The valance electron in a multielectronic atom is attracted by the nucleus and is being
repelled by the electrons present in the valance shell the combined effect of this attractive
and repulsive force acting on the valance electron is that the valance electron experiences
less attraction from the nucleus that is known as screening effect or shielding effect or
Slater effect
The relative extent to which the various orbitals penetrate the electron clouds of other
orbitals is
Ionisation energy is defined as the energy required to remove the electron from the
outer most shell of an isolated gaseous atom of an element
It is an endothermic process or endogonic process
The ionisation energy of lithium is 520 kJ per mole .calculate the amount of energy
required to convert 70 mg of lithium atoms in gaseous state into Li
Match the electronic configuration with the values of IE of the elements in the nth
period where n=1
Ionisation potential of transitional elements
In Transitional elements the first ionisation potential normally increases with increase
in atomic number on going from left to right but this periodicity is not uniform. the value
of ionisation potential of transitional elements depends on the following two important
factors
(1) the value of ionisation potential increases with increase in effective nuclear charge
(2) the value of and Ionisation potential decreases with increase in screening effect
when the number of electrons increases in in (n-1)d orbitals
1. Amount of energy released when an electron is added to an isolated
gaseous atom of an element is called electron affinity
2. Electron affinity is also called as electron gain enthalpy. the sign of the
enthalpy change indicates it is an exothermic process or exogonic process
The greater the energy released in the process of taking up the extra electron the
greater is the electron affinity.
6 The electron affinity of an atom measures the tightness with which
it binds an additional electron to its self
7 The order of electroon affinity for suborbital follow the order S >P > d > F
The process. is unfavourable in the gaseous phase
because the resulting increase in the electron electron repression over weighs
the stability gained by achieving the noble gas configuration however note that
is common in Ionic compounds, in solids stabilised by
neighbouring cations through lattice energy effects
1 Lithium is an exception even though it is a metal its electron infinity is
higher than boron and nitrogen .
1 The tendency of an element to attract the shared pair of electrons towards its self in a
covalent bond is called electronegativity.
2 it is a relative value that indicates the tendency of an atom to attract shared pair of
electrons more than the other atom bonded to it. Therefore it does not have any unit.
3 Pauling was the first scientist to put forward the concept of electronegativity on polling
scale the electronegativity is expressed in paulings.
If END is 2.3 or more then the oxide will be basic in nature .similarly if END is
lower than 2.3 then the compound will be first amphoteric then acidic in nature
The name of more electronegative element is written at the end and ide is
suffixed to it . the name of less electronegative element is written before the
name of more electronegative element of the formula
Electronegativity does not depend on the stability of fully filled or half filled
orbitals because it is simply the capacity of nucleus to attract bonded pair
of electrons.
1. electronegativity increases across the period and decreases down the
group.
2. For noble gases the value of electronegativity is zero because they
do not form covalent bonds.
3. For halogens the value of electronegativity is maximum and for alkali
metal is the least.
4. F has maximum electronegativity value in the periodic table while Cs
has minimum electronegativity.
This scale determines electronegativity of the element X w.r.t hydrogen H
Electronegativity is the average of IE and EA of
an atom
Along diagonally the increase
and decrease is compensated
Similarities between properties of lithium and magnesium
1 Both lithium and magnesium reacts directly with nitrogen to form nitride while
other alkali metals does not form nitride
2 .Reacts with oxygen to form normal oxides
3 Both lithium and magnesium carbonate decomposes to form metal
oxide and carbon dioxide gas
4.Both lithium and magnesium nitrate decomposes to give metal
oxide nitrogen dioxide and oxygen gas.
5. Both lithium and magnesium hydroxide are weaker base
and slightly soluble in water and hydroxides decomposes on heating
6. Both LiF and MgF2 are slightly soluble in water
1. Atomic radius may be defined as
(a) simply it is the radius of sphere if atom is considered to be spherical.
(b) it is the distance of outermost shell of an atom from the centre of its nucleus.
2.In the above definition atom is considered a spherical object with definite boundaries,
but according to quantum mechanical concept atom does not have sharp boundaries. so
in such concept it would be difficult to define the atomic radii of an isolated gaseous
atom because
(a) it is not possible to locate exact position of electrons in an atom as an orbital has no
Sharp boundary.
(b) it is not practically possible to isolate the individual atom for determination of its
atomic radius.
Therefore it is difficult to determine exact magnitude of atomic radii.
4. Despite the above limitation we need some operational definition to determine the
radius of an atom .therefore the values of atomic radii are derived from bond length
values measured by using different techniques such as x-ray diffraction spectroscopic
methods etc
(a) When difference in electronegativity is very small
that is END Is nearly 0 then
(b) when differences in electronegativity is considerable then
In such case shoemaker and Stevenson equation is used which is
(1) It is used for metals and it is
defined as half of the internuclear
distance between two adjacent
metals in the metallic closed
packed crystal lattice
1. The term is used for non-metals ( in covalent compounds) and noble gases
NOTE :From lithium to fluorine atomic radius decreases due to covalent
radius and from fluorine to neon atomic radius increases abruptly because
of Vanderwall’s radius in Neon (Vanderwalls radius is larger than covalent
radius)
As multiplicity of bond increases covalent radius
decreases
The atomic radii of the elements of 4d series are higher than 3d series as
number of shells increases on moving down the group however the elements
of 4d series and 5d series on moving down the group reveal almost
constant values for example zirconium and halfnium members of 4d and 5d
series respectively have the almost same sizes due to poor screening effect
of f . this is called as lanthanoid contraction
The first ionisation potential of lithium is 5.41 electron volt and
electron affinity of chlorine is -3.61 electron volts. calculate in
kilojoule per mole for the reaction
