SSRC

Earthquake
Resistant Design of
Buildings
Structure IV (B. Arch.)
SSRC
Overview of earthquake

• An earthquake is the vibration of Earth produced

by the rapid release of energy

• Causes of Earthquakes
 dislocations of the crust

 Volcanic eruptions

 collapse of underground cavities

SSRC
Overview of earthquake
 SSRC
Overview of earthquake

• The horizontal movement of lithosphere is caused by convection current in the

mantle
• The movement of velocity is about 1 to 10 cm/year
 SSRC
Overview of earthquake
• Most earthquakes are
produced by the rapid
release of elastic energy
stored in rock that has been
subjected to great forces.

• When the strength of the

rock is exceeded, it
suddenly breaks, causing
the vibrations of an
earthquake.
SSRC
Overview of earthquake
SSRC
Overview of earthquake
• Plate tectonics theory is a
scientific theory that
describes the large-scale
motions
of Earth's lithosphere.
• The crust of Earth is made of
15 rigid plates (sometimes 7
or 8 plates), including
continental and oceanic
crusts
• Earthquakes, volcanic
activity mountain-building,
and oceanic trench formation
occur along these plate
boundaries.
SSRC
Overview of earthquake
• Inter-plate
earthquakes
 Account for 95% in
terms of earthquake
energy released
• Intra-plate
earthquakes (plate
boundary related)
• Inner-plate
earthquakes
 Rare, but can be
very large in
magnitude
SSRC
Overview of earthquake
SSRC
Overview of earthquake
SSRC
Overview of earthquake

• Seismic Waves
 Body wave (travel through the Earth’s interior layers)
 P-wave (longitudinal or primary wave)
 S-wave (transverse secondary wave or shear wave)
 SH-wave (horizontal)
 SV-wave (vertical)
 Surface wave (propagate across the outer layers of the
Earth’s crust)
 L-Wave (Love wave)
 R-Wave (Rayleigh wave)
SSRC
Overview of earthquake

• Body waves
 P-Wave
 Wave direction is parallel to
vibration direction of the
medium

 S-Wave
 Wave direction is orthogonal
to vibration direction of the
medium
SSRC
Overview of earthquake

• Surface Waves
Surface waves propagate across the outer layers
of the Earth’s crust

Surface waves are slower than body waves

Surface waves are of long duration and, thus, are

likely to cause severe damage to structural
systems during earthquakes in distance
 SSRC
Overview of earthquake

• Surface Waves
 LR-Wave (Rayleigh wave)
 Generated by constructive
interference of P and SV body
waves
 LR-Wave Vibrate in the horizontal
plane only, in the form of a
retrograde ellipse
 Very large amplitude and regular
waveforms
 LQ-Wave (Love wave)
 Pulse-like
SSRC
Overview of earthquake

• Earthquake Effects
 Direct effects
 The damage to buildings and other structures from earthquake
waves.
 Landslides: With many earthquakes, the greatest damage to
structures is from landslides and ground subsidence, or the
sinking of the ground triggered by vibrations
 Soil vibrations can either state a building off its foundation,
modify its supports or cause its foundation to disintegrate.
 Liquefaction: Saturated material turns fluid and underground
objects may float to the surface.
 Strong surface seismic waves make the ground heave and lurch
and damage the structure.
SSRC
Overview of earthquake
SSRC
Overview of earthquake

• Earthquake effects
 Indirect or consequential effects
 Tsunamis: series of sea waves with extremely long time
periods.

 Fire damage causes by damaged gas lines and snapping

electric wires

 Rupture of dams and levees causing floods, resulting in

damage to structures and considerable loss of life
SSRC
Overview of earthquake
SSRC
Overview of earthquake
SSRC
Principles of Earthquake Resistant Design

• The design philosophy adopted in code is to ensure that

structures possess at least a minimum strength to
 Resist minor earthquake (<DBE), which may occur frequently,
without any damage
 Resist moderate earthquake (DBE) without significant
structural damage through some non-structural damage
 Resist major earthquake (MCE) without collapse.

(Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) is defined as the maximum earthquake

which can reasonably be expected to occur at least once during the
design life of the structure. The earthquake corresponding to the ultimate
safety requirements is often called as Maximum Considered Earthquake
(MCE). Generally, DBE is half of MCE.)
SSRC
Principles of Earthquake Resistant Design

• Actual forces that appear on structures during earthquakes are

much greater than the design forces specified in this standard.
However, ductility, arising from inelastic material behavior and
detailing, and over strength, arising from the additional reserve
strength in structures over and above the design strength, are relied
upon to account for this difference in actual and design lateral
loads.
• The design lateral force specified in this standard shall be
considered in each of the two orthogonal horizontal directions of
the structure. For structures which have lateral force resisting
elements in the two orthogonal directions only, the design lateral
force shall be considered along one direction at a time, and not in
both directions simultaneously.
SSRC
Principles of Earthquake Resistant Design

• Earthquake-generated vertical inertia forces are to be

considered in design unless checked and proven by specimen
calculations to be not significant. Vertical acceleration should
be considered in structures with large spans, those in which
stability is a criterion for design, or for overall stability
analysis of structures. Reduction in gravity force due to
vertical component of ground motions can be particularly
detrimental in cases of prestressed horizontal members and of
cantilevered members. Hence, special attention should be
paid to the effect of vertical component of the ground motion
on prestressed or cantilevered beams, girders and slabs.
SSRC
Principles of Earthquake Resistant Design

• The response of a structure to ground vibrations is a function

of the nature of foundation soil; materials, form, size and
mode of construction of structures; and the duration and
characteristics of ground motion. This standard specifies
design forces for structures standing on rocks or soils which
do not settle, liquefy or slide due to loss of strength during
ground vibrations.
SSRC
Seismic Analysis

• Methods of Seismic Analysis

 Linear Static Method (Equivalent Lateral Force Method or
Seismic Coefficient Method)

 Non-linear Static Method (Pushover Method)

 Linear Dynamic Method (Response Spectrum Method)

 Non –linear Dynamic Method (Time History Method)

SSRC
Seismic Coefficient Method

• Based on the assumption that the lateral force due to

earthquake is equivalent to the actual (dynamic) loading.

• Only requires fundamental mode of vibration hence, is less

laborious.

• The base shear, which is the horizontal force on the structure

is calculated on the basis of mass of the structure, its
fundamental period of vibration and structure in terms of
lateral forces using a codal formula.
SSRC
Seismic Coefficient Method

• The mass of the structure is multiplied by design seismic

coefficient (Ah).

• The magnitude of the coefficient is uniform for the entire

members of the structure.

• Design shears at different levels in the building shall be

computed from the assumption of linear distribution of
horizontal acceleration varying from 0 at the base to
maximum at the top.
SSRC
Seismic Coefficient Method
SSRC
Seismic Coefficient
SSRC
Seismic Coefficient
SSRC
Seismic Coefficient
 SSRC
Seismic Weight

• The percentage of the imposed load that is considered in seismic weight

calculation is the part the imposed loads that may reasonably be expected to be
attached to the structure at the time of the earthquake.
SSRC
Seismic Coefficient Method
SSRC
Seismic Coefficient Method
• A four story reinforced concrete frame
building as shown is situated at Nepal.
The height between the floors is 3m and
the total height of the building is 12 m.
The dead load and live load is lumped at
respective floor. The soil below the
foundation is assumed to be hard rock.
Assume building is intended to be used as
hospital. Determine the total base shear as
per IS 1893: 2002. Distribute the base
shear along the height of the building.
SSRC
Seismic Coefficient Method

• A 20 story RC framed building has plan dimensions

12m and 24m. Height of the building is 50m.
Determine its fundamental period of vibration if the
building is (i) unbraced (ii) braced with infilled brick
masonry wall.
SSRC
Seismic Coefficient Method

• A four story concrete public building with a total

height of 3.2 m each has to be designed in special
moment resisting frame. The proposed building is
located in seismic zone IV and the soil type is
medium. The lumped weight due to dead loads is 8
kN/m2 on floors and 10 kN/m2 on roof. The floors
are subjected to a live load of 3 kN/m2. If the floors
and roof at each level have area of 400m2, determine
the design seismic load on the structure as per IS
1893 (Part-I):2002.
SSRC
Seismic Coefficient Method
• A ten storied OMRF has plan
dimensions as shown. The total height
of the building is 30 m. The dead load
per unit area of the floor consisting of
floor slab and floor finish is 4 kN/m2.
Weight of partition on the floor is 2
kN/m2. Intensity of live load on each
floor is 3 kN/m2 and on the roof is 1.5
kN/m2. The soil below the foundation
is hard and the building is located in
zone V. Determine the seismic forces
and shear at different levels. The size
of the beams and columns is
0.3m*0.6m.
SSRC
Introduction to Response Spectrum Method

• Also known as mode superposition or modal method.

• Dynamic analysis method.

• Specially applicable to those structures whose responses are

significantly affected by vibration modes other than the
significant mode.

• Generally employed to asymmetrical buildings or buildings

having areas of discontinuities (irregular buildings).
SSRC
Introduction to Response Spectrum Method

• When to apply dynamic analysis?

SSRC
Introduction to Response Spectrum Method

• Procedure for analysis

𝑚1 0
 Develop the mass matrix. 𝑀 =
0 𝑚2
 Develop the stiffness matrix. 𝑘
 Determine the values of natural frequencies using
frequency equation. i.e. 𝑘 − 𝜔2 𝑀 = 0
 Calculate the time periods of natural vibration mode. 𝑇 =
2𝜋
𝜔

 Calculate modal mass

SSRC
Introduction to Response Spectrum Method

 Calculate modal mass

SSRC
Introduction to Response Spectrum Method

 Calculate modal participation factors

 Calculate design lateral force at each floor in each mode

SSRC
Introduction to Response Spectrum Method

 Calculate story shear in each mode.

 Calculate story shear forces due to all modes considered

𝑉𝑖 . Use modal combination method to combine the lateral
forces of all modes by using either of SRSS (Square Root of
Sum of Squares) or CQC (Complete Quadratic
Combination) methods.

 Calculate lateral forces at each story due to all modes

considered
SSRC
Displacement and Drift requirements

• Story Drift: It is the maximum

lateral displacement of the
structure with respect to total
height or relative to inter story
displacement.
• Overall drift index: It is the
ratio of maximum roof
displacement to height of the
structure.
• Inter-story drift: The ratio of
difference between lateral
displacement at each
successive story to height of
the story.
SSRC
Displacement and Drift requirements

• Effects of Drift
 Effect on structural components:
 Large inelastic rotations
 Premature failure and a corresponding loss of strength
 Large deflection effect (P-Δ effect) can cause instability and
collapse
 Effect on non structural components
 Damaged cladding, windows pose risk of falling hazard
 Non structural components may interfere with structural
components and cause adverse effects to the structural elements
themselves, creating short columns, torsion, or stiffness
irregularities.
 Effect on adjacent structures
 Pounding damage
SSRC
Displacement and Drift requirements

• Story drift limitation

• In case drift limitation is not met, lateral stiffness of the

floors is increased by increasing the size of the columns,
introducing shear walls, increasing wall thickness, adding
number of columns, increasing strength etc.
SSRC
Torsion
• Provision shall be made in all buildings for increase in shear
forces on the lateral force resisting elements resulting from
the horizontal torsional moment arising due to eccentricity
between the center of mass and center of rigidity,
SSRC
Joint between adjacent buildings
SSRC
Ductility and Ductile detailing