FOUNDATION DESIGN

Introduction

Foundation is one of the essential parts of the structure. It is defined as that part of the structure
that transfers the load from the structure constructed on it as well as its weight over a large area
of soil in such a way that the amount does not exceed the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil
and the settlement of the whole structures remains within a tolerable limit.

Foundation should fulfill the following objectives:

 Distribute the weight of the structure over a large area of soil.

 To avoid unequal settlement.

 Prevent lateral movement of the structure.

 Increase structural stability.

TYPES OF FOUNDATION

We would like to identify the foundations that are encountered in practice that can be classified
into two categories, based on embedment to width ratio.

1. Shallow foundation if D/B < 1 and

2. Deep foundation if D/B ≥ 1

Shallow foundations are foundations situated beneath lower part of the structure near to the
ground level to distribute the structural load over a considerable base area at foundation bed.
Since spread foundations (shallow foundations) are constructed in open excavations they are
termed as an open foundation.

Under shallow foundation the following are prevalent;

a. Isolated footing

b. Combined footing

c. Strip footing

d. Raft or mat foundation

Under deep foundation the following are found

a. Pile

b. Piers and,
c. Caisson foundation

SELECTION OF FOUNDATION TYPE

In selecting the type of foundation we should consider the following points.

 Function of the structure

 Load it must carry
 Subsurface condition
 Cost of foundation in comparison with the cost of superstructure

Having these point in mind we should apply the following steps in order to arrive at a decision.

1. We would like to obtain at least approximate information concerning the nature of

superstructure and the load to be transmitted to the foundation.

2. To determine the subsurface condition in general way. Wide description should be taken both
on practical and theoretical aspects. Investigating the ground condition concern, basically site
exploration.

SITE EXPLORATION

Site exploration basically consists of investigating the ground condition on which construction
is planned. It is through site exploration that one should arrive at the appropriate foundation for a
given structure. The prediction of settlement and bearing capacity or the investigation of the
safety of an existing structure is an intelligent and satisfactory way and is possible only through
site exploration. Before actual exploration is carried out we should inspect the site to get
preliminary data. These include;

a. Topographical characteristics of the place and its surroundings.

b. The type of construction and condition of the existing structure.

c. Soil profile in cuts and quarries

d. High water marks on the old building

e. Geography of the site and adjacent structures

In case of our design we select a rectangular isolated footing for simplicity of analysis and soil
classify based on the sample taken from our advisor

Soil classification is the arrangement of different soils with similar properties into groups and
subgroups based on their application
 Grain Size Distribution (Sieve Analysis)

In order to classify a soil for engineering purposes, one needs to know the distribution of the
size of grains in a given soil mass. Sieve analysis is a method used to deter mine the grain size
distribution of soils. Sieves are made of woven wires with square openings. Note that as the sieve
number increases the size of the openings decreases. For all practical purposes, the No. 200 sieve
is the sieve with the smallest opening that should be used for the test. The sieves that are most
commonly used for soil tests have a diameter of 8 in. (203 mm). The method of sieve analysis
described here is applicable for soils that are mostly granular with some or no fines. Sieve
analysis does not provide information as to shape of particles

Particle-size distribution of soils may be one of the following three different forms:

 Well graded soil.

 Gap-graded soil.

 Poorly graded soil.

Purpose: Determination of the percentage of different grain sizes contained within a soil. The
mechanical sieve analysis is performed to determine the distribution of the coarser, larger-sized
particles.

Test Procedure

1. Write down the weight of each sieve as well as the bottom pan to be used in the analysis.

2. Record the weight of the given dry soil sample.

3. Make sure that all the sieves are clean, and assemble them in the ascending order of sieve
numbers (#4 sieves at top and #230 sieves at bottom). Place the pan below #230 sieve carefully
pour the soil sample into the top sieve and place the cap over it.

4. Place the sieve stack in the mechanical shaker and shake for 10 minutes.

5. Remove the stack from the shaker and carefully weigh and record the weight of each sieve
with its retained soil. In addition, remember to weigh and record the weight of the bottom pan
with its retained fine soil.

Sieve Sieve Weight of retained Cumulative % %

No. size (gm) % Retained Retained Passing
#4 4.75 71.5 7.15 7.15 92.85
#10 2 231.5 23.15 30.3 69.7
#20 0.85 246.5 24.65 54.95 45.05
#40 0.425 183 18.3 73.25 26.75
 #60 0.258 98.5 9.85 83.1 16.9
#100 0.15 86 8.6 91.7 8.3
#140 0.105 31 3.1 94.8 5.2
#200 0.075 14 1.4 96.2 3.8
pan 38 3.8 100 0

From the result collected and computed all appropriate data and classification the soil according
to unified classification system

For the grain size distribution curve shown in above determine the diameters of 10,30, and 60 by
using interpolation .

Size or diameter finer percent

0.258mm………………………………………………………………..16.9%

D10……………………………………………………………..10% value of D10 =0.17135mm.

0.15mm…………………………………………………………………..8.3%
0.85mm………………………………………………………….……….45.05%

D30 …………………………………………………………………….30%, D30 =0.501mm.

0.425mm…………………………………………………………………26.75%
2mm………………………………………………………………………69.7%

D60 ………………………………………………………………….…60%,D60 = 1.5475mm.

0.85mm………………………………………………………………….45.05%

Thus value of Cu and Cc are

Cu = D60/D10 =1.5475/0.17135 =9.03

Du = D302/(D60*D10) =0.5012/(1.5475*0.17135) =0.9465

To classify the soil according to unified soil classification use following steps.

i. Determine the amount of sample is retained on a No. 200 sieve.

Retained above no 200= 100 –percent passing = 100-3.8 =96.2%. As unified criteria soil sample
retained more than 50% group as coarse grained soil and more than 50% pass group as fine
grained soil. Due to this statement the soil sample grouped as coarse grained soil.

ii. Determine the amount of sample is retained on a No 4 sieve.

Retained on a No 4 sieve = Retained cumulative on sieve 4=3.8%. According to unified soil
classification more than 50% of coarse grained soil retained on No 4 sieve classifies as gravel
and 50% or more of coarse grained soil passed on No 4 sieve group as sand soils.

Gravel material amount = 3.8

Gravel % of coarse grained soil=3.8/96.2 *100= 7.4324%

Sand soil amount = coarse grained soil retained on No 200 –gravel =96.2-3.8= 89.05%.

Sand % of coarse grained soil= 89.05/96.2 *100= 92.568%

Therefore the specimen is classified as sand soil.

iii. Determine the percent of materials pass No 200 sieve.

Sample of materials pass No 200 sieve= 3.8%

As unified soil classification it less than 5% fines soil category as clean sand and more than 12%
said sand with fine. Therefore the specimen is classified as clean sand.

iv. Cu ≥ 6 and 1 ≤ Du ≤ 3, then group name SW and well graded sand

Cu < 6 and 1 > Du > 3, then group name SP and poorly graded sand.
We have determined Du =0.9465 and Cu =9.03. First condition is satisfied. Therefore the
sample of soil is clean sand and well graded sand.

Atterberg liquid limit test result

wt1- wt2- No. of

tests Wet Dry Blows LL PL
1 19.5 10 32 95.00
2 16.5 10.5 22 57.14 34.98
3 19 12.5 18 52.00

The liquid limit of the soil is the value of water content that belongs to 25th number of blows, So
by interpolation method we get the water content at the 25 blows which is:

LL = 68.5% ... liquid limit at the blow of 25th

Plastic index (PI) = LL- PL

=68.5-34.98 = 33.52%

N.B. from the plasticity index result as per (EBCS 7 sec. 3.7.1 table 3.5) We can conclude that
the soil is CH ( Clay of High plasticity)
Specific Gravity test

Objective

To determine the specific gravity of soil solid particles of size less than 2.0mm by means of
pycnometer. Theory

Specific gravity of soil is defined as the ratio of the mass in air of a given volume of soil solid to
the mass in air of an equal volume of distilled water at stated temperature.

 The soil to be used in this test may contain its natural moisture content or oven dried. The
mass of the test specimen shall be at least 10gm for 50ml, 25gm for 100ml and 100gm for 500ml
pycnometer

No. of
Average
test
SG
trial wt1 wt2 wt3 wt4 SG
1 158 208 682.5 654.5 2.27
2 158 209 683.5 654.5 2.32 2.26
3 158 207.5 681.5 654.5 2.20

Conclusion based on result:

Soils with large amounts of organic matter or porous particles have specific gravities below 2.60
and some range as low as 2.00.

BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL

Consider an isolated foundation with a width of B resting on the surface of dense sand and silty.
Now if load is gradually applied to the foundation, settlement will increase. The variation of
load per unit area on foundation with foundation settlement. Then at certain point a sudden
failure surface in the soil will take place and failure surface extended to ground surface, this
usually referred as ultimate bearing capacity of foundation soil.

Presumed Design Bearing Resistance

The maximum bearing pressure beneath the footing produced by eccentric loads that include
permanent load plus normal imposed load plus permanent lateral loads shall not exceed the
presumed bearing resistance of EBCS-7-1995 Table 6.3.

Assume the ground water table depth not less than B below the base of the foundation. As we
mentioned above sample is composed two type of soil medium sand.

From EBCS 7 -1995 TABLE 6.3

MIDUM DENSE SAND =280KPA

DESIGN OF ISOLATED FOOTING

We use un-factored load for proportioning and factored load for reinforcement design. Using the
result from 3D frame analysis done on ETABS the design procedure is done as follows. ETPAS
V-19 Output for footing design

Story Labe Output Case type FX FY FZ MX MY MZ

l case
KN KN KN KN-m KN-m KN-m
Base 2 ULS combination 0.7091 -11.788 1461.15 5.9434 -2.072 0.0221
2
base 2 SLS combination 0.4553 -8.5956 1065.65 4.3416 -1.5256 0.0161

Concrete data

Fcu (Mpa) = C25/30

Fck =25 γmc =1.5

Fcd (Mpa) =0.85*25/1.5 = 14.17mpa Ecm(Gpa) = 31

Fctm (Mpa)=0.3*25^2/3=2.5650 Cover (mm) =50

Reinforcement data

Fyk (Mpa) =400 γms =1.15

Fyd (Mpa) =400/1.15= 347.826 Es (Gpa) =200

Main bar Ø (mm) =16

Ø – 20mm for F1

Use cover 50mm

Bearing capacity of soil is 280 kpa

γconc. 25KN/m3

γsubsoil 19KN/m3
Ultimate bearing capacity=Qall× 𝐹. 𝑆

=280× 2.5493 = 713.804 Kpa /

Column size L= 0.4m , B=0.3m

Assume depth of footing pad, D= 0.5m

Assume footing dimention =2m *2m

Depth of footing below NGL =2m

From etabs 2020 output the value of axial force and bending moment as follow and we use
serviceability to determine footing dimension for less economical cost. Assume the weight of the
soil and footing10%ofaxial load from the column.

P = 1065.65KN

Mx = 4.3416KNm

My = - 1.5256KNm

∑pmax = p+10%p = 1065.65+0.1*1065.65 = 1172.215kN

Substituting these values in equation, the dimensions of the footing is calculated as fallows.

Since L = B

Iterating the equation by trial and error the value will be B=2.06m, use B=2.1m

Stress Distribution

The stress distribution is assumed to be uniform. The magnitude of the stress at edge of the
footing is determined by the following equation. In our case the footing is assumed to be square
(B=L).

For the footing to be safe the maximum stress on the soil due to the axial loads moments shall
not exceed the allowable bearing capacity of the soil (i.e. 280Kpa) and the minimum stress on
the soil shall not be less than 0.

δ𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 δ𝑚𝑖𝑛 >0; 267.631Kpa < 280Kpa and 262.012Kpa > 0 so, the footing
dimension 2.1 x 2.1 m can be adopted.

The average stress distribution is given by;

=264.81Kpa

Depth determination

The critical section used for footing depth determination is similar to flat slab section.

Those section are;

 Punching shear section

 Wide beam section

 Bending moment section.

For the structural design, a simplifying assumption is made in which the contact pressure
distribution is assumed uniform and its magnitude is taken as the average of the each side contact
pressure. The average contact pressure

∑pmax = p+10%p = 1461.152+0.1*1461.152=1607.267kN

Since minimum stress at edge are greater than 0 ………ok.

And maximum stress at edge are less than ultimate bearing stress……..ok.

=364.46Kpa

Check for punching shear

Punching is critical at 1.5d from the face of the column

Net punching shear force, Pp. = p - δave*Ac

Where Pp – punching shear force

Ac – critical punching section area

Punching shear resistance, VRd,c= 0.25fctd *k1*k2*U*d

U = perimeter of critical section

fctd =(0.21fck2/3)/𝛄c =( 0.21 *200.667 )/1.5=1.1983Mpa

ρ = ρmin =0.6/400=0.0015

K1 = 1 + 50ρ = 1.075 ≤ 2 …………………….……….ok.

K2 = 1.6 − d> 1 = 1.6 – d

U =2(0.4+3d)+2(0.3+3d)=0.8+6d+0.6+6d = 12d+1.4

Ac = (0.4+3d)(0.3+3d) =0.12+1.2d+0.9d+9d2 =9d2+ 2.1d + 0.12

P=1461.152+0.1*1461.152=1607.267kN

Net punching shear force, Pp=1607.267-364.46 (9d2+ 2.1d + 0.12)

=1607.267-3280.14 d2 -765.366d -43.7352

=1563.532-765.366 d-3280.14 d2…………………………..Eq 1

VRd,c= 0.25fctd *k1*k2*U*d

=0.25*1.1983*1000*1.075*(1.6-d)*(12d+1.4)*d

=322.043(2.24+17.8d-12d2)*d

=721.376d + 5732.365d2 - 3864.516d3……………………………………….Eq 2

Equating Eq 1 and Eq 2 we get d values of 0.584 and -0.8169

Therefore, minimum effective depth required for punching shear is 0.584m

Depth from Wide Beam Shear

As per EBCS EN 1992 the wide beam shear critical section for footing is at distance d from the
face of the column as shown below.

Wide beam shear = Vw(1-1)=Vw(2-2)

Vw = ult δave*B[ ( L-l)/2 -d ]

=364.46*2.1(0.55-d)

=765.366(0.55-d)……………………………………………..Eq 1

Shear force carried by a concrete perimeter (wide beam shear resistance)

VC = 0.25fctk1 *k2Bd*1000

= 0.25*1.1983*1.075*(1.6-d)*2.1*1000*d

=1082.065d-676.291d2…………………………………………………………………..Eq 2

Equating equations 1 & 2 and simplifying, the final equation will be d=0.32m

Therefore=0.39m for wide beam shear. Comparing these two values of d shows that punching
shear governs (d=0.584m).

D=d + cover+ ø+ ø/2

Provide d = 0.46m

Cover = 50mm

Main bar 16mm

D = 584 + 16 + 8 + 50 = 658mm

Provide D = 660mm

Determination of Design Moment`

The critical section for the bending moment is at the face of the support (column). The section
in the x-direction & in the y direction as shown below.

We have the average stress for x-x and y-y section shown above.

Along x-x= (366.959 + 361.96)/2=364.46Kpa

Along y-y= (359.253+369.666)/2=364.46Kpa

Bending moment along each section (x-x & y-y) can be determined by the following formula.

Mx-x=δave (B-b)/2*L/2=364.46 ((2.1-0.4)/2)2*2.1/2=276.488kN-m

My-y=δave (B-b)/2*L/2=364.46 ((2.1-0.4)/2)2 *2.1/2=276.488kN-m

Check Depth for Flexure

Now, we check depth for maximum moment that is 284.585kN-m

Fcu= 30

𝑓 ctd=1.165Mpa 𝑓 yd=347.8mpa

𝐸 s=200𝐺 𝑝 Ecm = 31

Fcd= 0.85* Fck/ ɣd = 14.17 m = fyd/0.8fcd = 30.68

C1 = 2.5/m = 0.081 C2 = 0.32m2 fcd = 4268.06Mpa

Eyd = 𝑓 yd / 𝐸 s =0.0017
ρ max = 0.75 Σcu x 0.8 fcd
Σ cu +Σyd fyd

= 0.016

d ≥ Mmax
0.8bFcdρm(1- 0.4ρm)

d =252.264mm ≤ d provided = 584mm……………………………..ok

Therefore, it is safe for flexure.

Reinforcement Design

As=ρbd,

= 0.00242 < ρmax…………………. ok

As= ρbd=0.00242 * 1000 *584 = 1413.28mm2

Spacing = as *b/As = 140.1 , take 140mm

Provide ∅ 16mm c/𝑐 140mm in both direction

Development length

The reinforcement shall be properly anchored at each end to prevent bond failure.

The basic anchorage length (LB) is given as;

Fck = 25 𝑓yd=347.8mpa

Fctk = 0.21 Fck2/3 = 1.8Mpa Fctd = Fctk/1.5 = 1.2Mpa

𝑓bd = 2𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑, the design bond strength for deformed compression bar of good condition.

𝑓bd = 2 ∗ 1.2 = 2.4𝑀𝑝𝑎.

𝐿𝑏 = ф/4 ∗ 𝑓yd /𝑓bd (𝐸𝐵𝐶𝑆 − 2,1995 𝐴𝑟𝑡 7.1.6.1)

𝐿𝑏 = 16/4 ∗ 347.8 /2.4 = 579.67𝑚𝑚, use Lb = 580mm