UNIT 2

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2.1 RATE ANALYSISANDCOSTING

STANDARD DATA
The process of working out the cost or rate per unit of each item is called as Data.
In preparation of Data, the rates of materials and labour are obtained from current
standard scheduled of rates and while the quantities of materials and labor required for
one unit of item are taken from Standard Data Book.

OBSERVED DATA
In statistics, an estimator is a rule for calculating an estimate of a given quantity
based on observed data: thus the rule (the estimator), the quantity of interest (the
estimate) and its result (the estimate) are distinguished. For example, the sample mean
is a commonly used estimator of the population mean.

SCHEDULE OF RATES
In order to determine the rate of a particular item, the factors affecting the rate of
that item are studied carefully and then finally a rate is decided for that item. This
process of determining the rates of an item is termed as analysis of rates or rate
analysis.
The rate of particular item of work depends on the following.

1.Specifications of works and material about their quality, proportion and

ConstructionalOperation method.

2. Quantity of materials and theircosts.

3. Cost of labors and their wages.

4. Location of site of work and the distances from source and conveyancecharges.

5. Overhead and establishment charges

6. Profit
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MARKET RATES
This term indicates the cost per unit at which an article can be procured at a given
time, at the store go down, from the public markets. The cost should be inclusive of
carriage and and incidental charges, and may include a reasonable provision foe
wastage and depreciation.
2.2 STANDARD DATA FOR MAN HOURS AND MACHINERIES FOR
COMMON CIVIL WORKS
LABOUR (MAZDOOR) REQUIRED FOR DIFFERENT WORKS
Extracts from the report on productivity projects in building industries issued by
NationalBuilding Organization are given below:-
(A) Earthwork per 28.30, cu m (1000 cu ft)-
(1) Excavation in foundations, trenches, etc. in ordinary soil including disposal
up to 30 m(100') and lift of 1.5 m (5 ft)-5 Beldars and 4 Mazdoors can do 28.30
cu m (1000 cu ft) per day.
(2) Refilling excavated earth in foundations, plinth, etc., including consolidation
in 15 cm (6")layers-3 Beldars, 2 Mazdoors and 1 Bhishti can do 28.30 cu m
(1000 cu ft) per day.
(3) Disposal of surplus earth within a lead of 30 m (100')—1 Mazdoor can do
2.83 cu m(100 cuft) per day.
(B) Cement concrete work per 2.83 cu m (100 cu ft)-
Laying cement concrete-2 Beldars, 3 Mazdoors, % Bhishti and A Mason can do
2.83 cu m(100 cu ft) per day.
(C) R.C.C. Work-
(1) Laying reinforced concrete --- 3 Beldars, 3 Mazdoors, 1/3 Bhishti and /
Mason can do 2.83cu m (100 cu ft) per day.
(2) Centering and shuttering for flat surfaces --- 4 Beldars and 4 Carpenters (II
class) can do 9.6sq m (96 sq ft) per day.
(3) Reinforcement work for R.C.C.—1 Blacksmith or fitter and 1 Beldar can
bend and place inposition 1 quintal (2 cwt) of steel per day.

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(D) Stone work per 2.83 cu m (100 cu ft)-
Random rubble masonry with blue stone in foundations-3 Masons, 3 Beldars, 2
Mazdoorsand 14 Bhishti can do 2.83 cu m (100 cu ft) per day.

(E) Brickwork per 2.83 cu m (100 cu ft)-First class brickwork in

1:4 cement mortar in superstructure partition walls, junctions of

roof,parapet walls and string course—244 Masons, 417 Mazdoors

and 12 Bhishti can do 2.83 cu m (100cu ft) per day.

(F) Wood work-

(1) For the frames of doors and windows-2 Carpenters and 1 Beldar can work
0.18 cu m (6.40cu ft) of wood equivalent to 4 door frames 7.5 cm x 10 cm of 1.2
m * 2.1 m (3"x4" of 3' — 11"X7') size per day.
2) For pannelled, glazed, etc., shutters-15 Carpenters and 4 Beldars can make and
fix 4shutters 40 mm thick of size 2.00 mx 1.15 m (173" thick of size of 6–
9"*3'—-9") per day. Quantityof wood per shutter - 0.075 cu m, i.e., 2.66 cu ft.
(G) Iron work-
(1) Fixing 40 mm 3 mm x 38 cm (1% *!%" X 15") flat iron holdfasts-1
Blacksmith (II class),1 Mason and I Beldar can fix 36 holdfasts per day.
(2) Fixing 16 mm dia (%" dia.) M.S. Tods1 Blacksmith (II class), 2 Carpenters
(II class) and 3Beldars can fix 16.5 m (54 r ft) per day.
(H) Flooring-
4 cm thick (112") thick cement concrete flooring of 40 sq m (400 sq ft) require- 5
Masons,4 Beldars, 3 Mazdoors and 1 Bhishti per day for mixing, laying and
finishing.(I) Finishing-(1) Plastering with any mortar 12 mm (1") thick_3
Masons, 3 Mazdoors and 1 Bhishti canplaster 40 sq m (400 sq ft) per day.

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 (2) White washing or colour washing (3 coats)--1 White washer and 1 Mazdoor
can do 60 sqm.(600 sq ft) per day.
(3) Painting two coats such as chocolate; red, grey, etc., on wood or steel - 3
Painters and2 Mazdoors can paint 10 sq m (100 sq ft) per day.

LOAD FOR TRUCKS

On pucca metalled road-
Trucks ... 3 Tonners 5 Tonners 8 Tonners
Brick or Allahabad tiles 1000Nos 1500 Nos 2000 Nos.

Cement, steel and other heavy materials 3 Tonne 5 Tonne 8 Tonne

Other materials-Ballast, kankar, grit, sand 2.8 cum 4.20 cu m 5.6 cum coal, etc.
(100 cu ft) (150 cu ft) (200 cu ft) On kachcha earthen road the load will be less by 33 per
cent.

2.3 PROCEDURE OF RATE ANALYSIS

Cost of materials at source and at site of construction.
The costs of materials are taken as delivered at site inclusive of the transport local taxes
and other charges.
Purpose of Analysis of rates:
1. To work out the actual cost of per unit of the items.
2. To work out the economical use of materials and processes in completing
theparticulars item.
3. To work out the cost of extra items which are not provided in the contract bond,
butareto be done as per the directions of the department.
4. To revise the schedule of rates due to increase in the cost of material and labour or
dueto change in technique.

2.3.1RATE ANALYSIS FOR ALL BUILDING WORKS,

CEMENT CONCRETE
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Sum total quantity of determining the quantity of materials for 10 cu m concrete is
to divide 15.2 bythe sum of the numerals of the proportion of the materials which
gives the quantity of cement in cu m.

Illustration. -To find the materials for 10 cu m of cement of 1:4:8 proportion.

Cement =15.2/1+4+8 =15.2/13 = 1.17 cu m = Say 1.15 cu m.

Therefore, sand = 1.15 x 4 = 4.60 cu m and ballast = 1.15 x 8 = 9.20 cu m.

Materials required for different Proportion of Cement Concrete - 10 cu m.
Quantity of materials may be calculated by 15.2 as sum total and dividing by sum
of the proportions.

Proportion Ballast Sand Cement

1:.1 ½ :3 8.40 cu m 4.20 cu m 2.80 cu m (84 bags)
1:2:4 8.80 cu m 4.40 cum 2.20 cu m (66 bags)
1:3:6 9.00 cu m 4.50 cu m 1.50 cu m (45 bags)
1:4:8 9.20 cu m 4.60 cu m 1.15cu m (341/2 bags)
1:5:10 9.50 cu m 4.75 cum 0.95 cu m (282 bags)
1:6:12 9.60 cum 4.80 cu m 0.80 cu m (24 bags)

1.Cement concrete 1:5:10 in foundation or Floor with Brick Ballast 40 mm (11/2")

Thick gauge- unit 1 cu m. Take - 10 cu m.
Materials-
Brick ballast 1st class 40 mm gauge... 650.00 per cum
Sand (local) 700.00 per cu m
Cement 7650.00 per cu m
Labour-
Mistri (Head mason) 1.5 no. 350.00 per day
Mason 1.5 no. 6
300.00 per day
Mazdoor (Beldar) 12 nos. 220.00 per day
Boy or woman coolie 18 nos. 200.00 per day
Solution:
Particulars Qntty or Rate Cost
Nos Rs. P. Rs Р.
Materials-
Brick ballast 1st class 40 mm 9.50 cum 650.00 per cum 6175.00
gauge...
Sand (local) 4.75 cu m 700.00 per cu m 3325.00
Cement (28 1/2 bags) 0:95 cu m 7650.00percu m 7267.50

Total 16767.50

Labour-
1.5 no. 350.00 per day 175.00
Mistri (Head mason)
1.5 no. 300.00 per day 450.00
Mason
12 nos. 220.00 per day 2640.00
Mazdoor (Beldar) Boy or
18 nos. 200.00 per day 3600.00
woman coolie Bhishti
4 nos. 200.00 per day 800.00
(including curing)
Lump sum 120.00 L.S. 120.00
Sundries T. and P. etc.
Total 7785.00
Total of materials and labour 24552.50
Add 1.5% Water charges 368.00
Add 10% Contractor's profit ... 2455.25

Grand Total 27375.75

Rate per cu m - Rs.27375.75 / 10 = Rs.2737.50for 10 cu m

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2.Cement concrete 1:2:4- Unit 1 cum Take - 10 cu m.
Materials-
Brick ballast 1st class 40 mm gauge... 1800.00 per cum
Sand (local) 1500.00 per cu m
Cement 7650.00 per cu m
Labour-
Mistri (Head mason) 1/3 no. 350.00 per day
Mason 2 no. 300.00 per day
Mazdoor (Beldar) 12 nos. 220.00 per day
Boy or woman coolie 20 nos. 200.00 per day
Bhishti (including curing) 6 nos. 200.00 per day
Forms etc. Lump sum 1300.00 L.S.
Sundries T. and P. etc. Lump sum 150.00 L.S.

Particulars Qntty or Rate Cost

Nos Rs. P. Rs Р.
Materials-
Brick ballast 1st class 40 mm 8.80 cum 1800.00 per cum 15840.00
gauge...
Sand (coarse) 4.75 cu m 1500.00 per cu m 6600.00
Cement (66 bags) 0:95 cu m 7650.00 per cu m 16830.00

Total 39270.00

Labour-
1/3 no. 350.00 per day 116.70
Mistri (Head mason)
2 no. 300.00 per day 600.00
Mason
12 nos. 220.00 per day 2640.00
Mazdoor (Beldar) Boy or
20 nos. 200.00 per day 4000.00
woman coolie Bhishti
6 nos. 200.00 per day 1200.00
(including curing)
Lump sum 1300.00 L.S. 1300.00

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Forms etc.
Sundries T. and P. etc. Lump sum 150.00 L.S. 150.00

Total 10006.70
Total of materials and labour 49276.70
Add 1.5% Water charges 739.00
Add 10% Contractor's profit ... 4927.70

Grand Total 54943.40

Rate per cu m - Rs.54943.40 / 1 0 = Rs.5497.00for 10 cu m

2.3.2 RATE ANALYSIS FOR ROADS

1.Bituminous painting or surface Dressing First coat – unit 1sqm. Take –100 sqm.
Particulars Qntty or Nos Rate Cost
Rs. P. Rs Р.
Materials :-
Stone chips (grit) 20 mm
(3/4") gauge @ 1.35cu m 1.35 cu m 1800.00 per cum 2430.00
% sq m

Asphalt 80/100 @ 220 kg

% sq m including 2 1/2% 0.22 tonne 50000.0 per cum 11000.00
wastage (transported to

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road side)

Labour :-

Mazdoor (Beldar) for 4nos 220.00 per day 880.00

brushing and cleaning
roadsurface

Mazdoor (Beldar) for

4nos 220.00 per day
heating and spraying 880.00
asphalt

Mazdoor (Beldar) for

rolling and brushing ½ nos 220.00 per day
110.00
chips

Hire of Tar Boiler @ 6.00

sq m per day (about 1/6 nos 400.00 per day 66.67
4 km per day for 3.70 m
wide road)

Fuel, Firewood for

heating ashpalt @ 4
0.88 q 500.00 per q 440.00
quintalper tonne of
asphalt (for coal take 2 q
per toneof asphalt)

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Hire of Roller @ 600 sq
m per day (including 333.33
1/6 day 2000.00 per day
driver and fire man or
cleaner and coal/diesel)

Sundries, T. and P., Lump sum 125.00 L.S 125.00

brushes, etc.
Total 9265.00
Add 10% contractors profit 926.50

Grand Total 10191.50

Rate per sq m- Rs.10191.50/100 = 102.00 for 100 sq m

2.Bituminous painting or surface Dressing Second coat – unit 1sqm. Take –100
sqm.
Particulars Qntty or Rate Cost
Nos Rs. P. Rs Р.
Materials :-
Stone chips (grit) 12 mm (1/2")
gauge @ 0.75cu m % sq m 0.75 cu m 1700.00 per cum 1275.00

Asphalt 80/100 @ 220 kg % sq

m including 2½%
wastage (transported to road 0.22 tonne 50000.0 per cum 11000.00
side)

Labour :-

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Mazdoor (Beldar) for heating
2nos 220.00 per day
440.00
and cleaning roadsurface

Mazdoor (Beldar) forbrushing

1 ½ nos 220.00 per day
and spraying asphalt 330.00

Mazdoor (Beldar) spreading 330.00

stone chips 1 ½ nos 220.00 per day

Mazdoor (Beldar) for rolling

110.00
and brushing chips ½ nos 220.00 per day

Hire of Tar Boiler @ 800 sq m

per day (215 m length, about 50.00
1/8nos 400.00 per day
1/5 km per day for 3.70 m wide
road)

Fuel, Firewood for heating

ashpalt @ 4 quintalper tonne of 240.00
0.48 q 500.00 per q
asphalt (for coal take 2 q per
toneof asphalt)

Hire of Roller @ 800 sq m per

day (including
250.00
driver and fire man or cleaner
and coal/diesel) 1/8 day 2000.00 per day

100.00
Sundries, T. and P., brushes,
etc. Lump 100.00 L.S
sum
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 Total 14125.00
Add 10% contractors profit 1412.50

Grand Total 15537.50

Rate per sq m- Rs.15537.50/100 = 155.00 for 100 sq m

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