
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c) six d) three
290. An ensemble of N three level systems
with energies ∈= −∈0 , +∈0 is in the thermal 295. The rotational partition function for a
equilibrium at temperature T. Let 𝛽 = (𝑘𝐵 𝑇)−1 . If diatomic molecule of moment of inertia I at a
𝛽 ∈0 = 2, the probability of finding the system in temperature T is given by
the level ∈= 0 is
𝐼𝑘𝐵 𝑇 2𝐼𝑘𝐵 𝑇
a) b)
ℎ2 ℎ2
a) (cos ℎ2)/2 31𝑘𝐵 𝑇 1𝑘𝐵 𝑇
b) (cos ℎ2)−1 c) d)
ℎ2 2ℎ2
c) (2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ2 )−1
d) (1 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ2 )−1 296. The entropy of a photon as is
proportional to
291. The free energy of the system at high
temperature (𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑥 = 𝛽 ∈0 <<1) is approximately in a) T b) 𝑇 2 c) 𝑇 3 d) 𝑇 4
Q.291
297. At absolute zero temperature for boson
a) - 𝑁𝑘𝐵 𝑇𝑥 2 gas
𝑥2
b) - 𝑁𝑘𝐵 𝑇 [1𝑛2 + ]
2 a) entropy is zero but internal energy and pressure
𝑥2
c) - 𝑁𝑘𝐵 𝑇 [1𝑛3 + ] do not disappear
3
b) entropy and internal energy is zero but pressure
d) - 𝑁𝑘𝐵 𝑇 in 3
do not disappear
c) entropy, internal energy and pressure tend to zero
292. In Fermi Dirac statistics the degeneracy
parameter is given by d) internal energy, pressure zero but entropy is
positive
ℎ2 3𝑁 2/3
a) 𝐴 = 2𝑚𝑘𝑇 (8𝜋 ) 298. At absolute zero temperature, a Fermi
ℎ2 3𝑁 2/3 gas, at a finite volume is
b) 1n 𝐴 = 2𝑚𝑘𝑇 (8𝜋𝑉)
ℎ3 3𝑁𝑉 2/3 a) zero entropy but internal energy and pressure do
c) 1n A = 2𝑚𝑘 ( 8𝜋 )
not disappear
ℎ2 3𝑁𝑉 2/3
d) 1n A = 8𝜋 ( 8𝜋 ) b) internal energy is zero but entropy is maximum
and P ≠ 0
293. In F – D statistics, the volume of phase c) internal energy, entropy and pressure tends to
cell is zero
d) none of these
a) h b) ℎ2 c) ℎ3 d) not fixed
299. Which is correct answer for the value of
(∈𝐹 (0)−∈𝐹 )
294. An assembly has only two particles
∈𝐹 (0)
which are to be arranged in three phase cells. The
possible number of arrangements in B – E statistics 2
𝜋2 𝑘 𝑇 𝜋2 𝑘 𝑇
a) 12 (∈ 𝐵(0)) b) 12 (∈ 𝐵(0))
𝐹 𝐹
a) two b) nine

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𝜋 2 ∈ (0) 2 𝜋 2 ∈ (0) d) none of these

c) 12 ( 𝑘𝐹 ) d) 12 ( 𝑘𝐹 )
𝐵 𝑇 𝐵𝑇

304. A gas mixture consists of molecules of

300. The fig. Here shows five paths traversed types 1, 2 & 3 with molecular masses 𝑚1 > 𝑚3 .
by a gas on a P – V diagram. The greatest path Then the average kinetic energy will be (in
according to the change in internal energy decreasing order)
a) 1 > 2 > 3 b) 3 < 2 < 1
c) 2 > 3 > 1 d) all have same kinetic energy

305. Water is heated on a stove, which has

the greatest change in entropy of the water as its
temperature rises

a) from 20℃ to 30℃

a) 5 b) 4 c) 3 d) 2 e) 1 b) 30℃ to 35℃
c) 80℃ to 85℃
301. According to the linear transfer which d) all of them have same entropy change
path will follow min work
306. An ideal gas has temp, 𝑇1 at the initial
state i shown in the P – V diagram here. The gas has
a higher temp. 𝑇2 at final states a & b, which it can
reach along the path shown. The entropy change
along the path to state a is

a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) None of these

302. An ideal gas has an initial pressure of 3

pressure units & an initial volume of 4volume units.
The table gives the final pressure and volume of the
gas in five processes. Which process will not start a) larger than b b) smaller than b
and send on the same isotherm c) same as that along b d) zero

a) A, B b) D, E 307. Out of three carnot engines operate

c) Only C d) All of them between reservoir temp of (a) 400 & 500 K (b) 600
& 800 K (c) 400 & 600 K, which has the greatest
303. If the temp of an ideal gas is changed thermal efficiency
from 20℃
a) a b) b c) c d) all have same
a) the pressure of the gas is doubled efficiency
b) increased but less than doubled
c) increased and more than doubled

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308. To increase the coeff of performance of

an ideal refrigerator which will the greatest coeff. of 313. A black body is at temp of 527℃. To
performance. The magnitude of the temp. Changes radiate twice as much energy per second, its temp
are to be same in all the four cases must be increased to value

a) running the cold water chamber at a slightly a) 1600 K b) 951 K

higher temp c) 200 K d) 12800 K
b) running the cold water chamber at a slightly
lower temp 314. A slab having a thickness of 4 cm and
c) moving the unit to a slightly warmer room measuring 25 cm on a side has a 40℃ temp.
d) moving it to a slightly cooler room different between its faces. How much heat flows
through it per hour? The conductivity k is 0∙ 0025
309. The P – V relation for a monoatomic cal/s. Cm ℃
ideal gas undergoing an adiabatic process
a) 56∙ 25 k cal b) 56∙ 25 cal
1/3 2/3 c) 5∙ 625 k cal d) 5∙ 625 cal
a) 𝑃𝑉 = const b) 𝑃𝑉 = const
c) 𝑃𝑉 4/3 = const d) 𝑃𝑉 5/3
= const
315. A quantity of heat ∆𝐻 is transformed
310. The mean free path of molecules in an from a large heat reservoir at temp 𝑇1 to another
ideal gas can be written in terms of the gas pressure large heat reservoir at temp 𝑇2 , with 𝑇1 > 𝑇2
is required for spontaneous transfer. The heat
reservoir have such large capacities that there is no
𝑘𝑇 𝑘𝑇 observable charge in their temp. the entropy of the
a) 4𝜋𝑏2𝑇 b) 4𝜋𝑏2
√2𝑃 entire system has
𝑘𝑇 𝑘𝑇
c) 2√2𝜋𝑏2𝑃 d) 4𝜋𝑏√2𝑃
a) increase b) decrease
311. The statistical energy distribution c) remains unchanged d) zero
underlying the ideal gas law is the M – B
distribution. It gives the number of molecules with 316. The number of classical states, ds, in the
kinetic energies between and E and E + dE is speed interval between 𝜈 and + d𝜈, then the density
2𝑁
𝑁(𝐸)𝑑𝐸 = 𝑚(𝑘𝑇)3/2 √𝐸𝑒 −𝐸/𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝐸 of states 𝑔(𝜈) is proportional to
√
The average K.E. over the collection of N a) 𝜈 b) 𝜈 1/2 c) 𝜈 2 d) 𝜈 3/2
molecules

3 3 1 1
317. The most probable distribution of N = 5
a) 2 𝑁𝑘𝑇 b) 2 𝑘𝑇 c) 2 𝑁𝑘𝑇 d) 2 𝑘𝑇 distinguishable particles among r = 3 cells if the
intrinsic probabilities for the cells are 𝑔1 = 𝑔2 =
1
312. In the near future, when the world 𝑔3 = 3 is
population becomes 6 billion, how many moles of
humans will be there on earth a) 3, 2, 0 b) 3, 1, 1
c) 4, 1, 0 d) 2, 2, 1
a) 1 × 10−12 mole b) 1 × 10−14 mole
c) 1 × 1012 mole d) 1 × 1014 mole

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318. In Q. 321, if the energy of a particle in gas in terms of 𝐸𝑓0 , the Fermi energy at T = 0k is
cell 1 is zero, in cell 2 is ∈ & in cell 3 is 2∈, the 𝜋2 𝑘𝑇
2

most probable distribution is if the total energy is 𝐸𝑓 = 𝐸𝑓0 [1 − 12 (𝐸 ) ] where 𝐸𝑓0 is

𝑓0
fixed at 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 3 ∈ -
ℎ2 𝜋 𝑉 2/3 ℎ2 3𝑣 2/3
a) 3, 1, 1 b) 2, 3, 0 a) 8𝑚 ( 3 𝑁) b) 8𝑚 (𝜋𝑁)
c) 3, 2, 0 d) 1, 3, 1 ℎ2 3𝑛 2/3 ℎ2 3𝑉 1/3
c) 8𝜋 (𝜋𝑉) d) 8𝑚 (𝜋𝑁)
319. The RLC, high Q turned circuit (r being
small) is at temp. T. (Using the equipartition 323. For free electron gas, the first order
theorem) estimate the rms value of the induced molar electronic specific heat at constant volume
voltage in the inductor due to thermal fluctuation 𝐶𝑣𝑒 is

𝑅𝜋 2 𝑘 𝑅𝑘𝑇
a) b) 2𝜋2𝐸
2𝐸𝑓0 𝑓0
𝑅𝜋 2 𝑘 2 𝑅𝜋𝑘 2
c) 𝑇 d) 𝑇
2𝐸𝑓0 2𝐸𝑓0

324. For silver, the temp at which the

𝐶 𝑘𝑇 1 electronic molar specific heat, 𝐶𝑣𝑒 and the lattice
a) √𝑘𝑇𝐶 b) √𝑘𝑇 c) √ 𝐶 d) 2 𝑘𝑇
molar specific heat 𝐶𝑣 are equal. The Debye temp
for silver is 210 K. The equality occurs at low temp.
320. Six distinguishable particles are to be so Debye theory result can be taken as 𝐶𝑣 =
12𝜋 4 𝑅 𝑇 3
distributed into 3 cells. Find the no. of different ( ) -
5 𝑇𝛼
combination of particles that can produce the
distribution (4, 1, 1)
a) 2∙ 5 K b) 1∙ 75 K c) 0 d) 4∙ 75 K
a) 1 b) 12 c) 20 d) 30
325. What is the density of photon states in
the energy interval between E & E + dE in a cubical
321. For a two state system with energies 𝜀 &
cavity of volume V = 𝑙 3 -
2𝜀, the most probable distribution for the average
energy is
8𝜋𝑉𝐸 8𝜋𝑉𝐸 2 8𝜋𝑉𝐸 2 8𝜋𝑉𝐸 3
1
a) b) c) (ℎ𝐶)3
d) (ℎ𝐶)2
ℎ𝐶 ℎ𝐶
𝑔1 = 𝑔2 = 2

326. What is the order of degeneracy of the

2𝜀𝑒 −2𝛽𝜀 +𝜀𝑒 −𝛽𝜀 𝑒 −2𝛽𝜀 +𝑒 −𝛽𝜀 57𝐸0 level of a three dimensional cubical infinite
a) b) 2𝜀𝑒 −2𝛽𝜀 +𝜀𝑒 −𝛽𝜀 well
𝑒 −2𝛽𝜀 +𝑒 −𝛽𝜀
𝜀𝑒 −2𝛽𝜀 +2𝜀𝑒 −𝛽𝜀
c) d) none of these
𝑒 −2𝛽𝜀 +𝑒 −𝛽𝜀 a) 2 b) 3 c) 6 d) 10

322. The normalization condition that of total

327. In a crystalline solid, the density of
no. of particles is a fixed number, for the low temp,
states in the wavelength interval between 𝜆 & 𝜆 +
an expression for the Fermi energy 𝐸𝑓 of an electron
𝑑𝜆 –

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2 1 𝐶3
a) 4𝜋𝑉 (𝑣3 + 𝑣3 ) 𝜆3
𝑖 𝑖 332. A well lagged wire of length L and cross
2 1 𝐶3 sectional area A has its ends maintained in temp. 𝑇1
b) 4𝜋𝑉 (𝑣3 + 𝑣3 ) 𝜆3
𝑖 𝑖
and 𝑇2 . The thermal conductivity of the wire is
2 1 𝐶3
c) 4𝜋𝑉 (𝑣3 + 𝑣3 ) 𝜆4 given by 𝑘 = 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑇 [T is temperature, B & C are
𝑖 𝑖
constant]. The state of flow of heat along the wires
2 1 𝐶3
d) 4𝜋𝑉 (𝑉 3 + 𝑉 3 ) 𝜆4
𝑖 𝑖
a) (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )[𝐵 + 𝐶(𝑇1 + 𝑇2 )]
𝐴 𝐶
328. In a Quantum mechanical two system b) 𝐿 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) [𝐵 + 2 (𝑇1 + 𝑇2 )]
with energy levels. 𝐸1 = 0 and 𝐸2 = 𝜀, the 𝐶
c) A (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) [𝐵 + 2 (𝑇1 + 𝑇2 )]
probability of finding a particle in a state of energy
𝐴
E is proportional to the Boltzmann’s factors 𝑒 −𝐸/𝑘𝑇 . d) 𝐿 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )[𝐵 + 𝐶(𝑇1 + 𝑇2 )]
Find the total energy of a system of N particles
333. Efficiency for engine, following the
𝑁∈𝑒 −∈/𝑘𝑇 𝑁𝑒 −∈/𝑘𝑇
a) 𝐸𝑇 = b) 𝐸𝑇 = 1+𝑒 −∈/𝑘𝑇 given curve if in an isothermal expansion the gas
1+𝑒 −∈/𝑘𝑇
𝑁∈𝑒 −∈/𝑘𝑇 𝑁𝑒 −∈/𝑘𝑇
volume increases in the same proportion
c) 𝐸𝑇 = d) 𝐸𝑇 = 1−𝑒 −∈/𝑘𝑇
1−𝑒 −∈/𝑘𝑇

329. The common between classical &

quantum mechanical fundamental distribution
function is

a) they are all depend upon the quantity that define

state only
3 𝑇 3 2𝑇
b) they all depend only upon the energy of state a) 1 - 𝑇 +𝑇 b) 1 - 𝑇 +𝑇
1 2 1 2
only 𝑇3 2𝑇3
c) 𝑇 +𝑇 d) 𝑇 +𝑇
c) they all depend both an energy & quantity 1 2 1 2

defining state
d) nothing is common in them 334. Quantity of heat flowing through a
conductor in a steady state is given by
330. For 1 mole of copper, ∈𝐹0 = 7𝑒𝑉, find
out the density of states 𝑔(∈), by taking ∈= 7𝑒𝑉 a) Q = kA(𝑄1 − 𝑄2) t/d
b) Q = Ar (𝑄1 − 𝑄2 )/kd
a) 1∙ 3 × 1013 states/eV c) Q = Ar (𝜃1 − 𝜃2 )kd
b) 1∙ 3 × 1020 states/ eV d) Q = kA (𝜃1 − 𝜃2 )/ td
c) 1∙ 3 × 1023 states/ eV
d) 1∙ 3 × 1026 states/ eV 335. The mean free path of a gas (T =
absolute temperature)
331. The Fermi temp of a system is defined as
a) Varies as P b) Varies as 𝑃−1
𝑇𝐹 =
c) Varies as √𝑃 d) Independent of P
3 ∈𝐹0 2 ∈𝐹0 𝐸𝐹0 𝑘
a) 5 b) 3 c) d) 𝐸
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝐹0 336. In the equilibrium state
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b) increases with increasing temperature

a) probability is maximum c) decrease with increasing temperature
b) 𝛽 parameter of two systems are equal d) none of these
c) both (A) and (B)
d) none 343. For a real gas, in the potential energy
diagram, U is a potential energy, 𝐸𝑘 is kinetic
337. Four phase are distributed in two cells (i energy, 𝐸𝑘 + 𝑈 is the total energy, 𝑟0 is the mean
and f) in phase space. Then the thermodynamical distance between the molecules, from the plot we
probability for the macrostate 𝑛𝑖 = 3, 𝑛𝑗 = 1 is can conclude a small increase in volume of the gas
and a small decrease in pressure leads to a
a) 2 b) 4 c) 6 d) 24

338. In B – E statistics, the number of

particles condensing into ground state

a) 0 b) All
𝑇 3/2 𝑇 1/2
c) 𝜂 [1 − (𝑇 ) ] d) 𝜂 [1 − (𝑇 ) ]
0 0

339. Planck’s radiation law can be derived by a) decrease in temperature if the mean distance < 𝑟0
using b) increase in temperature if the mean distance < 𝑟0
c) increase in temperature if the mean distance > 𝑟0
a) M – B statistics b) F – D statistics d) none of these
c) B – E statistics d) All of the above
344. In Joule Thomson experiment, for an
340. The rotational partition function is ideal gas

𝑛
8𝜋 2 𝐼𝑘𝑇 8𝜋 2 𝐼𝑘𝑇 a) the internal energy remains constant
a) [𝑛 × ] b) [ ]
ℎ2 ℎ2 b) the entropy remains constant
𝑉𝑛 1
c) ℎ3𝑛𝑛! (2𝜋𝑚𝑘𝑇)3𝑚/2 d) 2 sin ℎ(ℎ𝑣/2𝑘𝑇) c) the entropy decreases
d) enthalpy decreases
341. The mean distance between molecule of
a gas 345. In Joule Thomson experiment, for a real
gas
a) increases as density increases
b) decreases as density increases a) the enthalpy remains constant
c) increase with increasing temperature b) the energy remains constant
d) none of these c) the entropy decreases
d) enthalpy decreases
342. The mean distance between molecules of
a gas

a) increases as density increases

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