EXP ERIMEN T A1()
AIM
vernier calpers.
o measure the diameter of a small spherical/cylindrical body using
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED
or a small (iron/wooden)
spherical body (a pendulum bob or a glass marble)
Vernier Callipers, a
cylinder.
THEORY
1. Vernier constant = 1 MSD -1 VSD
tantMagnitude of the smallest main scale division
or Vernier constant =
Total number of divisions on the vernier Scale
main scale division x VC
2. Zero error, e = t No. of vernier division coinciding with some
3. Zero correction,
C= - Zero error = - e
4. Observed diameter,
D= MSR + VSR = N+nx VC
20
Chapter 2 VERNIER CALLIPERs
DIAGRAM
IUNIM
M
luuluuli 7 8 14 15
luuluul alululunlud
P
B
(a)
Glass marble (6)
Fig. 2.9 (a) Measurement of diameter of a glass marble by using vernier callipers
(b) Perpendicular diameter of glass marble.
PROCEDURE
1. Examine the
working of the vernier callipers. If the vernier scale is not
main scale, apply machine oil/grease. sliding smoothly over the
2. Determine the vernier constant of the vernier
callipers. Record it stepwise in the observations.
3. Bring the movable jaws BD in close contact with the fixed jaws AC. Observe whether the zero of
vernier scale coincides with the zero of main
scale. If this is not so, note the division on the
scale that coincides with a division on the vernier
main scale. Record the zero error with a
or negative
sign. Repeat it three times and find the mean zero error and hence proper positive
zero correction. In
case there is no zero
error, record it as nil.
4. To measure the diameter of the
small sphere/cylinder, hold it
in between the lower gently ie., without any undue pressure
jaws and B, as shown in Fig. 2.9. The jaws should be
A
to the diameter aa'
being measured. Gently tighten the screw S to clamp the perfectly perpendicular
5. Note the main scale division N
jaws to the body.
just the left of the zero of the vernier scale. Record the vernier
to
scale division n that coincides with some main scale
division. This must be counted from the zero
end, of the vernier scale. Then, observed diameter aa' N
+nx VC. =
6. Rotate the
sphere/cylinder its position through 90° so that diameter bb' is perpendicular to the
in
jaws. Proceeding as in step 5, note the main scale reading and the vernier scale reading and find the
observed diameter bb'.
7. Measure the diameters aa' and bb' in two
mutually perpendicular directions for atleast two more
positions of the sphere/cylinder.
8. Record all the observations in the tabular form. Find the mean observed diameter. Apply zero
correctiorn to get the mean corrected diameter. Express the result in suitable units with appropriate
number of significant figures.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
A. For vernier constant
1 main scale division (MSD) = 1 mm = 0.1 cm
10 VSD =9 MSD
1 VSD =MSD
9
Vernier constant = 1 MSD - 1 VSD =1 MSD MSD = MSD =x1mm
10 10 10
= 0.1 mm = 0.01 cm
21
LAB MANUAL PHYSICS-XI
B. For zero error and zero correction
Zero error = tn x VC
(). cm (ii) cm (i). cm
Mean zero error (e)= cm.
with proper si
Mean zero correction (c) = -e= cm.
with proper sig
C. To measure the diameter of the small sphere/cylinder
ble For diameter of the small sphere/cylinder
Reading along diameter aa' Reading along perpendicular diameter bb'
Observed diameter
S.No. Diameter Diameter aa' +bb'
MSR VSR
aa =N+n x VC
MSR VSR bb' = N +nx VC D
N (Cm) n N (cm) n
(cm) (cm) (Cm)
2.
D
3.
D
Mean observed diameter (D,) =1tD +D Cm
3
Mean corrected diameter =
Do +(t)= cm
RESULT
Diameter of the given sphere/cylinder = . cm
PRECAUTIONS
1. Vernier scale should slide smoothly the main scale. If it is not machine
over so, apply oil/grease
2. The vernier constant and zero error should be carefully determined and recorded.
3. The body should be gripped gently betweenthe jaws without any undue
4 To avoid any error due to parallax, the eye should be kept directly over the vernier division bein
observed.
5. The readings for diameter ateach position must be noted in two mutually
perpendiculardirethrs
6. Each observation should be recorded with correct significant figures and
SoURCES OF ERROR
1. The jaws of the vernier
callipers may not be perpendicular to the nmain scale.
2. The vernier scale may be loose
3. The scale
graduations may not be correct.
4. The zero error of the
instrument may not have been taken into account.
5. Personal errors due to affect the
resul
parallax and improper recording of the observations may
nay
