Earthquake Load 1

…Cont’d
2
Introduction
3
What is Earthquake?

focus
 …Cont’d
4

ground conditions
of its site stiffness
 Types of Earthquakes
5

• Tectonic Earthquakes

Volcanic Earthquakes

Collapse Earthquakes

Explosion Earthquakes
Effect of Earthquake In Structures
6
Measurement of Earthquakes
7

Magnitude:

Intensity:
potential destruction
 …Cont’d
8

seismograph

Richter scale
Aim of Earthquake Resistant Design
9

Structural Damage

Non-Structural Damage
Characteristics of Earthquake Resistant Buildings
10

Basic principles of conceptual design

 …Cont’d
11
Structural Simplicity

simple structures
 …Cont’d
12
Uniformity And Symmetry
 …Cont’d
13

Bidirectional Resistance And Stiffness

 …Cont’d
14

Torsional Resistance And Stiffness

 …Cont’d
15
Diaphragmatic Action At Storey Level
 …Cont’d
16

Adequate Foundation
Guidelines for Good Seismic Design
17
…Cont’d
18
…Cont’d
19
…Cont’d
20
…Cont’d
21
…Cont’d
22
…Cont’d
23
…Cont’d
24
…Cont’d
25
…Cont’d
26
…Cont’d
27
…Cont’d
28
Earthquake Damage Dependency
29
Criteria for Structural Regularity
30
What is Regularity in Plan? 31
…Cont’d
32
…Cont’d
33
What is Regularity in Elevation?
34
…Cont’d
35
…Cont’d
36
 …Cont’d
37

Fig. 4.1: Criteria for regularity of buildings with setbacks

Earthquake Analysis Methods
38
Equivalent Static Analysis(Lateral Force Method of Analysis)
39

The complete analysis and design process may be divided into the
following principal steps:
1. Determination of Base Shear
40
 …Cont’d
41

0.085 0.075

0.050
 …Cont’d
42

Ct  0.075 / Ac

  
Ac    Ai  0.2   lwi H  
2


…Cont’d
43
Design Spectrum for Elastic Analysis
44

 2 T  2.5 2  where
0  T  TB : Sd T   ag  S       
 3 TB  q 3  ag, S, TB, TC and TD are as defined in 3.2.2.2
of ES EN 1998-1:2015
Sd(T) is the design spectrum;
q is the behaviour factor; (Table 5.1)
β is the lower bound factor for the horizontal

 2.5  TC  TD  design spectrum. The recommended value for

 ag  S  
TD  T : Sd T    q  T 2  β is 0.2.
   a
 g
 …Cont’d
45
• Se(T) is the elastic response
spectrum;
• T is the vibration period
• ag is the design ground
acceleration on type A ground
(ag = γl.agR);
• TB is the lower limit of the
period of the constant spectral
acceleration branch;
• TC is the upper limit of the
period of the constant spectral
acceleration branch;
• TD is the value defining the
beginning of the constant
displacement response range of
the spectrum;
• S is the soil factor; (Table 3.2-
3.3)
• η is the damping correction
Fig. 3.1: Shape of the elastic response factor with a reference value of
spectrum η = 1 for 5% viscous damping,
…Cont’d
46
 …Cont’d
47

30
vs ,30 
hi
v
i 1, N i
 48
Ground type S TB(s) TC(s) TD(s)

A 1.0 0.05 0.25 1.2

B 1.35 0.05 0.25 1.2

C 1.5 0.10 0.25 1.2

D 1.8 0.10 0.30 1.2

E 1.6 0.05 0.25 1.2

Table 3.3: Values of the parameters describing the recommended Type 2 elastic
response spectra

Ground type S TB(s) TC(s) TD(s)

A 1.0 0.15 0.4 2.0

B 1.2 0.15 0.5 2.0

C 1.15 0.20 0.6 2.0

D 1.35 0.20 0.8 2.0

E 1.4 0.15 0.5 2.0

 Impo ortance
Imp
49
rtance Buildings factors

class (I )

Buildings of minor importance for public

I
safety, e.g. agricultural buildings, etc. 0.8
Ordinary buildings, not belonging in the other
II
categories. 1.0

Buildings whose seismic resistance is of

importance in view of the consequences associated
III
with a collapse, e.g. schools, assembly halls,
cultural institutions etc. 1.2

Buildings whose integrity during earthquakes is

IV of vital importance for civil protection, e.g.
hospitals, fire stations, power plants, etc. 1.4
…Cont’d
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…Cont’d
51
 …Cont’d
52

STRUCTURAL
TYPE DCM DCH
Frame system, dual
system, coupled wall
system 3.0αu/α1 4.5αu/α1
Uncoupled wall
system 3.0 4.0αu/α1
Torsionally flexible
system 2.0 3.0
Inverted pendulum
system 1.5 2.0
For buildings which are not regular in elevation, the value of qo should be
reduced by 20% (see 4.2.3.1(7) and Table 4.1 of ES EN 1998-1:2015)
…Cont’d
53
2. Distribution of Base Shear over Height of
Building(Storey Shear Determination) 54

si  mi
Fi  Fb 
sj mj
Fi
Fb
si, sj

mi, mj
 …Cont’d
55

z i  mi
Fi  Fb 
z j mj

zi, zj
3. Distribution of Storey Shear In to the LFRS of the
Building 56
 …Cont’d
57

shear walls bracings

single
system dual combined
 …Cont’d
58
•
•



 …Cont’d
59

Moment Resisting Frames

• Frames can readily carry
gravity loads while providing
adequate resistance to
horizontal forces.
• The Beam-Column connection
is crucial for the system to
work.
• The moments and shear from lateral
loads must be added to those from
gravity loads.
 …Cont’d
60

Structural (shear) Wall Systems

shear walls

elevator stair service wells

 …Cont’d
61

• The advantages of shear walls are

i. They are very rigid in their own plane and hence
are effective in limiting deflections, and
ii. They act as fire compartment walls.
 …Cont’d
62

Braced Frame
 …Cont’d
63
• The lateral load is primarily resisted by the axial Force in the braces,
columns and beams in the braced zone.
• It is recommended that bracing need to be provided in every story.
 …Cont’d
64
Tubular Structure
This structural form offers an efficient, easily
constructed structure appropriate for buildings having
40 to100 storeys.
 …Cont’d
65
Dual Systems
 66

their line
of action shouldn’t be parallel
meet at a point.

SW- SW-
1 2

SW
SW-1 SW-2 SW-3
3
 …Cont’d
67

Frames
shear
distribution coefficients
a. For uniform story height

D=a*Kc
…Cont’d
68
 …Cont’d
69
b. For different story height
Center of Mass & Center of Rigidity
70

• Center of mass (Xm, Ym):

Center of seismic force:

Fi
 …Cont’d
71
• Center of stiffness (ẋ, ӯ):

In a building where CR and CM coincide, there is no torsion. If they don’t, a

twisting moment is induced and thus torsion should also be analyzed.
 …Cont’d
72

• In addition to actual eccentricity, for various source of

uncertainties such as location of the mass and special variation
of seismic motion, an accidental eccentricity is considered.
eai= 0.05.Li
Where Li is the floor dimension perpendicular to the direction of
seismic action
 …Cont’d
73

• The shear force in each column can

be calculated by

Where Q corrected shear

αi correction factor accounting to
eccentricities
…Cont’d
74
 …Cont’d
75

Shear wall system

…Cont’d
76