u Specification for Structures to be Built in Disaster Areas 1998, Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, Government of Republic of Turkey Editorial note: No change from the 2000 version.Turkey A Comment on Structural Design Method a. Format: (please check) 1 Working Stress Design: Howable Stress > Actual Stress Vi] Ultimate Strength Design! Ultimate Member Strength 2 Required Member Strength Limit State Design: Ultimate Lateral Strength 2 Required Lateral Strength (comment) Code covers not only RC buildings but steel, masonry and timber buildings. Ultimate design concept. is essential for the design of RC structures. On the other hand for steel structures both allowable stress and ultimate design concepts can be utilized. Under structural steel section is 0.6 tic Ioading, allowable tensile times the yield strength. 1/8 increase is permitted under seismic loading excluding the design of joints and splices. ress for Simplified rules are given for timber, masonry and adobe type buildings b, Material Strength (Concrete and Steel) Conerete strength: 20Mpa-50Mpa Reinforcing ste 20MPa mildsteel, 420Mpa High yield steel Structural steel: 240Mpa Fe37, 360Mpa Fe50 c. Strength Reduction Factors: Conerete for ordinary RC buildings#1.5 Reinforcing steel and structural steel: 1.15 4d. Load Factors for Gravity loadings and Load Combination: For gravity load: 1.4 G+1.6Q Gravity loads & Seismic loading 1G + 1Q + 1E or 0.9 G+ IE e. Typical Live Load Values Office Buildings: 2.0 kN/m? Residential Buildings: 20, kN/m* Special Aspects of Structural Design Method Equivalent Seismic Load Method (Static analysis), Mode-Superposition Method and Analysis methods in the Time Duration may be used for aseismic design. In case that your code is performance-hased, please describe the fundamental seismic performance requirement No, it is not. a performance-based design eode. 49-2PART III - EARTHQUAKE DISASTER PREVENTION CHAPTER 5 - OBJECTIVE, GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND SCOPE 5.1, OBJECTIVE AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES S.L.L - The objective of this Part of the Specification is to define the minimum requirements for the earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings and building-like of structures or their parts subjected to earthquake ground motion. 51.2 - The general principle of earthquake resistant design to this Specification is to prevent structural and non-structural elements of buildings from any damage in low- intensity earthquakes; to limit the damage in structural and non-structural elements to repairable levels in medium-intensity earthquakes, and to prevent the overall or partial collapse of buildings in high-intensity earthquakes in order to avoid the loss of life 5.1.3 - The design earthquake considered in this Specification corresponds to high- intensity earthquake defined in 5.1.2 above, For buildings with Building Importance Factor of Tel in accordance with Chapter 6, Table 6.3, the probability of exceedance of the design earthquake within a period of 50 years is 10 % 5.1.4 ~ Seismic zones cited in this Specification are the first, second, third and fourth seismic zones depicted in Seismic Zoning Map of Turkey prepared by the Ministry of Public Works and Settlement and issued by the decree of the Council of Ministers. 5.2. SCOPE 5.2.1 - Requirements of this Specification shall be applicable to newly constructed buildings as well as to buildings to be modified, enlarged and to be repaired or strengthened prior to or following the earthquake. 52.2 - Requirements of this Specification shall be applicable to reinforced concrete (Cast-in-situ and prestressed or non-prestressed prefabricated) buildings, structural steel buildings and building-like structures, and timber, masonry and adobe buildings. 5.23 - In addition to buildings and building-like structures, non-building structures permitted to be designed in accordance with the requirements of this Specification are fimited with those specified in 6.12 of Chapter 6. In this context bridges, dams, harbour structures, tunnels, pipelines, power transmission lines, nuclear power plants, natural gas storage facilities, underground structures and other structures designed with analysis and safety rules that are different than those for buildings are outside the scope of this Specification. 5.2.4 - Requirements of this Specification shall not be applied to buildings equipped with special system and equipment between foundation and soil for the purpose of isolation of building structural system from the earthquake motion, and to buildings incorporating other active and passive control systems 45.2.5 - Rules to be applied to structures which are outside the scope shall be specifically determined by the Ministries supervising the constructions and such structures shall be designed to those rules until their own special specifications are prepared. 49-3CHAPTER 6 - ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS FOR EARTHQUAKE, RESISTANT BUILDINGS 6.0. NOTATION Spectral Acceleration Coefficient Effective Ground Acceleration Coefficient At Equivalent area used for calculating the first natural vibration period [m’] ‘Aqj = Gross section area of j’th structural wall of the first storey of building {m"] B.” = Design internal force component of a structural element in the direction of its principal axis a B,, _ = Internal force component of a structural element in the direction of its principal axis a due to earthquake in x direction By, = Internal force component ofa structural element in the direction ofits principal axis a due to earthquake in y direction perpendicular to x direction By = Any response quantity obtained by modal combination in the Mode- ‘Superposition Method Bp = Amplified value of Ba C= Coefficient used for the approximate calculation of the first natural vibration period in the Equivalent Seismic Load Method D, = Amplification factor to be applied in Equivalent Seismic Load Method to + %5 additional eccentricity at i’th storey of a torsionally irregular building dy = Displacement calculated at i'th storey of building under fictitious loads Fr a Displacement calculated at i’th storey of building under design seismic loads Fy = Fictitious load acting at i'th storey in the determination of fundamental natural vibration period F, = Design seismic load acting at ith storey in Equivalent Seismic Load Method f, _ =Equivalent seismic load acting at the mass centre of the mechanical and electrical equipment g = Acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s") & Total dead load at i'th storey of building Fi =Height of 'th storey of building measured from the top foundation level (In buildings with rigid peripheral basement walls, height of ith storey of ‘building measured from the top of ground floor level) [m] Hy =Total height of building measured from the top foundation level (In buildings with rigid peripheral basement walls, total height of building ‘measured from the top of the ground floor level) [m] h; = Height of ith storey of building [m] I uilding Importance Factor bo fective length of jth structural wall in the first storey of building in the earthquake direction considered (m] M, = Modal mass of the r'th natural vibration mode M,, = Effective participating mass of the r’th natural vibration mode of building in the x earthquake direction considered M,, = Effective participating mass of the r'th natural vibration mode of building in the y earthquake direction considered "th storey mass of building (m; = wi/ ¢) in the case where floors are modelled as rigid diaphragms, mass moment of inertia around vertical axis passing through unshifted mass centre of (7th storey of building N =Total number of stories of building from the foundation level (in buildings with rigid peripheral basement walls, total number of stories from the ground floor level) 49-4n = Live Load Participation Factor q Total live load at i’th storey of building R Structural Behaviour Factor R,(T) = Seismic Load Reduction Factor Rac = Structural Behaviour Factor defined in Table 6.5 for the case where entire seismic loads are carried by frames of nominal ductility level Ryp = Structural Behaviour Factor defined in Table 6.5 for the case where entire seismic loads are carried by walls of high ductility level Spectrum Coefficient S,a(T,) = Acceleration spectrum ordinate for the r'th natural vibration mode [m Js] ity uilding natural vibration period (s] Tv rst natural vibration period of building [s] Tx =Empirically calculated first natural vibration period of building {5} Ta sTp = Spectrum Characteristic Periods (s] T., T, =rth and s’th natural vibration periods of building {s] V,(*)_ = Storey shear at i'th storey of building in the earthquake direction considered v in the Equivalent Seismic Load Method, total equivalent seismic load acting con the building (base shear) in the earthquake direction considered Vig = Inthe Mode-Superposition Method, total design seismic load acting on the building (base shear) obtained by modal combination in the earthquake direction considered W =Total weight of building calculated by considering Live Load Participation Factor We = Weight of mechanical or electrical equipment w, = Weight of ith storey of building by considering Live Load Participation Factor Y _=Sufficient number of natural vibration modes taken into account in the ‘Mode-Superposition Method Coefficient used for determining the gap size of a seismic joint Ratio of the sum of bending moments at the bases of structural walls of high ductility level to the base overturning moment of the entire building (In the calculation of bending moments at the wall bases, contribution of in-plane seismic shear forces developed at the ends of girders joining to walls may be considered) = Coefficient used to determine lower limits of response quantities calculated by Mode-Superposition Method Storey drift of i'th storey of building Maximum storey drift of i’th storey of building e storey drift of ith storey of building ‘Fy. = Additional equivalent seismic load acting on the N’th storey (top) of building nw = Torsional Irregulerity Factor defined at ith storey of building ne Strength Iregularity Factor defined at i'th storey of building Stiffitess Irregularity Factor defined at i'th storey of building Qa = In buildings with floors modelled as rigid diaphragms, horizontal component of th mode shape in the x direction at i'th storey of building ye = In buildings with floors modelled as rigid diaphragms, horizontal component of rth mode shape in the y direction at i’th storey of building @p, = In buildings with floors modelled as rigid diaphragms, rotational component of r’th mode shape around the vertical axis at i'th storey of building 6 = Second Order Effect Indicator defined at i'th storey of building (*) Amended on July 2, 1998. Official Gazette No.23390. 49-56.1. SCOPE 6.1.1 - Seismic loads and analysis requirements to be applied to the earthquake resistant design of all cast-in-situ and prefabricated reinforced concrete buildings, structural steel buildings and building-like structures to be builtin seismic zones defined in 5.1.4 of Chapter 5 are specified in this chapter. Rules for timber, masonry and adobe buildings are specified in Chapter 9, Chapter 10 and Chapter 11, respectively. 6.1.2 - Rules for the analysis of building foundations and soil retaining structures are specified in Chapter 12. 6.1.3 - Non-building structures which are permitted to be analysed in accordance with the requirements of this chapter shall be limited to those given in Section 6.12. 6.2. GENERAL GUIDELINES AND RULES 6.2.1. General Guidelines for Building Structural Systems 6.2.1.1 — The building structural system resisting seismic loads as a whole as well as cach structural element of the system shall be provided with sufficient stiffness, stability fand strength to ensure an uninterrupted and safe transfer of seismic loads down to the foundation soil. In this respect, it is essential that floor systems possess sufficient stiffness and strength to ensure the safe transfer of lateral seismic loads between the elements of the structural system 6.2.12 - In order to dissipate a significant part of the seismic energy fed into the Siractural system, ductile design principles specified in Chapter 7 and in Chapter 8 of this Specification should be followed. 6.2.13 - Design and construction of iregular buildings defined in 6.3.1 below should be avoided, Structural system should be arranged symmetrical or nearly symmetrical in plan and torsional irregularity defined as type Al irregularity in Table 6.1 should preferably be avoided. In this respect, itis essential that stiff structural elements such as rructural walls should be placed so as to increase the torsional stiffness of the building On the other hand, vertical irregularities defined as types BI and B2 in Table 6.1 teading to weak storey or soft storey at any storey should be avoided. In this respect, appropriate measures should be taken to avoid the negative effects of abrupt decreases ie etiffness and strength due to removal of infill walls from some of the stories and in particular from the first storey of buildings which may possess considerable stifiness in their own planes, even though they are not taken into account in the analysis. 6.2.14 - Biffects of rotations of column and in particular wall supporting foundations on soils classified as group (C) and (D) in Table 12.1 of Chapter 12 (See Appendix A) should be taken into account by appropriate methods of structural modelling, 6.2.2. General Rules for Seismic Loads 6.2.2.1 - Unless specified otherwise in this chapter, seismic loads acting on buildings Shall be based on Speciral Acceleration Coefficient specified in 6.4 and Seismic Load Reduction Factor specified in 6.5. 49-66.2.2.2 - Unless specified otherwise in this Specification, seismic loads shall be assumed fo act non-simultaneously along the two perpendicular axes of the building in the horizontal plane. In the cases where the principal axes of the vertical structural elements do not coincide with the earthquake directions, 6.3.2.3 shall be applied. 6.2.2.3 - Unless specified otherwise in this Specification, load factors to be used to determine design internal forces under the combined effects of seismic loads and other loads according to ultimate strength theory shall be taken from the relevant structural specifications 6.2.2.4 ~ It shall be assumed that the wind loads and seismic loads act non- simultaneously, and the most unfavourable response quantity due to wind or earthquake hall be considered for the design of each structural element. However even if the quantities due to wind govern, rules given in this Specification shall be applied for dimensioning and detailing of structural elements and their joints. 6.3. IRREGULAR BUILDINGS 6.3.1, Definition of Irregular Buildings Regarding the definition of irregular buildings whose design and construction should be avoided because of their unfavourable seismic behaviour, types of irregularities in plan and in elevation are given in Table 6.1 and relevant conditions are given in 6.3.2 below. 6.3.2. Con: ions for Irregular Buildings Conditions related to irregularities defined in Table 6.1 are given below: 6.3.2.1 - Inregularity types Al and B2 govern the selection of the method of seismic analysis as specified in 6.6 below. 63.22 - In buildings with irregularity types A2 and A3, it shall be verified by calculation in the first and second seismic zones that the floor systems are capable of safe transfer of seismic loads between vertical structural elements. 63.2.3 « In buildings with imeegularity type A4, intemal forces along the principal axes of structural elements shall be determined in accordance with 6.7.5 and 6.8.6. 6.3.2.4 - In buildings with irregularity type BI, if total infill wall area at i'th storey is greater than that of the storey immediately above, then infill walls shall not be taken Jato account in the determination of nai. In the range 0.60 < (namin < 0.80, Structural Behaviour Factor, R, given in Table 6.5 shall be multiplied by 1.25 (e)min Which shall be applicable to the entire building in both earthquake directions. In no case, however, Ta < 0.60 shall be permitted. Otherwise strength and stiffness of the weak storey shall be increased and the seismic analysis shall be repeated. Furthermore, in buildings with such irregularity, requirement given in 7.3.4.3 shall be applied.TABLE 6.1 - IRREGULAR BUILDINGS ‘A — IRREGULARITIES IN PLAN. ‘Related Items Al-— Torsional Irregularity : ‘The case where Torsional Irregularity Factor nx, which is defined for any of the two orthogonal earthquake directions as the ratio of the maximum storey drift at any storey to the average storey drift at the same storey in the same direction, is greater than 1.2 (Fig. 6.1). [Mbi = Aidmax/ (Adore 1.2) Storey drifts shall be calculated in accordance with 6.7, by considering the effects of :%5 additional eccentricities 6.3.21 I - The case where the total area of the openings including those of stairs and elevator shafis exceeds 1/3 of the gross floor area, IL - The cases where local floor openings make it difficult the safe transfer of seismic loads to vertical structural elements, Ii - The cases of abrupt reductions in the in-plane stiffness and strength of floors. ‘A3 — Projections in Plan: ‘The cases where projections beyond the re-entrant comer of the two principal directions in plan exceed the total plan dimensions of the building in the respective directions by more than 20%. (Rig. 6.3) both 63.2.2 ‘Ad — Nonparallel Axes of Structural Elements : The cases where the principal axes of vertical structural elements in plan are not parallel to the orthogonal earthquake directions considered (Fig. 6.4). 6323 [B= IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION Related Items Bi — Interstorey Strength Irregularity (Weak Storey) : Inreinforced concrete buildings, the case where in each of the orthogonal earthquake directions, Strength Irregularity Factor nei» ‘which is defined as the ratio of the effective shear area of any storey to the effective shear area of the storey immediately above, is less than 0.80. [mi= (LAs)i/ (ZAcdier < 0.80] Definition of effective shear area in any storey : SA = DAw + Dg + 0.15 LAr (See 7.0 for notations)* 6.3.2.4 B2 ~ Interstorey Stiffness Irregularity (Soft Storey) : The case where in each of the two orthogonal earthquake directions, Stiffness Irregularity Factor ni , which is defined as the ratio of the average storey drift at any storey to the average storey drift at the storey immediately above, is greater than 1.5 [nu = Adon! (istJore > 1-5] Storey drifts shall be calculated in accordance with 6.7, by considering the effects of #%5 additional eccentricities 63.21 B3 - Discontinuity of Vertical Structural Elements : The cases where vertical structural elements (columns or structural walls) are removed at some stories and supported by beams or gusseted columns underneath, or the structural walls of upper ‘tories are supported by columns or beams underneath (Fig. 6.6) 6.3.2.5 ¥ See Appendix B 49-86.3.2.5 - Conditions related to buildings with irregularities of type B3 are given below: (a) In all seismic zones, columns at any storey of the building shall in no case be permitted to rest on the cantilever beams or on top of or at the tip of gussets provided in the columns underneath. (b) In the case where a column rests on a beam which is supported at both ends, all intemal force components induced by the combined vertical loads and seismic loads in the earthquake direction considered shall be increased by $0% at all sections of the ‘beam and at all sections of the other beams and columns adjoining to the beam. (6) In the case where both ends of a structural wall rest on columns underneath, all {internal force components induced at such columns by the combined vertical loads and seismic loads shall be increased by 50%. In reinforced concrete buildings with such irregularity, the requirement given in 7.3.4.3 shall also be applied. (a Structural walls shall in no case be permitted in their own plane to rest on the beam span at any storey of the building. (id. direction lp oT Earthquake { > \ Gakatrey | floor In the case where floors behave as rigid diaphragms in their own planes: (Adore = 1/2 (Ad max * (Simi Torsional irregularity factor abi = Aimax / (dort Torsional irregularity : nyi> 12 Figure 6.1 49-9Type A2 irregularity -1 Ap/A> 13 Ag : Total area of openings A. : Gross floor area ‘Type A2 irregularity - 1. | | Section A-A. Type A2 irregularity -T1 and 11 Figure 6.2 List! x earthquake direction Type A3 irregularity ag> 0.2 Ly and at the same time ay> 0.2 Ly Figure 6.3 Ve ce hiner y earthquake direction Figure 6.4 49-10See 63:2.5(0) See 63.2.5 (A) Figure 6.5 6.4, DEFINITION OF ELASTIC SEISMIC LOADS : SPECTRAL ACCELERATION COEFFICIENT ‘The Spectral Acceleration Coefficient, A(T), corresponding to 5% damped elastic Design Acceleration Specirum normalised by the acceleration of gravity, g Is given by Eq,(6-1) which shall be considered as the basis forthe determination of seismic loads A(T) =AcI S(T) (6.1) 6.4.1. Effective Ground Acceleration Coefficient “The Effective Ground Acceleration Coefficient, Ae , appearing in Eeq.(6.1) is specified in Table 6.2. ‘TABLE 6.2 - EFFECTIVE GROUND ACCELERATION COEFFICIENT (Ao) Seismic Zone | _As 1 0.40 2 0.30_| 4 0.20 4 0.10 6.4.2. Building Importance Factor ‘The Building Importance Factor, 1 , appearing in Eq.(6.1) is specified in Table 6.3. 49-11‘TABLE 6.3 - BUILDING IMPORTANCE FACTOR (1) Purpose of Occupancy or Type Importance _of Building Factor (1) 1. Buildings to be utilised after the earthquake and buildings ‘containing hazardous materials a) Buildings required to be utilised immediately after the earthquake (Hospitals, dispensaries, health wards, fire fighting buildings and facilities, PTT and other telecommunication facilities, transportation 15 stations and terminals, power generation and distribution facilities; governorate, county and municipality administration buildings, first ‘id and emergency planning stations) b) Buildings containing or storing toxic, explosive and flammable materials, etc. 2. Intensively and long-term occupied buildings and buildings preserving valuable goods 1a) Schools, other educational buildings and facilities, dormitories 14 and hostels, military barracks, prisons, ete, b) Museums. 3. Intensively but short-term occupied buildings 12 Sport facilities, cinema, theatre and concert halls, et. 4. Other buildings Buildings other than above defined buildings. (Residential and office 10 buildings, hotels, building-like industrial structures, etc.) 6.4.3. Spectrum Coefficient 6.43.1 - The Spectrum Coefficient, S(T), appearing in Fq.(6.1) shall be determined by Eqs.(62), depending on the local site conditions and the building natural period, T (Fig 6.6) S(1)=1415T/Ta (@sTSTs) (6.2a) S(1)=25 (Ta Ts) (6.2¢) Spectrum Characteristic Periods, Tx and Tp , appearing in Eq.6.2) are specified in Table 64, depending on Local Site Classes defined in Table 12.2 of Chapter 12 (See Appendix A). TABLE 6.4 - SPECTRUM CHARACTERISTIC PERIODS (T, , Ts) Local Site Class Ta Ts acc. to Table 12.2 _| (second) | (second) aa 0.10 [030 22 0.15 | 0.40 zB 0.15 | 0.60 7A 020 | 0.90 6.43.2 ~ In case where the requirements specified in 12.2.1.2 and 12.2.1.3 of Chapter 12 are not met, spectrum characteristic periods defined in Table 6.4 for local site class ZA shall be used, 49-126.4.4, Special Design Acceleration Spectra When required, elastic acceleration spectrum may be determined through special investigations by considering local seismic and site conditions. However spectral acceleration coefficients corresponding to so obtained acceleration spectrum ordinates shall in no case be less than those determined by Eq.(6.1) based on relevant characteristic periods specified in Table 6.4. i NS S(1)=25 (Ts!) {i oie th th Figure 6.6 6.5. REDUCTION OF ELASTIC SEISMIC LOADS : SEISMIC LOAD REDUCTION FACTOR Elastic seismic loads to be determined in terms of spectral acceleration coefficient defined in 6.4 shall be divided to below defined Seismic Load Reduetion Factor to ‘account for the specific nonlinear behaviour of the structural system during earthquake. Seismic Load Reduction Factor, R,(T), shall be determined by Eqs.(6.3) in terms of ‘Structural Behaviour Factor, R, defined in Table 6.5 below for various structural systems, and the natural vibration period T. (OSTST») (6.3a) (T> Ts) (6.3b) 6.5.1. General Conditions on Ductility Levels of Structural Systems 651A - Definitions of and requirements to be fulfilled for structural systems of high ductility level and structural systems of nominal ductility level whose Structural Behaviour Factors are given in Table 6.5, are given in Chapter 7 for reinforced concrete buildings and in Chapter 8 for structural steel buildings, 65.12 - In structural systems denoted as being high ductility level in Table 6.5. ductility levels shall be high in both lateral earthquake directions. Systems of high ductility level in one earthquake direction and of nominal ductility level in the perpendicular earthquake direction shall be deemed to be structural systems of nominal ductility level in both directions. 49-13TABLE 6.5 - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR FACTORS (R) Systems of | Systems of i Nominal | High BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEM Ductility | Ductilty Level (1) CAST-IN-SITU REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS (1.1) Buildings in which seismic loads are fully resisted by frames. at 8 (1.2) Buildings in which seismic loads are fully resisted by coupled structural walls. ee 1 (1.3) Buildings in which seismic loads are fully resisted by solid structural walls. aero 6 (1.4) Buildings in which seismic loads are jointly resisted by frames and solid and/or coupled structural walls... il (2) PREFABRICATED REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS (2.1) Buildings in which seismic loads are fully resisted by frames with connections capable of cyclic moment transfer 6 (2.2) Buildings in which seismic loads are fully resisted by single-storey hinged frames with fixed-in base3...n1-.- 5 (2.3) Buildings in which seismic loads are fully resisted by prefabricated solid structural WallS..vmsenoseso 4 (2-4) Buildings in which seismic loads are jointly resisted by frames with connections capable of cyclic moment tran- sfer and cast-in-situ solid and/or coupled structural walls 5 3) STRUCTURAL STEEL BUILDINGS Gal) Buildings in which seismic loads are fully resisted by frames... ae 8 3.2) Buildings in which seismic loads are fully resisted by single-storey hinged frames with fixed-in bases. 6 G3) Buildings in which seismic loads are fully resisted by braced frames or cast-in-situ reinforced concrete structural walls (a) Concentrically braced frames. - (b) Eecentrically braced frames. 1 (©) Reinforced concrete structural walls. poe 6 (3.4) Buildings in which seismic loads are. jointly resisted by frames and braced frames or cast-n-situ reinforced concrete structural walls (a) Concentrically braced frames. - {b) Eccentrically braced frames. : 8 (o) Reinforced concrete structural walls. 1 65:1. Inthe first and second seismic zones, structural systems of high ductility level shall be used for the following reinforced concrete buildings: (a) Buildings with structural systems comprised of frames only, 49-14(b) Inespective of the structural system, all buildings with Building Importance Factor of I=1.5 and I-14 according to Table 6.3 (In such buildings, structural systems with mixed ductility level defined in 6.5.4.2 may be used). 65.1.4 - Excluding the systems indicated in 6.5.3.1 below, reinforced concrete buildings comprised only of frames of nominal ductility level are permitted to be built in the third and fourth seismic zones on the condition that Hy $25 m. In order that such buildings can be built for Hy > 25m, conditions given in 6.5.3.2 below shall be met 6.5.2. Conditions for Solid Structural Wall-Frame Systems of High Ductility Level Requirements for buildings where seismic loads are jointly resisted by reinforced concrete solid structural walls of high ductility level and reinforced concrete or structural steel frames of high ductility level are given below: 6.5.2.1 In order that R = 7 can be used for such systems as it is given in Table 6.5, sum of bending moments developed at the bases of solid structural walls under seismic loads shall not exceed 75% of the total overturning moment developed for the entire building (arm < 0.75). 6.5.2.2 - In the case where the above given requirement cannot be satisfied, coefficient R shall be calculated from the expression R = 10 —4 11 in the range 0.75 < cw $ 1.0 6.5.3. Conditions on Mandatory Use of Structural Walls in Certain Systems of Nominal Ductility Level 65.3.1 - Bare or infilled joist and waffle slab systems whose columns and beams do not satisfy the requirements given in 7.3, 7.4 and 7.5, and reinforced concrete flat slab systems shall be treated as systems of nominal ductility level. Without using structural ‘walls, such systems can be built only in the third and fourth seismic zones on the condition that Hy $13 m. 6.53.2 - In order that buildings defined above in 6.5.1.4 can be built for Hy> 25 m, and in order that buildings defined in 6.5.3.1 can be built in the first and second seismic ones as well as in the third and fourth seismic zones for Hly> 13 m, solid or coupled Structural walls of nominal or high ductility level shall be used along the full height.of the building with the following conditions fulfilled: (a) When structural walls of nominal ductility level are used in the structural system, sum of bending moments developed at the bases of structural walls under seismic londs Shall be more than 75% of the total overturning moment developed for the entire building in each earthquake direction (In the calculation of bending moments a the wall bases, contribution of in-plane seismic shear forces developed at the ends of girders joining to the walls may be considered (*)) (b) When structural walls of high ductility level are used in the structural system, requirements specified in 6.5.4.2 below for mixed struetural systems shall be applicd (*) Amended on July 2, 1998. Official Gazette No. 23390. 49-156.5.4. Conditions for Mixed Structural Systems 6.5.4.1 - Excluding the cases given below in 6.5.4.2 and 6.5.4.3, in the cases where lateral load carrying structural systems defined in Table 6.5 are different in the two lateral earthquake directions or where those systems are mixed in any direction, the smallest value of R factor shall be applied to the entire building in both directions. 6.5.4.2 - Reinforced concrete systems mentioned in 6.5.3.2 as well as structural steel frame systems composed of beams and columns of nominal ductility level are permitted to be mixed with structural walls (or braced frames) of high ductility level. In so obtained systems of mixed ductility level, solid or coupled reinforced concrete structural walls, or for steel buildings eccentric braced frames may be used provided that the following conditions are met. (a) In the analysis of such mixed systems, frames and structural walls (or braced frames) shall be jointly considered, however in each earthquake direction it shall be an 2 0.40. (b) In the case where ay > 2/3 in both earthquake directions, R factor defined in Table 6.5 for the case where seismic loads are fully resisted by structural walls (or braced frames) of high ductility level (R=Rye), may be used for the entire structural system, (6) Inthe range 0.40 < om <2, the expression R= Rye + 1.5 cit (Rvr ~ Rye) shall be applied to the entire structural system in both earthqueke directions. 6.5.43 - Reinforced concrete rigid peripheral walls used in basements of buildings shall not be taken into consideration as parts of structural wall systems or structural wall- frame systems appearing in Table 6.5. Rules o be applied to such buildings are given in 6.7.2.4 and 68.3.2. 6.5.5. Conditions for Systems with Hinged Connections 6.5.5.1 - A single mezzanine floor can be constructed inside the prefabricated reinforced concrete and structural steel buildings made of single storey frames with columns fixed- shat the base and hinged at the top whose R factors are given in Items (2.2) and (3.2) of ‘Table 6.5. Structural system of mezzanine floor shall be taken into account in the seismic analysis of such buildings together with the main structural frames. This system shall be made of high ductility level in prefabricated reinforced concrete buildings. 6.5.5.2 - With the exception of 6.5.5.1 above, in the reinforced concrete and structural steel multi-storey buildings with hinge connections, reinforced concrete cast-in-situ structural walls or steel braced frames whose R factors are given in Items (1.2), (1.3) and (3.3) of Table 6.5. shall be used to resist the entie seismic loads in both directions. 6.6. SELECTION OF ANALYSIS METHOD 6.6.1. Analysis Methods Methods to be used for the seismic analysis of buildings and building-like structures are, Equivalent Seismic Load Method given in 6.7, Mode-Superposition Method given 49-16in 6.8 and Analysis Methods in the Time Domain given in 6.9. Methods given in 6.8 and 6.9 may be used for the seismic analysis of all buildings and building-like structures. 6.6.2. Application Limits of Equivalent Seismic Load Method Buildings for which Equivalent Seismic Load Method given in 6.7 is applicable are summarised in Table 6.6. Methods given in 6.8 or 6.9 shall be used for the seismic analysis of buildings outside the scope of Table 6.6. ‘TABLE 6.6 - BUILDINGS FOR WHICH EQUIVALENT SEISMIC LOAD METHOD IS APPLICABLE ‘Seismic aa Total Height ie Type of Building pee 1,2 _ | Daildings without type Al torsional inegularity, or fp a8 30 those satisfying the condition ny < 2.0 at every storey Buildings without type Al torsional irregularity, or 1,2 | those satisfying the condition ny: < 2.0 at every storey | Hy <60m and at the same time without type B2 irregularity 3,4 [All buildings Hys75m. 6.7, EQUIVALENT SEISMIC LOAD METHOD 6.7.1. Determination of Total Equivalent Seismic Load 6.1.1.1 Total Equivalent Seismic Load (base shear), V1 , acting on the entire building in the earthquake direction considered shall be determined by Bq.(6.4). Vi= W A(T) /RATi) = 0.10 Aol W (64) ‘The first natural vibration period of the building, Ty, shall be calculated in accordance with 6.7.4 below. 6.7.4.2 - Total building weight, W, to be used in Eq.(6.4) as the scismic weight shall be determined by Eq.(6.5), 3 N wW=rw (63) ist Storey weights w; of Eq.(6.5) shall be calculated by Bq.(6.6) wie gitna (6.6) Live Load Participation Factor, n , appearing in Eq.(6.6) is given in Table 6.7. 30% of snow loads shall be considered as dead loads. In industrial buildings, m = 1 shall be taken for fixed equipment weights while crane payloads shall not be taken into account in the calculation of storey weights. 49-17TABLE 6.7 - LIVE LOAD PARTICIPATION FACTOR (n) Purpose of Occupancy of Buildin; 7 Depot, warehouse, ete 0.80 School, dormitory, sport facility, cinema, theatre, concert all, carpark, | 9 69 restaurant, shop, ete. Residence, office, hotel, hospital, etc. 0:30 6.72. Determination of Design Seismic Loads Acting at Storey Levels 6.7.2:1- Total equivalent seismic load determined by Bq.(6.4) is expressed by a. (6.7) as the sum of equivalent seismic loads acting at storey levels (Fig. 6.7a): N V.=AFy + Fi 67) 6.7.2.2 - In the case Hy > 25 m, additional equivalent seismic load, AFy , acting at the Nein storey (lop) ofthe building shall be determined by Kq.(6.8) depending on the frst natural vibration period of the building, Ty. It shall be AFy=0 for Fy <25 m. AFy = 0.07T) Vi; < 0.2 Ve (6.8) 6.7.2.3 - Excluding AFW, remaining part of the total equivalent seismic load shall be distributed to stories of the building (including N’th storey) in accordance with Eq6.9). wii Fy =(Vr- AFy) (69) x Zo H) 6.1.24 In buildings with reinforced concrete petipheral walls at thei basements being srry seid relative to upper stories and basement floors behaving 25 rig diaphragms in Hertzontal planes, equivalent seismic loads acting on the basement stories and on the upper stories shall be calculated independently as inthe following, (a) In determining the total equivalent seismic load and equivalent Sto‘ seismic loads, ae sudance with 6.7.1, 6.722 and 6.7.2.3, appropriate R factor shall be selected tone Fable 6.3 without considering the rigid peripheral basement walls and seismic weights of the upper stories only shall be taken into account. In this ease, foundation top level appearing in the relevant definitions and expressions shall be replaced by the ground floor level. Fictitious loads used for the calculation of the first natural vibration period in accordance with 6.7.4.3 shall also be based on seismic weights of the upper stories only (Fig.6.7b), () In calculating equivalent seismic loads acting on rigid basemem stories, seismic Wweights of basements only shall be taken into account and calculation shall be independent of upper stories, For such parts of the building, Spectrirt Coefficient shall seers S(T) = 1 without calculating the natural vibration period. In deternicihe equivalent seismic loads acting on each basement storey, spectral acceleration obtained from Eq.(61) shall be multiplied directly with the respective weight of the storey and reaulting elastic loads shall be reduced by dividing them to R(T) = 1-5 (Fig.6.70) 49-18(©) Internal forces and displacements in upper stories are the response quantities obtained from the analysis of the complete system in accordance with above given para. (a) only. On the other hand, internal forces at basement stories shall be obtained as square roots of the sum of squares of internal forces calculated under seismic loads defined in para. (a) and (b) above. Fy+AFy ow; Fyt AFy em ae : | | & | i | | Bu | IHy a | | | | | | _t | Fix go. eH ill Fox Aol woe! 1: (b) © Figure 6.7 6.7.3. Displacement Components to be Considered and Application Points of Seismic Loads 6.733. - In buildings where floors behave as rigid horizontal diaphragms, two lateral displacement components and the rotation around the vertical axis shall be taken into faccount at each floor as independent static displacement components. At each floor, equivalent seismic loads determined in accordance with 6.7.2 shall be applied in the form of concentrated loads to the floor mass centre as well as to shifted mass centres to account for the additional eccentricity effects. Shifted mass centres are the points obtained by shifting the actual mass centre by + 5% and ~ 5% times the floor length in the perpendicular direction to the earthquake direction considered (Fig. 6.8), 6.73.2 -In buildings where type A2 irregularity exists and floors do not behave as rigid horizontal diaphragms, sufficient number of independent static displacement components shall be considered to account for the in-plane deformation of floors. In order to consider additional eccentricity effects, cach of the individual masses distributed over each floor shall be shifted by + 5% and ~ 5% times the floor length in perpendicular direction to the earthquake direction considered (Fig, 6.9) 49-196.7.33 ~ In the case where type Al inegularity defined in Table 6.1 exists at any i'th storey such that the condition 1.2< nyi $ 2.0 is satisfied, above defined + 5% additional eccentricity applied to this floor shall be amplified by multiplying with coefficient Dj given by Eq.(6.10) for both earthquake directions. = (np / 1.2) (6.10) © Actual mass centre direction 0.058, | & i earthquake © Shifted mass centre Figure 6.8 Age jx = 0.05 By # Actual mass centre of the j'th floor segment © Shifted mass cenire of the jth floor segment Figure 6.9 49-206.7.4. Determination of First Natural Vibration Period of Building 6.7.4.1 ~ In all buildings to which Equivalent Seismic Load Method is applied, the first natural vibration period may be calculated in accordance with below given 6.7.4.3. However, the first natural vibration period is permitted to be calculated by the approximate method given in 6.7.4.2 for buildings with Hy < 25 m in the first and second seismic zones and for all buildings to which Equivalent Seismic Load Method is, applied in the third and fourth seismic zones. In the case where Hy > 25 m in the first and second seismic zones, the application of 6.7.4.3 is mandatory. 6.7.42 - Considering the conditions given in 6.7.4.1 above, the first natural vibration period of the building may be calculated by the following approximate expression. Tr= Ta = CH (6.11) Values of Crin Eq.(6.11) are defined below depending on the building structural system (a) The value of C, shall be calculated by Eq.(6.12) for buildings where seismic loads are fally resisted by reinforced concrete structural walls. C= 0.075 / Ay’? < 0.05 (6.12a) Equivalent area A: appearing in Eq.(6.12a) is given by Eq.(6.12b) where the maximum value of (Cyj/Fin) shall be taken equal to 0.9. ApS 5 Avg (0-2 + (yj / Hy)" (6.12b) H (b) It shall be C, = 0.07 for buildings whose structural system are composed only of reinforced concrete frames or structural steel eccentric braced frames, Cx = 0.08 for buildings made only of steel frames, C, = 0.05 for all other buildings. 6.7.43 ~ Considering the conditions given in 6.7.4.1 above, unless a more refined analysis is performed, the first natural vibration period of the building shall be calculated by Eq.(6.13) and the resulting value shall be limited in accordance with 6.7.4.4 below. N N T= 2a (amide? )/ D (Fs da))'” (6.13) In this expression, mi represents the mass of the i'th storey (m; = wi /g). Fa refers to the fictitious load acting on the ith storey which is obtained from Eq.(6.9) by substituting any value (for example unit value) in place of (V.~ AFy), see Fig. 6.10. At each storey, fictitious loads shall be applied in accordance with 6.7.3.1 to actual (unshified) mass centres in the earthquake direction considered or to individual masses in accordance with 6.7.3.2. dq represents displacements calculated at the same points under such loads in the given earthquake direction, 6.7.4.4 - The first natural vibration period of the building shall also be calculated in accordance with 6.7.4.2, and in the case Ty > 1.0 s according to Eq.(6.11), the maximum value of T; obtained from Eq-(6.13) shall not exceed 1.30 times Tra 49-21Figure 6.10 6.7.5. Response Quantities of Structural Elements with Principle Axes Nonparallel to Earthquake Directions In buildings where type A4 irregularity defined in Table 6.1 exists, internal forces along the principal axes of structural elements shall be determined in accordance with Eqs.(6.14), see Fig.6.4 Buy £0.30 Bay (6.14a) 30 Bux + Bay (6.14b) ‘The above operations shall be performed for both axis a and perpendicular axis b, by considering both x and y earthquake directions and senses to yield the most unfavourable results. 6.8. MODE SUPERPOSITION METHOD In this method, maximum internal forces and displacements are determined by the ‘statistical combination of maximum contributions obtained from each of the sufficient number of natural vibration modes considered. 6.8.1. Acceleration Spectrum ‘Acceleration spectrum ordinate to be taken into account in any r’th vibration mode shall be determined by Eq.(6.15) Spa(T) = A(T) 8 / RAT) (6.15) In the case where elastic design acceleration spectrum is determined through special investigations in accordance with 6.4.4, relevant spectrum ordinate shall be considered in Eq.(6.15) in lieu of A(T) g 6.8.2. Dynamic Degrees of Freedom to be Considered 6.82.1 - In buildings where floors behave as rigid horizontal diaphragms, two horizontal degrees of freedom in perpendicular directions and a rotational degree of freedom with respect to the vertical axis passing through each of the shifted mass centres shall be considered at each storey. Storey masses shall be defined at the mass Centre as well as at shified mass centres of each storey to account for the additional 49-22eccentricity effects. Shifted mass centres are the points obtained by shifting the actual mass centre by +5% and -5% of the floor length in perpendicular direction to the earthquake direction considered (Rig. 6.8). However, mass moment of inertia of the i'th storey, mp, , shall be calculated with respect to the vertical axis passing through unshifted mass cenire. Storey weights corresponding to Storey masses shall be determined in accordance with 6.7.1.2. 6.8.2.2 ~ In buildings where type A2 irregularity exists end floors do not behave as rigid horizontal diaphragms, sufficient number of dynamic degrees of freedom shall be considered to account for the in-plane deformation of floors. In order to consider additional eccentricity effects, each of the individual masses distributed over each floor shall be shifted by +5% and -5% of the floor length in perpendicular direction to the earthquake direction considered (Fig. 6.9). In such buildings, internal force and displacement quantities due to additional eccentricity effects alone may also be calculated in accordance with 6.7. Such quantities shall be directly added to those ‘combined in accordance with below given 6.8.4 without taking into account additional eccentricity effects 6.8.3. Sufficient Number of Vibration Modes to be Considered 6.8.3.1 - Sufficient number of vibration modes, Y, to be taken into account in the analysis shall be determined to the criterion that the sum of effective participating masses calculated for each mode in cach of the given x and y lateral earthquake directions perpendicular to each other shall in no case be less than 90% of the total building mass. In the earthquake direction considered, all vibration modes with effective participating masses exceeding, 5% of the total building mass shall also be taken into ‘account y y oN x DMee = E {[L (mi Oy)? /Me} 2 0.90 E mi (6.162) it N N {LE (am Oy)? Me} = 0.90 Dm (6.16b) rs) The expression of M, appearing in Eqs.(6.16) is given below for buildings where floors behave as rigid diaphragms: x Mg = 2 (in; Oye +m Bye + m9; Drie) 17) 6.8.3.2 - In buildings with reinforced conerete peripheral walls at their basements being very rigid relative to upper stories and basement floors behaving as rigid diaphragms in horizontal planes, it may be sufficed with the consideration of vibration modes which are effective in the upper stories only. In this case, in the analysis performed by the Mode Superposition Method which corresponds to the analysis by Equivalent Seismic Load Method as given in Para(a) of 6.7.2.4, the coefficient R shall be selected from Table 6.5 without considering the rigid peripheral basement walls whereas the upper storey masses only shall be taken into account. Para. (b), (e) and (d) of (6.7.24 shall be applied as they are given for Equivalent Seismic Load Method. 49-236.8.4. Modal Combination Rules to be applied for the statistical combination of non-simultaneous maximum contributions of response quantities calculated for each vibration mode, such as the base shear, storey shear, internal force components, displacement and storey drift, are specified in the following provided that they are applied independently for each response quantity: 6.8.4.1 - In the cases where natural periods of any two vibration mode with Ts < Ty always satisfy the condition T,/T, <0.80, Square Root of Sum of Squares (SRSS) Rule may be applied for the combination of maximum modal contributions. 6.8.4.2 - In the cases where the above given condition is not satisfied, Complete ‘Quadratic Combination (COC) Rule shall be applied for the combination of maximum. modal contributions. In the calculation of cross correlation coefficients to be used in the application of the rule, modal damping factors shall be taken as 5% for all modes 6.8.5. Lower Limits of Response Quantities In the case where the ratio of the base shear in the given earthquake direction, Vs , which is obtained through modal combination according to 6.8.4, to the base shear, Vi, obtained by Equivalent Seismic Load Method through Eq.6.4 is less than the below given value of B (Vis < Bi Vo), all internal force and displacement quantities determined by Mode Superposition Method shall be amplified in accordance with Eq.(6.18). Bp =(B Vi Vs) Ba (6.18) In the case where at least one of the irregularities of type AI, B2 or B3 defined in Table 6.1 exists in a building B=1.00, whereas none of them exists B=0.90 shall be used in Eq. (6.18) 6.8.6. Response Quantities of Structural Elements with Principle Axes Nonparallel to Earthquake Directions In the case where principle axes of some of the structural elements are not parallel to the orthogonal earthquake directions, directional combination rule given in 6.7.5 shall be applied additionally to the internal for¢es of such elements combined in accordance with 6.8.4. 6.9. ANALYSIS METHODS IN TIME DOMAIN 6.9.1 ~ In special cases, previously recorded or artificially simulated ground motions may be used for the linear or nonlinear analysis of buildings and building-ike structures in the time domain. 6.9.2 ~ At least three acceleration records, previously recorded or generated in accordance with the following properties shall be used for the seismic analysis to be performed in the time domain, and the most unfavourable response quantities shall be considered in the design. 49-24(a) The duration of strong motion part of the acceleration record in which acceleration envelopes are not to be less than + 0.05 g, shall neither be less than 5 times the first natural vibration period of the building nor less than 15 seconds (b) Spectral acceleration values recalculated for each recorded or simulated acceleration record with 5% damping ratio shall not be less than 90% of the spectral acceleration coefficient, A(T), defined in 6.4 times the acceleration of gravity, g , for the whole period range. In the case where linear elastic analysis is performed in the time domain, spectral acceleration values to be considered for the reduced ground motion shall be calculated by Eq.(6.15). 6.9.3 ~ In the case where nonlinear analysis is performed in the time domain, dynamic stress-strain relationships defining the nonlinear behaviour of the structural system shall be determined by theoretically or experimentally proven methods in line with the overall philosophy of this Specification. 6.10, LIMITATION OF DISPLACEMENTS, SECOND ORDER EFFECTS AND SEISMIC JOINTS 6.10.1. Limitation of Storey Drifts 6.10.1.1 - The storey drift, A, of any column or structural wall shall be determined by F.q.(6.19) as the difference of displacements between the two consecutive stories. A =dj\-di- (6.19) In Eq.(6.19) dj and d)-1 represent lateral displacements obtained from the analysis at the ends of any column or structural wall at stories i and (i - 1) 6.10.12 - The maximum value of storey drifis within a storey, (Ai)max » calculated by Eq.(6.19) for columns and structural walls of the i'th storey of a building for each earthquake direction shall satisfy the unfavourable one of the conditions given by Eqs.(6.20): (AiJmax/ hy < 0.0035 (6.20) (Adm / bi S 0.02/R (6.20b) 6.10.1.3 - In the cases where the conditions specified by Eqs.(6.20) are not satisfied at any storey, the earthquake analysis shall be repeated by increasing the stiffness of the structural system. The serviceability of nonstructural brittle elements such as fagade elements shall be verified by calculation even if the above given conditions satisfied. 6.10.2. Second-Order Effects Unless a more refined analysis considering the nonlinear behaviour of structural system is performed, second-order effects may be taken into account according to 6.10.21 6.10.2.1 - In the case where Second-Order Effect Indicator, ®; , satisfies the condition given by Eq.(6.21) for the earthquake direction considered at each storey, second-order effects shall be evaluated in accordance with currently enforced specifications of reinforced conerete or structural steel design. 49-25N (Adore 2 Wj 0, = ————- < 012 (6.21) Vibj Here (Aort shall be determined in accordance with 6.10.1.1 as the average value of storey drifts calculated for i'th storey columns and structural walls. 6.10.2.2 - In the case where the condition given by Eq(6.21) is not satisfied, seismic analysis shall be repeated by sufficiently increasing the stiffness of the structural system. 6.10.3. Seismic Joints Excluding the effects of differential settlements and rotations of foundations and the effects of temperature change, sizes of gaps to be retained in the seismic joints between building blocks or between the old and newly constructed buildings shall be determined in accordance with the following conditions: 6.10.3.1 - Unless a larger value is obtained in accordance with 6.10.3.2 below, sizes of gaps shall not be less than the sum of the absolute values of average storey displacements multiplied by the coefficient « specified below. Storey displacements to be considered are the average values of those calculated within a storey at the column or structural wall joints. In cases where the seismic analysis is not performed for the existing old building, the storey displacements shall not be assumed to be less than those obtained for the new building at the same stories (a) a=R/4 fall floor levels of adjacent buildings or building blocks are the same. (b) a=R/2 if any of the floor levels of adjacent buildings or building blocks are not the same. 6.103. - Minimum size of gaps shall be 30 mm up to 6 m height. From thereon a minimum 10 mm shall be added for each 3 m height increment. 6.1033 - Seismic joints shall be arranged to allow the independent movement of building blocks in all earthquake directions, 6.11. SEISMIC LOADS APPLIED TO STRUCTURAL APPENDAGES, ‘ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS, MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT 6.11.1. Seismic Loads App! Elements to Structural Appendages and Architectural Seismic loads to be applied to structural appendages such as balconies, parapets, chimneys, etc. and to all architectural elements such as fagade and partition panels, ete Shall be determined as the product of the weight of the relevant element and the spectral acceleration coefficient obtained from Eq.(6.1) with S(T}=L0, The resulting seismic 49-26load shall be applied to the tip of the relevant element in the horizontal or vertical direction to yield the most unfavourable internal forces. GAL Seismic Loads Applied to Mechanical and Electrical Equipment 6.11.21 - Horizontal seismic loads to be used for the analysis of mechanical and electrical equipment and their connections to the building structural system shall be determined by Eq.(6.22). However, in the case where the sum of weights of mechanical or electrical equipment (indicated by we in Eq.(6.22)) at any i'th storey is greater than 0.2w;, equipment weights and stiffness properties of their connections shall be taken into account in the structural analysis. f= We Ag I (1+ Hi/ Hy) (6.22) 6.11.22 ~ Twice the seismic load obtained from Eq.(6.22) shall be considered in the analysis of boilers and burners of central heating systems, emergency electric and fire fighting systems, forall equipment attached to the infill walls and for their connections. 6.11.2.3 - Eq.(6.22) may not be applied in industrial buildings where floor acceleration spectrum is determined by appropriate methods defining the peak acceleration at the floor where mechanical or electrical equipment are located. 6.12. NON-BUILDING STRUCTURES Non-building structures permitted to be analysed in accordance with the requirements of this chapter and the corresponding Structural Behaviour Factors, (R), to be applied to such structures are given in Table 6.8. Applicable Seismic Load Reduction Factors shall be determined in accordance with Eq.(6.3). Where applicable, Building Importance Factors specified in Table 6.3 shall be used for non-building structures. However Live Load Participation Factors specified in Table 67 shall not be applied. Except snow loads and crane payloads, unreduced weights of all solid and liquid materials stored and mechanical equipment shall be used. 6.13. REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC ANALYSIS REPORTS The following requirements shall apply to the analysis reports that include seismic analysis of buildings: 6.13.1 - Types of irregularities specified in Table 6.1 shall be evaluated in detail for the building to be designed and, ifany, existing irregularities shall be identified. 6.13.2 - The selected structural system of high or nominal ductility level shall be clearly defined with respect to the requirements of Chapter 7 or Chapter 8, and the selection of the applicable R factor from Table 6.5 shall be explained. 6.133 - The selection of the applicable analysis method in accordance with 6.6 shall be clearly explained by considering the seismic zone, building height and structural irregularities involved 49-276.13.4 - The following rules shall be applied in the cases where the analysis is performed by computer: (a) Analysis report shall include three-dimensional illustrations of structural system by indicating the joint and element numbering. (b) All input data as well as output data including internal forces and displacements shall be included in the analysis report in an easily understandable format. (©) The title, author and the version of the computer software used in the analysis shall be clearly indicated. (a) When requested by the approval authority, theory manual and user's guide of the computer software shall be included in the analysis report. TABLE 6.8 - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR FACTORS FOR NON-BUILDING STRUCTURES TYPE OF STRUCTURE R Plevated Tiquid tanks, pressurised tanks, bunkers, vessels carried by frames of high ductility level or steel eccentric braced frames Elevated liquid tanks, pressurised tanks, bunkers, vessels carried by frames of nominal ductility level or steel concentric braced frames Cast-in-situ reinforced concrete silos and industrial chimneys with uniformly distributed mass along height Reinforced concrete cooling towers"? uniformly distributed mass along height Guyed steel high posts and guyed steel chimneys 3 3 Space truss steel towers, steel silos and industrial chimneys with | 4 2 2 Inverted pendulum type structures carried by a single structural element swith mass concentrated at the to Industrial type steel storage racks 4 ©) Analysis of such structures shall be performed in accordance with 6.8 or 6.9 by considering sufficient number of discrete masses defined along the structure. 6.14, INSTALLATION OF STRONG MOTION RECORDERS Upon endorsement by the Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, strong motion accelographs shall be permitted to be installed by the ministry or university institutions on the public, private or corporate buildings and other structures for the purpose of recording the strong earthquake motions, and owners or operators of buildings or structures shall be responsible from the safety of such instruments. 49-28APPENDIX A Relevant clauses from (CHAPTER 12 — FOUNDATION SOILS AND EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR FOUNDATIONS 12.2. DETERMINATION OF SOIL CONDITIONS 12.2.1. Soil Groups and Local Site Classes 12.2.1.1 — Soil groups and local site classes to be considered as the bases of determination of local soil conditions are given in Table 12.1 and Table 12.2, respectively. Values of soil parameters in Table 12.1 are to be considered as standard values given for guidance only in determining the soil groups. 12.2.1.2 — Soil investigations based on appropriate site and laboratory tests are mandatory to be conducted for below given buildings with related reports prepared and attached to design documents. Soil groups and local site classes to be defined in accordance with Table 12.1 and Table 12.2 shall be clearly indicated in reports (a) All buildings with total height exceeding 60 m in the first and second seismic zones, (b) Imespective of the building height, buildings in all seismic zones with Building Importance Factor of I=1.5 and I=1.4 according to Table 6.3 of Chapter 6. 12.2.1.3 ~ Regarding the buildings outside the scope of above given 12.2.1.2, in the first and second seismic zones, available local information or observation results shall be included or published references shall be quoted in the seismic analysis reports to identify the soil groups and local site classes in accordance with Table 12.1 and Table 12.2. 12.2.1.4 In the first and second seismic zones, horizontal bedding parameters as well as horizontal and vertical load carrying capacities of piles under seismic loads in Group {C) and (D) soils according to Table 12.1 shall be determined on the basis of soil investigations including in-situ and laboratory tests. 12.2.2. Investigation of Liquefaction Potential In all seismic zones, Group (D) soils according to Table 12.1 with water table less than 10 m from the the soil surface shall be investigated and the results shall be documented to identify whether the Liquefaction Potential exists, by using appropriate analytical methods based on in-situ and laboratory tests. 49-29TABLE 12.1 - SOLL GROUPS Unconf. Shear Soil Description of Stand, | Relative | Compres. | Wave Group Soil Group Penetr.| Density | Strength | Velocity (N30) | (%) (kPa) (als) T. Massive voleanic rocks, unweathered sound metamorphic rocks, stiff (A) | cemented sedimentary rocks | — | — | >1000 | > 1000 2. Very dense sand, gravel... | >50 | 85-100 — > 700 3. Hard clay, silty lay......._ | >32 | — | _>400 > 700 1. Soft voleanic rocks such as tuff and agglomerate, weathered cemented (B)_| sedimentary rocks with planes of discontinuity. — | —_ |s00-1000 | 700-1000 2. Dense sand, gravel... 30-50 | 6s-85 | — | 400-700 3. Very stiff clay, silty clay.. | 16-32 | — | 200-400 | 300-700 1. Highly weathered soft metamorphic rocks and cemented sedimentary rocks (© _| with planes of discontinuity | — | — | 15 m | ae Group (C) soils with hy $ 15m oa Group (C) soils with 15 m 50 m Group (D) soils with hy > 10 m 49-30(a) In the case where the thickness of the topmost soil layer under the foundation is less than 3 m, the layer below may be considered as the topmost soil layer indicated in Table 12.2, (b) In the case where the foundation system is comprised of vertical or inclined piles with 1/6 and less inclination with respect to vertical, the topmost soil layer indicated in Table 12.2 may be deemed to be the layer at the tip of the shortest pile. However in such a case piles shall be taken into account as structural elements together with the ‘superstructure in the seismic analysis to be performed in accordance with Chapter 6, or horizontal and vertical pile stiffnesses shall be modelled with equivalent springs under the pile caps. It is essential that horizontal and vertical bedding of piles to the ‘soil (soil-pile interaction) and the pile group effects be considered in the analysis together with stiffness and inertia properties of pile caps and tie beams. (6) In cases where conditions given in para (b) above are not satisfied or pile incination with respect to vertical exceeds 1/6 in the third and fourth seismic zones in accordance with 12.3.1, the topmost soil layer indicated in Table 12.2 shall be taken as the first layer under the pile caps 12.3. RULES AND REQUIREMENTS FOR FOUNDATIONS 123.1. General Rules Building foundations shall be constructed on the bases of principles of soil mechanics and foundation engineering, by considering the properties of underlying soils such that any damage in the superstructure due to settlement or differential settlement during earthquake is avoided. Rules given in this chapter for foundations are applicable to the foundations of reinforced concrete, structural steel, timber and masonry buildings 12.3.2. Allowable Soil Pressures and Allowable Load Capacities of Piles 12.3.2.1 — The allowable soil pressure and allowable horizontal and axial load capacities of piles specified for static loads may be increased in the case of seismic loading by at most 50% for foundation soils classified as Group (A), (B) and (C) in Table 12.1 12.3.2.2 ~ The allowable soil pressure and allowable load capacities of piles shall not be increased in the case of seismic loading for foundation soils classified as Group (D) in Table 12.1. 12.3.3. Requirements for Piled Foundations 12.3.3.1 ~ Inclined piles with more than 1/6 inclination with respect to vertical shall not be used in the first and second seismic zones. 12.3.3.2 ~ Pile foundations shall be analysed for earthquake induced lateral loads in addition to axial loads 49-31APPENDIX B Relevant excerpts from 7.0. NOTATION SA, = Effective shear area at any storey for the earthquake direction considered Sag =Sum of section areas of structural elements at any storey behaving 1 structural Walls in the direction parallel to the earthquake direction considered Say = Sum of masonry infill wall areas (excluding door and window openigs) at ny storey in the direction parallel to the earthquake direction considered Ay = Effective web area of column cross section (excluding protrusions in the direction perpendicular to the earthquake direction) Ay = Sum of effective web areas of column cross sections, Aw’s at any storey