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Science

This is a science assignment for pms exame in Pakistan. You can prepare your exam as well as the road map for all subjects covered in exam. The syllabus help you in different ways like preparing, choosing correct study materials

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Bibi Nazia
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
13 views4 pages

Science

This is a science assignment for pms exame in Pakistan. You can prepare your exam as well as the road map for all subjects covered in exam. The syllabus help you in different ways like preparing, choosing correct study materials

Uploaded by

Bibi Nazia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is active leaning

Active learning refers to a broad range of teaching strategies which engage students as active
participants in their learning during class time with their instructor. Typically, these strategies involve
some amount of students working together during class, but may also involve individual work and/or
reflection.

Active learning was first defined by Bonwell and Eison (1991) as “anything that involves students in doing
things and thinking about the things they are doing”

Periodic table

Definition

A table in which the chemical elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number. Elements
with similar properties are arranged in the same column (called a group), and elements with the same
number of electron shells are arranged in the same row

The modern periodic table is the present form of the periodic table in which the arrangement of
elements is in the increasing order of their atomic numbers. There are 18 vertical columns or groups and
7 horizontal rows or periods in the modern periodic table.

History of periodic table


In 1869, Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev arranged 63 elements by
increasing atomic weight in several columns, noting recurring chemical
properties across them. It is sometimes said that he played "chemical
solitaire" on long train journeys,[27] using cards with the symbols and the
atomic weights of the known elements.[citation needed] Another possibility is that he
was inspired in part by the periodicity of the Sanskrit alphabet, which was
pointed out to him by his friend and linguist Otto von Böhtlingk.[28] Mendeleev
used the trends he saw to suggest that atomic weights of some elements
were incorrect, and accordingly changed their placements: for instance, he
figured there was no place for a trivalent beryllium with the atomic weight of
14 in his work, and he cut both the atomic weight and valency of beryllium
by a third, suggesting it was a divalent element with the atomic weight of
9.4. Mendeleev widely distributed printed broadsheets of the table to various
chemists in Russia and abroad.[29][30][31] Mendeleev argued in 1869 there were
seven types of highest oxides.[32][a] Mendeleev continued to improve his
ordering; in 1870, it gained a tabular shape, and each column was given its
own highest oxide,[33] and in 1871, he further developed it and formulated
what he termed the "law of periodicity".[15] Some changes also occurred with
new revisions, with some elements changing positions. appears to have been
largely independent.[citation needed]
Early history
Nine chemical elements – carbon, sulfur, iron, copper, silver, tin, gold,
mercury, and lead, have been known since before antiquity, as they are
found in their native form and are relatively simple to mine with primitive
tools.[3] Around 330 BCE, the Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that
everything is made up of a mixture of one or more roots, an idea originally
suggested by the Sicilian philosopher Empedocles. The four roots, which the
Athenian philosopher Plato called elements, were earth, water, air and fire.
Similar ideas about these four elements existed in other ancient traditions,
such as Indian philosophy.
A few extra elements were known In the age of alchemy: zinc, arsenic,
antimony, and bismuth. Platinum was also known to pre-Columbian South
Americans, but knowledge of it did not reach Europe until the 16 th century.

History

In 1869, Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev created the framework that became the modern
periodic table, leaving gaps for elements that were yet to be discovered. While arranging the
elements according to their atomic weight, if he found that they did not fit into the group he
would rearrange them. Mendeleev predicted the properties of some undiscovered elements and
gave them names such as "eka-aluminium" for an element with properties similar to aluminium.
Later eka-aluminium was discovered as gallium. Some discrepancies remained; the position of
certain elements, such as iodine and tellurium, could not be explained.

German chemist Lothar Meyer produced a version of the periodic table similar to Mendeleev’s in
1870. He left gaps for undiscovered elements but never predicted their properties. The Royal
Society of London awarded the Davy Medal in 1882 to both Mendeleev and Meyer. The later
discovery of elements predicted by Mendeleev, including gallium (1875), scandium (1879) and
germanium (1886), verified his predictions and his periodic table won universal recognition. In
1955 the 101st element was named mendelevium in his honor.

WIKIMEDIA
The 1869 periodic table by Mendeleev in Russian, with a title that translates "An experiment on
a system of elements ... based on their atomic weights and chemical similarities." .

The concept of sub-atomic particles did not exist in the 19th century. In 1913, English physicist
Henry Moseley used X-rays to measure the wavelengths of elements and correlated these
measurements to their atomic numbers. He then rearranged the elements in the periodic table on
the basis of atomic numbers. This helped explain disparities in earlier versions that had
used atomic masses.

In the periodic table, the horizontal rows are called periods, with metals in the extreme left and
nonmetals on the right. The vertical columns, called groups, consist of elements with similar
chemical properties. The periodic table provides information about the atomic structure of the
elements and the chemical similarities or dissimilarities between them. Scientists use the table to
study chemicals and design experiments. It is used to develop chemicals used in the
pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries and batteries used in technological devices.

UNESCO named 2019 the International Year of the Periodic Table to mark the 150th anniversary
of Mendeleev’s publication. Researchers and teachers worldwide took this opportunity to reflect
on the importance of the periodic table and spread awareness about it in classrooms and beyond.
Workshops and conferences encouraged people to use the knowledge of the periodic table to
solve problems in health, technology, agriculture, environment and education. Publication houses
organized monthly activities such as quiz contests, podcasts, personal story sections and industry
site tours. These initiatives demonstrated how the elements are integral to our daily lives in
medicines, pesticides and lithium batteries.

On its website marking the celebration, UNESCO wrote, “The Periodic Table of Chemical
Elements is more than just a guide or catalogue of the entire known atoms in the universe; it is
essentially a window on the universe, helping to expand our understanding of the world around
us.”

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