Questions: Basic Statistics and Distributions:

1) What is the difference between data analysis and machine learning?

Data analysis requires strong knowledge of coding and basic knowledge of statistics.
Machine learning, on the other hand, requires basic knowledge of coding and strong
knowledge of statistics and business.

2) What is big data?

Big data has 5 major components – volume (size of data), velocity (inflow of data) and
variety (types of data), veracity and value.
Big data causes “overloads”

3) What are the four main things we should know before studying data
analysis?
Descriptive statistics
Inferential statistics
Distributions (normal distribution / sampling distribution)
Hypothesis testing

4) What is the difference between inferential statistics and descriptive

statistics?
Descriptive statistics – provides exact and accurate information.
Inferential statistics – provides information of a sample and we need inferential statistics
to reach a conclusion about the population.

5) What is the difference between population and sample in inferential

statistics?
From the population we take a sample. We cannot work on the population either due to
computational costs or due to availability of all data points for the population.
From the sample we calculate the statistics.
From the sample statistics we conclude about the population.

6) What are descriptive statistics?

Descriptive statistic is used to describe the data (data properties)
5-number summary is the most commonly used descriptive statistics

7) Most common characteristics used in descriptive statistics?

Center – middle of the data. Mean / Median / Mode are the most commonly used as
measures.
Mean – average of all the numbers
Median – the number in the middle
Mode – the number that occurs the most. The disadvantage of using Mode is that there
may be more than one mode.
Spread – How the data is dispersed. Range / IQR / Standard Deviation / Variance are
the most commonly used as measures.
Range = Max – Min
InterQuartile Range (IQR) = Q3 – Q1
Standard Deviation () = ((x-µ)2 / n)
Variance = σ2
Shape – the shape of the data can be symmetric or skewed
Symmetric – the part of the distribution that is on the left side of the median is same as
the part of the distribution that is on the right side of the median
Left skewed – the left tail is longer than the right side
Right skewed – the right tail is longer than the left side
Outlier – An outlier is an abnormal value
Keep the outlier based on judgement
Remove the outlier based on judgement

8) What is quantitative data and qualitative data?

Quantitative data is also known as numeric data
Qualitative data is also known as categorical data

9) How to calculate range and interquartile range?

IQR = Q3 – Q1
Where, Q3 is the third quartile (75 percentile)
Where, Q1 is the first quartile (25 percentile)

10) Why do we need a 5-number summary?

Low extreme (minimum)
Lower quartile (Q1)
Median
Upper quartile (Q3)
Upper extreme (maximum)

11) What is the benefit of using box plots?

Shows the 5-number summary pictorially
Can be used to find outliers and compare group of histograms

12) What is the meaning of standard deviation?

It represents how far are the data points from the mean
() = ((x-µ)2 / n)
Variance is the square of standard deviation
13. What is the left skewed distribution and right skewed distribution?
Left skewed
The left tail is longer than the right side
Mean < median < mode
Right skewed
The right tail is longer than the right side
Mode < median < mean

14. What does symmetric distribution mean?

The part of the distribution that is on the left side of the median is same as the part of
the distribution that is on the right side of the median
Few examples are – uniform distribution, binomial distribution, normal distribution

15. What is the relationship between mean and median in normal distribution?
In the normal distribution mean is equal to median

16. What does it mean by bell curve distribution and Gaussian distribution?
Normal distribution is called bell curve distribution / Gaussian distribution
It is called bell curve because it has the shape of a bell
It is called Gaussian distribution as it is named after Carl Gauss

17. How to convert normal distribution to standard normal distribution?

Standardized normal distribution has mean = 0 and standard deviation = 1
To convert normal distribution to standard normal distribution we can use the formula
X (standardized) = (x-µ) / σ

18. What is an outlier?

An outlier is an abnormal value (It is at an abnormal distance from rest of the data
points).

19. Mention one method to find outliers?

Shows the 5-number summary can be used to identify the outlier
Widely used – Any data point that lies outside the 1.5 * IQR
Lower bound = Q1 – (1.5 * IQR)
Upper bound = Q3 + (1.5 * IQR)

20. What can I do with outliers?

Generally, we first check the performance of model with outliers, then we impute them
and check the model performance. And even before that check first how much percent
of data is outliers. Based on that you can take decision.

Remove outlier
When we know the data-point is wrong (negative age of a person)
When we have lots of data
We should provide two analyses. One with outliers and another without outliers.

Keep outlier
When there are lot of outliers (skewed data)
When results are critical
When outliers have meaning (fraud data)

21. What is the difference between population parameters and sample statistics?

Population parameters are:

Mean = µ
Standard deviation = σ

Sample statistics are:

Mean = x (bar)
Standard deviation = s

22. Why do we need sample statistics?

Population parameters are usually unknown hence we need sample statistics.

23. How to find the mean length of all fishes in the sea?

Define the confidence level (most common is 95%)

Take a sample of fishes from the sea (to get better results the number of fishes > 30)
Calculate the mean length and standard deviation of the lengths
Calculate t-statistics
Get the confidence interval in which the mean length of all the fishes should be.

24. What are the effects of the width of the confidence interval?

Confidence interval is used for decision making

As the confidence level increases the width of the confidence interval also increases
As the width of the confidence interval increases, we tend to get useless information
also.
Useless information – wide CI
High risk – narrow CI

25. Mention the relationship between standard error and margin of error?

As the standard error increases the margin of error also increases

26. Mention the relationship between confidence interval and margin of error?

As the confidence level increases the margin of error also increases

27. What is the proportion of confidence intervals that will not contain the
population parameter?

Alpha is the portion of confidence interval that will not contain the population parameter
α = 1 – CL

28. What is the difference between 95% confidence level and 99% confidence
level?

The confidence interval increases as me move from 95% confidence level to 99%
confidence level

29. What do you mean by degree of freedom?

DF is defined as the number of options we have

DF is used with t-distribution and not with Z-distribution
For a series, DF = n-1 (where n is the number of observations in the series)

30. What do you think if DF is more than 30?

As DF increases the t-distribution reaches closer to the normal distribution

At low DF, we have fat tails
If DF > 30, then t-distribution is as good as normal distribution

31. When to use t distribution and when to use z distribution?

The following conditions must be satisfied to use Z-distribution

Do we know the population standard deviation?
Is the sample size > 30?
CI = x (bar) – Z*/n to x (bar) + Z*/n
Else we should use t-distribution
CI = x (bar) – t*s/n to x (bar) + t*s/n

32. What is H0 and H1? What is H0 and H1 for two-tail test?

H0 is known as null hypothesis. It is the normal case / default case.

For one tail test x <= µ
For two-tail test x = µ
H1 is known as alternate hypothesis. It is the other case.
For one tail test x > µ
For two-tail test x <> µ

33. What is p-value in hypothesis testing?

In statistical significance testing, the p-value is the probability of
obtaining a test statistic at least as extreme as the one that was actually observed,
assuming that the null hypothesis is true. If the p-value is less than 0.05 or 0.01,
corresponding respectively to a 5% or 1% chance of rejecting the null hypothesis when
it is true.

If the p-value is more than the critical value, then we fail to reject the H0
If p-value = 0.015 (critical value = 0.05) – strong evidence
If p-value = 0.055 (critical value = 0.05) – weak evidence
If the p-value is less than the critical value, then we reject the H0
If p-value = 0.055 (critical value = 0.05) – weak evidence
If p-value = 0.005 (critical value = 0.05) – strong evidence

34. How to calculate p-value using manual method?

Find H0 and H1
Find n, x(bar) and s
Find DF for t-distribution
Find the type of distribution – t or z distribution
Find t or z value (using the look-up table)
Compute the p-value to critical value

35. How to calculate p-value using EXCEL?

Go to Data tab
Click on Data Analysis
Select Descriptive Statistics
Choose the column
Select summary statistics and confidence level (0.95)

36. What do we mean by – making decision based on comparing p-value with

significance level?

If the p-value is more than then critical value, then we fail to reject the H0
If the p-value is less than the critical value, then we reject the H0

37. What is the difference between one tail and two tail hypothesis testing?

2-tail test: Critical region is on both sides of the distribution

H0: x = µ
H1: x <> µ
1-tail test: Critical region is on one side of the distribution
H1: x <= µ
H1: x > µ

38. What do you think of the tail (one tail or two tail) if H0 is equal to one value
only?

It is a two-tail test

39. What is the critical value in one tail or two-tail test?

Critical value in 1-tail = alpha

Critical value in 2-tail = alpha / 2

40. Why is the t-value same for 90% two tail and 95% one tail test?

P-value of 1-tail = P-value of 2-tail / 2

It is because in two tail there are 2 critical regions

41. What is the central limit theorem? Why it is important?

The central limit theorem (CLT) states that the distribution of sample
means approximates a normal distribution as the sample size gets larger, regardless of
the population's distribution
This central limit theorem is the key because it is widely used in
performing hypothesis testing and also to calculate the confidence intervals accurately.
To give an example, you would take a sample from a data set and calculate the mean of
that sample. Once repeated multiple times, you would plot all your means and their
frequencies onto a graph and see that a bell curve, also known as a normal distribution,
has been created. The mean of this distribution will closely resemble that of the original
data. The central limit theorem is important because it is used in hypothesis testing and
als o to calculate confidence intervals.

42. What is observational and experimental data in Statistics?

Observational data correlates to the data that is obtained from
observational studies, where variables are observed to see if there is any correlation
between them.
Experimental data is derived from experimental studies, where certain variables are
held constant to see if any discrepancy is raised in the working.

43. What is meant by mean imputation for missing data?

Mean imputation is a rarely used practice where null values in a
dataset are replaced directly with the corresponding mean of the data.
Mean imputation is not bad. It depends how much percentage of data is missing. If
more than 50% is missing than mean imputation will not make sense as we will not
have variance in data.

44. What is an outlier? How can outliers be determined in a dataset?

Outliers are data points that vary in a large way when compared to
other observations in the dataset. Depending on the learning process, an outlier can
worsen the accuracy of a model and decrease its efficiency sharply.

Outliers are determined by using two methods:

Standard deviation/z-score
Interquartile range (IQR)

45. How is missing data handled in statistics?

There are many ways to handle missing data in Statistics:
- Prediction of the missing values
- Assignment of individual (unique) values
- Deletion of rows, which have the missing data
- Mean imputation or median imputation
- Using random forests, which support the missing values

46. What are the types of selection bias in statistics?

There are many types of selection bias as shown below:
Observer selection
Attrition
Protopathic bias
Time intervals
Sampling bias

47. What type of data does not have a log-normal distribution or a Gaussian
distribution?
Exponential distributions do not have a log-normal distribution or a
Gaussian distribution. In fact, any type of data that is categorical will not have these
distributions as well.
Example: Duration of a phone car, time until the next earthquake, etc.

48. What is the meaning of the five-number summary in Statistics?

The five-number summary is a measure of five entities that cover
the entire range of data as shown below:
Low extreme (Min)
First quartile (Q1)
Median
Upper quartile (Q3)
High extreme (Max)

49. What is the meaning of standard deviation?

Standard deviation represents the magnitude of how far the data
points are from the mean. A low value of standard deviation is an indication of the data
being close to the mean, and a high value indicates that the data is spread to extreme
ends, far away from the mean.

50 What is a bell-curve distribution?

A normal distribution can be called a bell-curve distribution. It gets its
name from the bell curve shape that we get when we visualize the distribution.

51. What is skewness?

Skewness measures the lack of symmetry in a data distribution. It
indicates that there are significant differences between the mean, the mode, and the
median of data. Skewed data cannot be used to create a normal distribution.

52. What is kurtosis?

Kurtosis is used to describe the extreme values present in one tail of
distribution versus the other. It is actually the measure of outliers present in the
distribution. A high value of kurtosis represents large amounts of outliers being present
in data. To overcome this, we have to either add more data into the dataset or remove
the outliers.

53. What is correlation?

Correlation is used to test relationships between quantitative variables
and categorical variables. Unlike covariance, correlation tells us how strong the
relationship is between two variables. The value of correlation between two variables
ranges from -1 to +1.
The -1 value represents a high negative correlation, i.e., if the value in one variable
increases, then the value in the other variable will drastically decrease. Similarly, +1
means a positive correlation, and here, an increase in one variable will lead to an
increase in the other. Whereas, 0 means there is no correlation.
If two variables are strongly correlated, then they may have a negative
impact on the statistical model, and one of them must be dropped.

54. What are left-skewed and right-skewed distributions?

A left-skewed distribution is one where the left tail is longer than that of the
right tail. Here, it is important to note that the mean < median < mode.
Similarly, a right-skewed distribution is one where the right tail is longer than the left
one. But, here mean > median > mode.

55. If a distribution is skewed to the right and has a median of 20, will the mean be
greater than or less than 20?
If the given distribution is a right-skewed distribution, then the mean
should be greater than 20, while the mode remains to be less than 20.

56.What is the relationship between the confidence level and the significance
level in statistics?
The significance level is the probability of obtaining a result that is
extremely different from the condition where the null hypothesis is true. While the
confidence level is used as a range of similar values in a population.
Both significance and confidence level are related by the following formula:
Significance level = 1 − Confidence level

57.What is the relationship between mean and median in a normal distribution?

In a normal distribution, the mean is equal to the median. To know if the
distribution of a dataset is normal, we can just check the dataset’s mean and median.

58.What is the difference between the Ist quartile, the IInd quartile, and the IIIrd
quartile?
 Quartiles are used to describe the distribution of data by splitting data
into three equal portions, and the boundary or edge of these portions are called
quartiles.
That is,
The lower quartile (Q1) is the 25th percentile.
The middle quartile (Q2), also called the median, is the 50th percentile.
The upper quartile (Q3) is the 75th percentile.

59.How do the standard error and the margin of error relate?

The standard error and the margin of error are quite closely related
to each other. In fact, the margin of error is calculated using the standard error. As the
standard error increases, the margin of error also increases.

60. What is one sample t-test?

This T-test is a statistical hypothesis test in which we check if the
mean of the sample data is statistically or significantly different from the population’s
mean.

61. What is an alternative hypothesis?

The alternative hypothesis (denoted by H1) is the statement that
must be true if the null hypothesis is false. That is, it is a statement used to contradict
the null hypothesis. It is the opposing point of view that gets proven right when the null
hypothesis is proven wrong.

62. Given a left-skewed distribution that has a median of 60, what conclusions
can we draw about the mean and the mode of the data?
Given that it is a left-skewed distribution, the mean will be less than
the median, i.e., less than 60, and the mode will be greater than 60.

63. What are the types of biases that we encounter while sampling?
Sampling biases are errors that occur when taking a small sample of
data from a large population as the representation in statistical analysis.

There are three types of biases:

The selection bias
The survivorship bias
The undercoverage bias

64. What are some of the techniques to reduce underfitting and overfitting during
model training?
 Underfitting refers to a situation where data has high bias and low
variance, while overfitting is the situation where there are high variance and low bias.

Following are some of the techniques to reduce underfitting and overfitting:

For reducing underfitting:

Increase model complexity
Increase the number of features
Remove noise from the data
Increase the number of training epochs

For reducing overfitting:

Increase training data
Stop early while training
Lasso regularization
Use random dropouts

65. What is the assumption of normality?

The assumption of normality is the sampling distribution is normal and
centers around the population parameter, according to the central limit theorem.

66. What is the difference between type 1 error and type 2 error?
A type 1 error is when you incorrectly reject a true null hypothesis. It’s
also called a false positive.
A type 2 error is when you don’t reject a false null hypothesis. It’s also
called a false negative.

68. How can we relate standard deviation and variance?

Standard deviation refers to the spread of your data from the mean.
Variance is the average degree to which each point differs from the mean i.e. the
average of all data points. We can relate Standard deviation and Variance because it is
the square root of Variance.

69. A data set is given to you and it has missing values which spread along 1
standard deviation from the mean. How much of the data would remain
untouched?
It is given that the data is spread across mean that is the data is spread
across an average. So, we can presume that it is a normal distribution. In a normal
distribution, about 68% of data lies in 1 standard deviation from averages like mean,
mode or median. That means about 32% of the data remains uninfluenced by missing
values.
70. Is a high variance in data good or bad?
Higher variance directly means that the data spread is big and the
feature has a variety of data. Usually, high variance in a feature is seen as not so good
quality.

71. If your dataset is suffering from high variance, how would you handle it?
For datasets with high variance, we could use the bagging algorithm
to handle it. Bagging algorithm splits the data into subgroups with sampling replicated
from random data. After the data is split, random data is used to create rules using a
training algorithm. Then we use polling technique to combine all the predicted outcomes
of the model.

72. Explain the difference between Normalization and Standardization.

Normalization and Standardization are the two very popular methods
used for feature scaling.

Normalization refers to re-scaling the values to fit into a range of [0,1].

Standardization refers to re-scaling data to have a mean of 0 and a standard deviation
of 1 (Unit variance). Normalization is useful when all parameters need to have the
identical positive scale however the outliers from the data set are lost. Hence,
standardization is recommended for most applications.

73. What is the meaning of covariance?

Covariance is the measure of indication when two items vary together in
a cycle. The systematic relation is determined between a pair of random variables to
see if the change in one will affect the other variable in the pair or not.

74. If a distribution is skewed to the right and has a median of 20, will the mean
be greater than or less than 20?
If the given distribution is a right-skewed distribution, then the mean
should be greater than 20, while the mode remains to be less than 2.

75. The standard normal curve has a total area to be under one, and it is
symmetric around zero. True or False?
True, a normal curve will have the area under unity and the
symmetry around zero in any distribution. Here, all of the measures of central
tendencies are equal to zero due to the symmetric nature of the standard normal curve.

76. In an observation, there is a high correlation between the time a person sleeps
and the amount of productive work he does. What can be inferred from this?
 First, correlation does not imply causation here. Correlation is only
used to measure the relationship, which is linear between rest and productive work. If
both vary rapidly, then it means that there is a high amount of correlation between them.

77. A regression analysis between apples (y) and oranges (x) resulted in the
following least-squares line: y = 100 + 2x. What is the implication if oranges are
increased by 1?
If the oranges are increased by one, there will be an increase of 2
apples since the equation is:
y = 100 + 2x.

78. What are the examples of symmetric distribution?

Symmetric distribution means that the data on the left side of the
median is the same as the one present on the right side of the median.
There are many examples of symmetric distribution, but the
following three are the most widely used ones:
Uniform distribution
Binomial distribution
Normal distribution

79. What Is Null Hypothesis?

The null hypothesis (denote by H0 ) is a statement about the value
of a population parameter (such as mean), and it must contain the condition of equality
and must be written with the symbol =, ≤, or ≤.

80. What Is Sampling?

Sampling is that part of statistical practice concerned with the
selection of an unbiased or random subset of individual observations within a population
of individuals intended to yield some knowledge about the population of concern.

81. What Are Sampling Methods?

There are four sampling methods:
o Simple Random (purely random),
o Systematic (eg. every kth member of population),
o Cluster (population divided into groups or clusters)
o Stratified (divided by exclusive groups or strata, sample from each group)
samplings.
82. What are the measures of Dispersion / Spread?
We measure spread using range, interquartile range, variance and
standard deviation.

83. What do you understand by statistical power of sensitivity and how do you
calculate it?
Sensitivity is commonly used to validate the accuracy of a classifier
(Logistic, SVM, Random Forest etc.). Sensitivity is nothing but “Predicted True events/
Total events”. True events here are the events which were true and model also
predicted them as true. Calculation of seasonality is pretty straightforward. Seasonality
= (True Positives) / (Positives in Actual Dependent Variable)

84. What is Re-sampling?

Resampling is a methodology of economically using a data sample to
improve the accuracy and quantify the uncertainty of a population parameter.
Resampling methods, in fact, make use of a nested resampling method.

85. Why Is Re-sampling Done?

Resampling is done in any of these cases:

• Estimating the accuracy of sample statistics by using subsets of accessible data or

drawing randomly with replacement from a set of data points
• Substituting labels on data points when performing significance tests
• Validating models by using random subsets (bootstrapping, cross-validation)

86. What are the Non-probability data sampling methods?

Non-probability data sampling methods include:
• Convenience sampling: Data is collected from an easily accessible and available
group.
• Consecutive sampling: Data is collected from every subject that meets the criteria
until the predetermined sample size is met.
• Purposive or judgmental sampling: The researcher selects the data to sample based
on predefined criteria.
• Quota sampling: The researcher ensures equal representation within the sample for
all subgroups in the data set or population (random sampling is not used).

87. How does data cleaning play a vital role in the analysis?

Data cleaning can help in analysis because:

• Cleaning data from multiple sources helps transform it into a format that data
analysts or data scientists can work with.
• Data Cleaning helps increase the accuracy of the model in machine learning.
• It is a cumbersome process because as the number of data sources increases, the
time taken to clean the data increases exponentially due to the number of sources and
the volume of data generated by these sources.
• It might take up to 80% of the time for just cleaning data making it a critical part of the
analysis task.

88. A certain couple tells you that they have two children, at least one of which
is a girl. What is the probability that they have two girls?

P(Having two girls given one girl) = ½

89. What is probability density function?

The Probability Density Function (PDF) defines the probability
function representing the density of a continuous random variable lying between a
specific range of values. In other words, the probability density function produces the
likelihood of values of the continuous random variable. Sometimes it is also called a
probability distribution or just a probability function.

90. What is Hypothesis Testing?

Hypothesis testing in statistics refers to analyzing an assumption
about a population parameter. It is used to make an educated guess about an
assumption using statistics. With the use of sample data, hypothesis testing makes an
assumption about how true the assumption is for the entire population from where the
sample is being taken.

91. What are the 4 stages of hypothesis testing?

All hypotheses are tested using a four-step process:

1. The first step is for the analyst to state the two hypotheses so that only one can
be right.
2. The next step is to formulate an analysis plan, which outlines how the data will
be evaluated.
3. The third step is to carry out the plan and physically analyse the sample data.
4. The fourth and final step is to analyse the results and either reject the null
hypothesis, or state that the null hypothesis is plausible, given the data.

92. Why do statisticians use interquartile range?

When measuring variability, statisticians prefer using the
interquartile range instead of the full data range because extreme values and
outliers affect it less. Typically, use the IQR with a measure of central tendency,
such as the median, to understand your data’s centre and spread.

93. What is the Pearson correlation coefficient?

 Pearson correlation coefficient or Pearson’s correlation coefficient
or Pearson’s r is defined in statistics as the measurement of the strength of the
relationship between two variables and their association with each other.
In simple words, Pearson’s correlation coefficient calculates the effect of change in one
variable when the other variable changes.
For eg: Up till a certain age, (in most cases) a child’s height will keep increasing as
his/her age increases. Of course, his/her growth depends upon various factors like
genes, location, diet, lifestyle, etc.
This approach is based on covariance and thus is the best method to measure the
relationship between two variables.

94. What is Z-score?

Z-score is also known as standard score gives us an idea of how far a data point is from
the mean. It indicates how many standard deviations an element is from the mean.
Hence, Z-Score is measured in terms of standard deviation from the mean.

95. What are the types of data?

Data can be categorized as follows;
 Qualitative data (Categorical)
- Nominal
- Ordinal

 Quantitative data (Numerical)

- Discrete
- Continuous

96. What is nominal and ordinal data?

Categorical variables are broken down into nominal and ordinal data.
Nominal data (also known as nominal scale) is a classification of
categorical variables.

Ordinal data is a kind of categorical data with a set order or scale to it. For
example, ordinal data is said to have been collected when a responder inputs his/her
financial happiness level on a scale of 1-10. In ordinal data, there is no standard scale
on which the difference in each score is measured.

97. What is discrete and continuous data?

Numerical variables are classified into continuous and discrete data.
Data that can only take on certain values are discrete data. These values do not have to
be complete numbers, but they are values that are fixed. It only contains finite values,
the subdivision of which is not possible. It includes only those values which are separate
and can only be counted in whole numbers or integers which means that the data
cannot be split into fractions or decimals.
Eg: The number of students in a class, the number of chocolates in a bag, the number
of strings on the guitar, the number of fishes in the aquarium, etc.

Continuous data is the data that can be of any value. Over time,
some continuous data can change. It may take any numeric value, within a potential
value range of finite or infinite. The continuous data can be broken down into fractions
or decimals i.e. according to measurement accuracy, it can be significantly subdivided
into smaller sections.
Eg: Measurement of height and weight of a student, Daily temperature measurement of
a place, Wind speed measured daily, etc.

98. What is univariate analysis?

Univariate analysis is the most basic form of statistical data analysis
technique. When the data contains only one variable and doesn’t deal with a causes or
effect relationships then a Univariate analysis technique is used.

Univariate analysis is conducted through several ways which are mostly descriptive in
nature –

• Frequency Distribution Tables

• Histograms
• Frequency Polygons
• Pie Charts
• Bar Charts

99. What is bivariate analysis?

Bivariate analysis is slightly more analytical than Univariate analysis.
When the data set contains two variables and researchers aim to undertake
comparisons between the two data set then Bivariate analysis is the right type of
analysis technique.

Bivariate analysis is conducted using –

• Correlation coefficients
• Regression analysis

100. What is multivariate analysis

Multivariate analysis is a more complex form of statistical analysis
technique and used when there are more than two variables in the data set.
Commonly used multivariate analysis technique include –

• Factor Analysis
• Cluster Analysis
• Variance Analysis
• Discriminant Analysis
• Multidimensional Scaling
• Principal Component Analysis
• Redundancy Analysis