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CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………...1

1.1 Laboratory Safety Sign…………………………………………………………………………….2

1.2 Glassware ……………………………………………………………………………………………….6

1.3 Cleaning of Glassware……………………………………………………………………………...7

1.4 Calibration of Glasswares…………………………………………………………………………8

1.5 How to identify a Glassware…………………………………………………………………….9

1.6 Hazardous Chemical ……………………………………………………………………………….9

1.7 Laboratory Safety Responsibilities………………………………………………………….10

CHAPTER TOW
Engineering Controls……………………………………………………………………………………18

Chemical Fume Hoods………………………………………………………………………………….19

Other Capture or Containment Devices ………………………………………………………22

Glove Boxes…………………………………………………………………………………………………..22

Water Protection in Labs ………………………………………………………………………………24

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Personal Protective Equipment………………………………………………………………..26

3.1 Laboratory Responsibilities for Personal

Protective Equipment…………………………………………………………………………………….26

3.2 Training for Personal Protective Equipment…………………………………………………27

3.3 Eye Protection………………………………………………………………………………………………28

3.4 Hand Protection………………………………………………………………………………………..31

3.5 Protective Clothing……………………………………………………………………………………..36

3.6 Respirators………………………………………………………………………………………………….37
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3.7 Hearing Protection………………………………………………………………………………………39

3.8 Foot Protection…………………………………………………………………………………………….40

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
To become accomplished technologist in a research environment requires years
of experience and exposure to many fields of science.
The intent of this basic course of instruction is not to make you an accomplished
professional technologist.
It is designed to give you experience in performing a series of basic preparation
for reagent analytical use.
A laboratory is a room or building where scientific investigations, researches
diagnosis and experiments are carried out. The constituents of each depend on
the nature of work or purposes in question. Example: we have Biology,
Chemistry, Physics Laboratory for study research purposes in school. Other
laboratories include medical/diagnosis research, film, quality and control.
It can also be defines as a place for routine analysis after initial successful
investigation. A laboratory should not be confused with a workshop. A
workshop is a place where research and development, place for production and
also place for repair.
1.1 Laboratory Safety Sign
The Laboratory Safety Sign is designed to alert laboratory personnel, staff,
students, visitors, and emergency responders to the specific hazards located in
individual laboratories on campus. The program also gives responders
emergency contact information for the P1 (Principle Investigator/Lab. Manager)
so responders may attain quickly further information on specific information
concerning the laboratory.
1.1.1 Description
The 8.5” x 1” hazard warning sign is intended to warn personnel that a hazard
exists in the lab. The specific hazards are indicated by symbols and/or hazard
warning on the sign.
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Hazard warning signs will be posted at the entrance(s) to each individual lab or
other areas that utilize hazardous chemicals, All entrances to laboratories from
hallways will be posted with a completed sign.

1.1.2 Hazard Warning Symbols

GHS Symbols
Flammable Materials - material that may burst into flames readily.

 Flammables (liquids, solids, or gases)

 Self reactives
 Pyrophorics
 Self-heating
 Emits flammable gas Organic peroxides
Toxic Materials — Exposure to this material may cause immediate and possible
serious health problems.

 acute toxicity (severe)

Oxidizers — oxidizing materials that may cause other materials to
catch fire or explode.

 Oxidizers (solids, liquids, or gases)

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Health hazard — prolonged exposure to the materials may cause health

problems such as cancer or birth defects. Some chemicals showing this symbol
may cause asthma or damage to specific organs of the body.

• Carcinogens
• Respiratory sensitizers
• Reproductive toxicity
• Target organ toxicity
• Mutagenicity
• Aspirations toxicity
Corrosives — corrosive materials that can severely damage the skin and eyes.

Gases under pressure — gas cylinders could explode presenting a projectile

hazard and may release gases that themselves that may be flammable or toxic.

1.1.3 Other Hazard Symbols

Radiation Hazard posted at access points to laboratories where radioactive
materials arc used or stored, or where radioactive wastes arc accumulated.

Biological hazard — posted at access points to BL2 and BL3 laboratories

including laboratories working with human blood, unfixed tissue or other
potentially-infectious material.
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Laser radiation — posted at access points to laboratories where Class 2, 3, or 4

lasers are used or stored. The hazard warning must be supplemented by posting
a DANGER or CAUTION warning placard when lasers are in operation. Protective
eyewear capable of absorbing the exact wavelength of the produced laser light
must be worn by all personnel with potential for beam exposure in these
laboratories.

Microwave radiation - posted at access points to laboratories where there is

potential for personal exposure to microwave adiation in excess of 10 mW/cm 2.

Chemical storage area — will be posted at access points to chemical stockrooms

or storage rooms utilized by more than one researcher for chemical storage

1.2 Glassware
Glassware is the most widely used equipment in Chemistry and in the Teaching
Laboratory is the most common source of injury.

The assembling and dismantling of equipment is a procedure carried out every

day in the laboratory. It is also a procedure requiring care and concentration.
The simple task of inserting and removing bungs and stoppers can inflict a nasty
wound if done with force. Excessive force can drive broken glass deep into the
body to sever tendons, nerves or even arteries.
By observing a few simple rules the danger of such injuries can be eliminated.
Because glass is weak under tension, apparatus should be assembled with the
units properly supported by clamps. With more fragile thin walled vessels the
clamp should encircle the vessel.
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When putting glass tubing into bungs, the same procedure set out for pipettes
should be followed.
When fitting rubber tubing onto glass tubing with an elbow bend, a cloth should
be placed over the glass end, if possible, the bend should be gripped as well as
the end taking the rubber. This task is made easier and safer if the glass tubing is
lubricated with detergent first.
Apparatus should always be dismantled with the same caution with which it is
set up. The temptation to use force should be avoided when removing a
stubborn bung with a sharp knife. If this is necessary, the hands should be
suitably protected by gloves or a cloth.
1.2.1 Hard Glass
This consists of potassium silicates and becomes hardened when Borax is added
to the mixture. They have high melting point which makes suitable for heating
in the laboratory. They are also called PYREX GLASSES.
1.2.2 Soft Glass
This has low melting point and so can easily melt when heated. It is known as
“SODA GLASS”.

1.3 cleaning of Glass ware

The nature of dirt often determines the type of cleaning that will be carried out
on the glassware. It is divided into two categories namely, Superficial and
Residual dirt difficult to remove.
1.3.1 Method
General: Superficially dirty glassware may be cleansed by the general method of
washing in hot water containing detergent. Suitable brushes and cleaning power
may also be used. Solvents such as acetone or Caustic Soda solution may be
used to remove adhering substances.
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After washing, the glass should be thoroughly rinsed with water and then a final
cleansing in distilled water.
Special method: Contaminated glassware often needs special cleaning before a
general method is applied.
Oil and grease: This can be removed by shaking the glass with warm detergent
solution. A scourer such as sawdust may be added. It is then washed with water
followed by concentrated hydrochloric acid and lastly with distilled water.
Other methods depending on the nature are:
• Soaking in sculpture acid
• Cleaning with Carbon Tetrachloride
• A mixture of detergent. such as tempol 10 parts, water 4 parts, paraffin 4.5
parts, well stirred, heated to boiling and used hot.
• Tar: This can be removed by benzene or other suitable solvent.
• Carbon: This is difficult to remove. The involved glassware may be soaked in
Caustic Soda solution but using strong acid solution is more effective.
Stains: This may lx cleansed by a saturated solution of ferrous sulphate in dilute
sulphuric acid.
Dilute hydrochloric acid is suitable for removing iron stains,
1.4 Calibration of Glass wares
Calibration is the determination, by measurement or comparison with standard
of the correct value of scale reading on a measuring instrument. It is a process
whereby one can check the graduations of an instrument and if possible to
graduate correctly.
Graduation is a mark showing a measure of degree as on a scale.
Calibration is therefore the process of making graduation marks on measuring
instruments.
Glass wares are divided into two, namely graduated and non - graduated glass
wares. The graduated glass wares are further divided into calibrated and non-
calibrated glass wares.
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Calibrated glass wares arc said to be standard glass ware while non — calibrated
glass wares are said to be non-standard.
• Standard glass wares: These are those that have been calibrated to deliver
specific volume of liquid e.g. burettes, pipettes and volumetric flasks. The error
here is very large.
• Non-standard glass wares: These are those that are not calibrated and do not
give the exact do not give the exact
volume of liquid needed. E.g. measuring cylinder, beakers, conical flasks and
round bottom flasks. The error here is very large.
Calibrated or standard glassware is meant to perform one of two functions,
either to deliver or contain specific volume.
1.5 How to identify a Glassware
• By the volume it delivers or contains which must be stated on the glass ware.
• The glass ware must stipulate at what temperature the volume is delivered.
• There must be a. batch number to indicate certification by the
NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY.
• There must be indication of the class it belongs.
• The density of solution at temperature of delivery must he written.
1.6 Hazardous Chemical
Hazardous chemical means a chemical for which there is statistically significant
evidence based on at least one study conducted in accordance with established
scientific principles that acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed
employees. The term “health hazard” includes chemicals which are carcinogens,
toxic or highly toxic agents, reproductive toxins, irritants, corrosives, sensitizers,
hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, neurotoxins, agents which act on the
hematopoietic systems and agents which damage the lungs, skins, eyes, or
mucous membranes.
1.7 Laboratory Safety Responsibilities
The ultimate responsibility for health and safety within laboratories lies with
each individual who works in the laboratory; however, it is the responsibility of
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the Principal investigator (P.1.), Faculty, and laboratory supervisor to ensure

that employees (including visiting scientists, fellows, volunteers, temporary
employees, and student employees) have received all appropriate training and
have been provided with all the necessary information to work safely in
laboratories under their control. P.I.s, Faculty, and Lab Supervisors have
numerous resources at their disposal for helping to ensure a safe and healthy
laboratory that is compliant with federal, state, and local regulations.
1.7.1 Laboratory Requirements
The following are required for all laboratories.
1.7.2 Laboratory Permits
It is unlawful to operate a laboratory or storage room in which flammable
liquids, flammable solids, flammable gases, oxidizing materials, explosive
materials, unstable or reactive chemicals are used in testing, research,
experimental or instructional work, without a permit from the Fire Service
Department.
1.7.3 Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS)
For each campus, the Environmental, Health, and Safety Officer (EHSO) will
provide technical information and program support to assist in compliance with
the Laboratory Standard and all other regulatory requirements. This includes
providing training programs designed to meet these regulatory requirements
and providing health and safety information to laboratory personnel. EHS will
maintain the campus Chemical Hygiene Plan and the institutional Chemical
Hygiene Officer responsibilities.
1.7.4 Chemical Hygiene Officer (CHO)
The role of the Chemical Hygiene Officer (CHO) is to facilitate the
implementation of the campus Chemical Hygiene Plan and this Laboratory
Safety Manual in laboratories across campus and outlying facilities, and to serve
as a technical resource to the campus laboratory community. All campuses with
laboratories must designate a CHO, in accordance with the Laboratory Standard.
The Associate CHO, if so designated, will act in the absence of CHO. The names
of the current CHO and the Associate CHO found in Appendix B.
The major duties of the chemical Hygiene Officer include:
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 Work with campus stakeholders to evaluate, implement, review annually, and

make updates as needed to the Chemical Hygiene Plan and Laboratory Safety
Manual.
 Provide technical expertise to the laboratory community in the area of
laboratory safety and health, and serve as a point of contact to direct inquiries
to other appropriate resources.
 Ensure that guidelines are in place and communicated for particularly
hazardous substances regarding proper labeling, handling, use, storage,
selection of proper personal protective equipment, and facilitating the
development of standard operating procedures for laboratories using these
substances.
 Serve as a resource to review academic research protocols and standard
operating procedures developed by P.1.s and department personnel for the use,
disposal, and decontamination of hazardous chemicals and the proper selection
and use of personal protective and spill-response equipment
 Coordinate the acquisition, testing, and maintenance of fume hoods and
emergency safety showers and eyewashes in all laboratories where hazardous
chemicals are used,
1.7 .6 Principal Investigators (P.I. s), Faculty, and Laboratory Supervisors
PIS faculty and laboratory supervisors are responsible for Laboratory safety in
their research or teaching laboratories. The laboratory safety duties of P.I.s,
faculty, and laboratory supervisors (which can be also delegated together
qualified personnel within the laboratory) are:
 Implement and communicate all college and university safety practices and
programs, including the guidelines and procedures found within the Laboratory
Safety Manual, in laboratories tinder his/her supervision or control.
 Establish laboratory priorities, objectives, and targets laboratory safety,
health, and environmental performance.
 Communicate roles and responsibilities of individuals within the laboratory
relative to environmental, health, and safety according to this Laboratory Safety
Manual.
 Conduct hazard evaluations for procedures conducted in the laboratory and
maintain a file of standard operating procedures documenting those hazards.
 Ensure that specific operating procedures for handling and disposing of
hazardous substances used in their laboratories are written, communicated, and
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followed, and ensure that laboratory personnel have been trained in these
operating procedures and use proper control measures.

1.7.7 Laboratory Employees

Laboratory employees are those personnel who conduct their work in a
laboratory and are at risk of possible exposure to hazardous chemicals on a
regular or periodic basis. These personnel include laboratory technicians,
instructors, researchers, visiting researchers, administrative assistants, graduate
assistants, student aides, student employees, and part-time and temporary
employees.
The safety duties of laboratory employees are:
Comply with all university health and safety practices and programs by
maintaining class, work, and laboratory areas safe
and free from hazards.
• Know the location of the Chemical Hygiene Plan and how to access Material
Safety Data Sheets.
• Attend required health and safety training as designated by your supervisor.
• Inform your supervisor or instructor of any safety hazards in the workplace,
classroom, or laboratory, and report any unsafe
working conditions, faulty fume hoods, or other emergency safety equipment to
the laboratory supervisor.
• Ensure that an MSDS is present for all new chemicals you purchase (The MSDS
should’ have been either sent with the
original shipment or be available online). Review the MSDSs for chemicals you
are working with and check with your
laboratory supervisor or P1 if you ever have any questions.
• Conduct hazard evaluations with your supervisor for procedures conducted in
the laboratory and maintain a file of standard operating procedures
documenting those hazards.
• Be familiar with what to do in the event of an emergency situation.
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CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Engineering Controls
Engineering controls are considered the first line of defence in the laboratory
for the reduction or elimination of the potential exposure to hazardous
chemicals. Examples of engineering controls used in laboratories may include
dilution ventilation, local exhaust ventilation, chemical fume hoods, glove
boxes, safety shields, and proper storage facilities.
The OSHA Laboratory Standard requires that “fume hoods and other protective
equipment function properly and that specific measures are taken to ensure
proper and adequate performance of such equipment.” General laboratory
room ventilation is not adequate to provide proper protection against bench
top use of hazardous chemicals. Laboratory personnel need to consider
available engineering controls to protect themselves against chemical exposures
before beginning any new experiment(s) involving the use of hazardous
chemicals.
2.2 Other Capture or Containment Devices
Other engineering controls for proper ventilation include glove boxes,
compressed gas cabinets, vented storage cabinets, canopy hoods, and snorkels.
These pieces of equipment are designed to capture hazardous chemical
vapours, fumes, and dusts at the source of potential contamination. Examples
where these capture devices would be appropriate include welding operations,
atomic absorption units, vacuum pumps, and other operations.
2.3 Glove Boxes
Glove boxes (or glove boxes) are sealed enclosures designed to protect the user,
the process or both. They are usually equipped with at least one pair of gloves
attached to the enclosure. The user manipulates the materials inside using the
gloves. Typically, a glove box has an antechamber that is used to take materials
in and out of the box.
The topic of glove boxes can be confusing because their configuration depends
on the application. Glove boxes can be under negative or positive pressure.
Glove boxes under negative pressure are designed to protect the operator and
ambient environment from the materials or processes; glove boxes under
positive pressure are intended to protect the materials or processes from the
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operator and/or the ambient environment. The atmosphere in the glove box
may be inert (e.g. nitrogen, argon, helium), sterile, dry, or otherwise controlled.
Some glove boxes are equipped with filters (e.g. HEPA) while others vent to a
fume hood duct or a dedicated duct. Glove boxes can have various controls,
sensors and equipment such as pressure gauges, oxygen sensors, temperature
controllers and purifiers.
2.4 Water Protection in Labs
Laboratory personnel must ensure that any piece of equipment or laboratory
apparatus connected to the water supply utilizes backflow protection or is
connected to a faucet with a vacuum breaker. The purpose of backflow
prevention and vacuum breakers is to prevent water used in an experimental
process or with a piece of equipment, from back flowing and contaminating the
laboratory and building’s water supply system. Examples of situations that can
result from improper backflow protection include chemical contamination
and/or temperature extremes (e.g. hot water coming from a drinking water
fountain).
The two most common water protection problems found in labs are:
1. A tube attached to a faucet without a vacuum breaker; and
2. Drainage tubing hanging down into the sink.
These tubes can be immersed in wash water when the sink is stopped up and
backflow into the faucet, contaminating the building’s water supply.
The most common example of backflow prevention found in laboratories is sink
faucets equipped with a vacuum breaker. These faucets are easily identifiable
from standard (rounded) faucets by the vacuum breaker head at the top of the
faucet. If you have questions about whether your laboratory faucets have a
vacuum breaker or backflow protection, contact your EHSO or Facilities
Management. If your sink faucet does not have a vacuum breaker present,
make sure any hoses that you connect to the faucet are short enough to
prevent the possibility of water in the sink from back flowing up the faucet.
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Personal Protective Equipment
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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) should be considered as a major line of

defence in protecting laboratory personnel against chemical hazards. PPE is not
a substitute for good engineering or administrative controls or good work
practices, but should be used in conjunction with these controls to ensure the
safety and health of university employees and students.
The OSHA Personal Protective Equipment standard, 29 CFR 1910, Subpart I has
the following requirements:
• Hazard assessment and equipment selection
. Employee training
• Record keeping requirements
• Guidelines for selecting PPE
 Hazard assessment certification
More information on PPE can be found in the OSHA Safety and Health topics
page on Personal Protective Equipment.
3.1 Laboratory Responsibilities for Personal Protective Equipment
Laboratory personnel need to conduct hazard assessments of specific
operations occurring in their laboratories to determine what PPE is necessary to
carry out the, operations safely. PPE must be made available to laboratory
workers to reduce exposures to hazardous chemicals in the lab. Proper PPE
includes items such as gloves, eye protection, lab coats, face shields, aprons,
boots, hearing protection, etc. PPE must be readily available and most
equipment is provided at no cost to the employee.
When deciding on the appropriate PPE to wear when performing any operations
or experiments, a number of factors must be taken into consideration such as:
The chemicals being used, including concentration and quantity.
The hazards the chemicals pose.
The routes of exposure for the chemicals.
The material the PPE is constructed of.
3.2 Tinning for Personal Protective Equipment
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Laboratory personnel must be trained in the selection, proper use, limitations,

care, and maintenance of PPE. Training requirements can be met in a variety of
ways including videos, group training sessions, and hand-outs’. Periodic
retraining should be offered to both the employees and supervisors as
appropriate. Examples of topics to be covered during the training include:
 When PPE must be worn.
 What PPE is necessary to carry out a procedure or experiment?
 How to properly don, doff, adjust, and wear PPE.

 The proper cleaning, care, maintenance, useful life, limitations, and disposal
of the PPE.
As with any training sessions, PPE training must be documented, including a
description of the information covered during the training session and a copy of
the sign-in sheet. Training records must be kept of the names of the persons
trained, the type of training provided, and the dates when training occurred.
Your EHSO will maintain records of employees who attend training sessions.
Information on the specific PPE required to carry out procedures within the
laboratory using hazardous chemicals must also be included in the laboratory’s
Standard Operating Procedures. Your EHS Office can provide information,
training, and assistance with conducting hazard assessments and the selection
and use of proper PPE.
It is the responsibility of the Pd. or laboratory supervisor to ensure laboratory
staff have received the appropriate training on the selection and use of proper
PPE, that proper PPE is available and in good condition, and that laboratory
personnel use proper PPE when working in laboratories under their supervision.
3.3 Eye Protection
Eye protection is one of the most important and easiest forms of PPE to wear.
Laboratory personnel should use eye protection for many of the chemical and
physical hazards found in laboratories including flying particles, broken glass,
molten metal, acids or caustic liquids, chemical liquids, chemical gases or
vapours, or potentially injurious light radiation.
P.I.s and laboratory supervisors are strongly encouraged to make use of eye
protection a mandatory requirement for all laboratory personnel, including
visitors, working in or entering laboratories under their control.
All laboratory employees and visitors should wear protective eyewear while in
laboratories where chemicals are being handled or stored, even when not
working directly with chemicals.
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Additional information can be found on the OSHA Health and Safety Topics Page
for eye and face protection.
3.3.1 Eye Protection Selection
All protective eye and face devices must comply with ANSI Z87. 1- 2003,
‘American National Standard Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and
Face Protection’ and be marked to identify the manufacturer. When choosing
proper eye protection, be aware there are a number of different styles of
eyewear that serve different functions.
Prescription Safety Eyewear
OSHA regulations require that employees who wear prescription lenses while
engaged in operations that involve eye hazards shall wear eye protection that
incorporates the prescription in its design, or must wear eye protection that can
be worn over the prescription lenses (goggles, face shields, etc.) without
disturbing the proper position of the prescription lenses or the protective
lenses. Any prescription eyewear purchase must comply with ANSI Z87.l-1989.
Contact lenses by themselves are not considered to be protective eyewear.
Safety Glasses
Safety glasses provide eye protection from moderate impact and particles
associated with grinding, sawing, scaling, broken glass, and minor chemical
splashes, etc. Side protectors are required when there is a hazard from flying
objects. Safety glasses are available in prescription form for those persons
needing corrective lenses. Safety glasses do not provide adequate protection for
processes that involve heavy chemical use such as stirring, pouring, or mixing. In
these instances, splash goggles should be used.
Splash Goggles
Splash goggles provide adequate eye protection from many hazards, including
potential chemical splash hazards, use of concentrated corrosive material, and
bulk chemical transfer, Goggles are available with clear or tinted lenses, fog
proofing, and vented or non-vented frames. Be aware that goggles designed for
woodworking are not appropriate for working with chemicals. These types of
goggles can be identified by the numerous small holes throughout the face
piece. In the event of a splash, chemicals could enter into the small holes, and
result in a chemical exposure to the face. Ensure that the goggles you choose
are rated for use with chemicals.
Welder’s/Chippers’ Goggles
Welder’s goggles provide protection from sparking, scaling, or splashing metals
and harmful light rays. Lenses are impact resistant and arc available in
graduated lens shades. Goggles used for chipping and grinding provide
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protection from flying particles. A dual protective eyecup houses impact

resistant clear lenses with individual cover plates.
Face Shields
Face shields provide additional protection to the eyes and face when used in
combination with safety glasses or splash goggles. Face shields consist of an
adjustable headgear and face shield of tinted or clear lenses or a mesh wire
screen. They should be used in operations when the entire face needs
protection and should be worn to protect the eyes and face from flying
particles, metal sparks, and chemical/biological splashes. Face shields with a
mesh wire screen arc not appropriate for use with chemicals. Face shields are
not intended to be used alone and are not a substitute for appropriate eyewear.
It is recommended that face shields always be worn in conjunction with a
primary form of eye protection such as safety glasses or goggles.
Welding Shields
Welding shields are similar in design to face shields but offer additional
protection from infrared or radiant light burns, flying sparks, metal splatter, and
slag chips encountered during welding, brazing, soldering, resistance welding,
bare or shielded electric arc welding, and oxyacetylene welding and cutting
operations.
It is recommended that equipment fitted with appropriate filter lenses always
be used to protect against light radiation. Tinted and shaded lenses are not filter
lenses unless they are marked or identified as such.
LASER Eye Protection
A single pair of safety glasses is not available for protection from all LASER
outputs. The type of eye protection required is dependent on the spectral
frequency or specific wavelength of the LASER source. If you have questions on
the type of eyewear that should be worn with your specific LASER, contact your
El-ISO. See the LASER Hazards section for more information.
3.4 Hand Protection
Most accidents involving hands and arms can be classified under four main
hazard categories: chemicals, abrasions, cuts, and heat/cold, Gloves must be
worn whenever significant potential hazards from chemicals, cuts, lacerations,
abrasions, punctures, burns, biological, or harmful temperature extremes are
present. The proper use of hand protection can help protect from potential
chemical and physical hazards. Gloves must be worn when using chemicals that
are easily absorbed through the skin and/or particularly hazardous substances
(such as —select carcinogens, reproductive toxins, and substances with a high
degree of acute toxicity).
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***There is no one type of glove that offers the best protection against all
chemicals or one glove that totally resists degradation and permeation to all
chemicals. All gloves must be replaced periodically, depending on the type and
concentration of the chemical, performance characteristics of the gloves,
conditions and duration of use, hazards present, and the length of time a
chemical has been in contact with the glove.
3.4.3 Types of Gloves
As with protective eyewear, there are a number of different types of gloves that
are available for laboratory personnel that serve different functions
Fabric Gloves
Fabric gloves are made of cotton or fabric blends and are generally used to
improve grip when handling slippery objects. They also help insulate hands from
mild heat or cold. These gloves are not appropriate for use with chemicals
because the fabric can absorb and hold the chemical against a. user’s hands,
resulting in a chemical exposure.
Leather Gloves
Leather gloves are used to guard against injuries from sparks, scraping against
rough surfaces, or cuts from sharp objects like broken glass. They are also used
in combination with an insulated liner when working with electricity. These
gloves are not appropriate for use with chemicals because the leather can
absorb and hold the chemical against a user’s hands, resulting in a chemical
exposure.
Metal Mesh Gloves
Metal mesh gloves are used to protect hands from accidental cuts and
scratches. They are most commonly used when working with cutting tools,
knives, and other sharp instruments.
Cryogenic Gloves
Cryogenic gloves are used to protect hands from extremely cold temperatures.
These gloves should be used when handling dry ice and when dispensing or
working with liquid nitrogen and other cryogenic liquids.
Chemically Resistant Gloves
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Chemically resistant gloves come in a wide variety of materials. The

recommendations given below for the specific glove materials are based on
incidental contact. Once the chemical makes contact with the gloved hand, the
gloves should be removed and replaced as soon as practical. Often a glove
specified for incidental contact is not suitable for extended contact, such as
when the gloved hand can become covered or immersed in the chemical in use.
Before selecting chemical resistant gloves, consult your glove manufacturer’s
recommendations or glove selection charts, contact your EHSO for more
assistance Some general guidelines for different glove materials include:
 Natural Rubber Latex*** - Resistant to ketones, alcohols, caustics, and organic
acids. See note below.
 Neoprene - Resistant to mineral acids, organic alcohols, and petroleum
solvents.
 Nitrile - Resistant to alcohols, caustics, organic acids, and some ketones.
 Norfoil - Rated for chemicals considered highly toxic and chemicals that are
easily absorbed through the skin. These gloves are chemically resistant to a wide
range of materials that readily attack other glove materials. These gloves are not
recommended for use with Chloroform.
 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) - Resistant to mineral acids, caustics, organic acids,
and alcohols.
 Polyvinyl alcohol (P’VA) - Resistant to chlorinated solvents, petroleum
solvents, and aromatics.
***A NOTE ABOUT LATEX GLOVES
The use of latex gloves—especially thin, disposable exam gloves— for chemical
handling is discouraged because latex offers little protection from commonly
used chemicals. Latex gloves can degrade severely in minutes or even seconds
when used with common lab and shop chemicals Latex gloves also can cause an
allergic reaction in a percentage of the population because of several proteins
found in latex. Symptoms can include nasal, eye, or sinus irritation, hives,
shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, or unexplained shock. If any of these
symptoms become apparent in personnel wearing latex gloves, discontinue
using the gloves and seek medical attention immediately
The use of latex gloves is only appropriate for:
 Most biological materials.
 Non-hazardous chemicals.
 Clean room requirements
 Medical or veterinary applications.
 20

Very dilute, aqueous solutions containing <1% concentrations for most

hazardous chemicals or less than 0.1% for known or suspected human
carcinogens
Staff required to wear latex gloves should receive training on the potential
health effects related to latex. Hypoallergenic, non- powdered gloves should be
used whenever possible. If a good substitute glove material is available, use
non-latex gloves. A general purpose substitute for disposable latex gloves are
disposable Nitrile gloves.
See the Appendix I for a list of recommended gloves for specific chemicals,
definitions for terms used in glove selection charts, glove materials and
characteristics, and a list of useful references.
3.5 Protective clothing
Protective clothing includes lab coats or other protective garments such as
aprons, boots, shoe covers, Tyvek coveralls, and other items, that can be used
to protect street clothing from biological or chemical contamination and
splashes, and provide additional body protection from some physical hazards.
It is strongly recommended that P.Ls and laboratory supervisors discourage the
wearing of shorts and skins in laboratories using hazardous materials (chemical,
biological, and radiological) by laboratory personnel, including visitors, working
in or entering laboratories under their supervision.

CHAPTER F0UR
4.0 Emergency Evacuation Procedures
Building occupants are required by law to evacuate the building when the fire
alarm sounds. Evacuation directions, fire alarm locations and escape routes are
required to be posted throughout the building at the base of stairways, elevator
landings, and inside public doors. Also listed should be the specific location(s) of
the building’s designated evacuation meeting points.
When evacuating a building or. work area, please follow these procedures:
• Remain calm.
• Safely stop work.
• Gather personal belongings only if it is safe to do so. Reminder: take
prescription medications, as it may be hours before occupants are allowed back
into the building]
• Assist persons with disabilities.
• If safe, close the office door and window, but do not lock them

4.1 Laboratory Emergency Shutdown Procedures

 21

Each laboratory facility should develop a non-fire emergency plan or

incorporate non-fire emergencies into a master emergency response plan.
Employees must be trained on the contents of the plan and in response to a
non-fire emergency. Below is a set of simple steps for the shutdown of labs in
non-fire emergency situations. These and other steps, specific to characteristic
requirements of the facility should be included in the emergency response plan.
This list is by no means complete, but it gives laboratory personnel simple steps
to facilitate a safe lab shutdown.
• Close fume hood sashes.
• Be certain that the caps are on all bottles of chemicals.
• Turn off all non-essential electrical devices. Leave refrigerators and freezers on
and make sure that the doors are closed. Check the disconnects of large LASERs,
radio frequency generators, NMRs, etc. It may be necessary to check to ensure
that essential equipment is plugged in to the power outlets supplied by the
emergency generator (usually orange or red).
4.2 Medical Emergency Procedures
Protect the victim from further injury or harm by removing any persistent threat
to the victim or by removing the victim to a safe place if needed. Do not,
however, move the victim unnecessarily, and do not delay in obtaining trained
medical assistance if it is safe to do so.
Notify First Responders of the location, nature, and extent of the injury by
calling Public Safety or 911 or by using a Blue Light security system or
Emergency Telephone. Always call from a safe location.
Provide first aid until help arrives if you have appropriate training and
equipment and if it is safe to do so.
Send someone outside to escort emergency responders to appropriate location,
if possible.
4.2.1 First Aid Kits
Although there are work areas throughout CUNY that could be considered
hazardous, there are no legal requirements to support first aid kits in work
spaces within the campus buildings, according to OSHA (29 CFR 1910.151) and
the ANSI Standard (Z308.1- 1998). Your El-ISO should be consulted before
placing first aid kits in your work area
If your £1150 gives you approval to have a first aid kit in your work space, then
there are some additional requirements to address. The kit must contain items
appropriate to mediate an injury that could happen in your work area. There
must also be a trained, responsible person in your work space, and their contact
information must be posted on the kit. The kit should be maintained and refilled
 22

after use. An Injury/Illness report should be completed when a first aid kit is
used because of an injury/illness in a CUNY laboratory.
The ANSI Standard lists the following minimum fill requirements for a first aid
kit:
1 - Absorbent compress, 4 x 8 in. minimum
5 yards adhesive tape
• 10- Antiseptic applications, 0.14 fi. oz. each
• 1 -triangular bandage, 40 x 40 x 56 in, minimum
• 16- adhesive bandages, 1 x 3 inch minimum
• 2- pairs of medical exam gloves
• 4-sterile pads, 3 x 3 in. minimum
• 6- burn treatment applications, 1/32 oz. each
Your EHSO can provide information on where to obtain the appropriate training
if you choose to keep a first aid kit in your work space.
4.3 Hazard
Hazards can be defined as an unsafe act that can bring about injury Such injuries
may be as a result of improper handling of glassware apparatus, reagents,
electrical appliances and any act of carelessness and failure to observe certain
elementary laboratory safety rules.

4.4 Fire

Fire is rapid and persistent chemical reaction accompanied with the emission of
light and heat. In other words, it is a vapour-phase reaction for which three
components (fuel, Oxygen and continues until the fuel concentration fall below
the minimum value.
Flame: This involves solid material usually of organic nature in which
combustion normally takes place with the formation of glowing embers. It is
usually the visible manifestation on of fire. The colour of flame depends upon
tire material undergoing reaction and the temperature.
4.4.1 The Fire Triangle
This is a useful concept to have in mind during the design of fire precaution in
the laboratory or other buildings. The role of fuel in obvious and the potential
fire hazards in the building is closely related to the fire loading (the amount of
combustible material present in a building) and the nature of the combustible
material has to be considered

4.4.2 Fire Hazards

 23

are elements or actions in the lab which bring about risks and or chance
associated with danger. Laboratory hazards if left uncontrolled could endanger
the life of the occupant or could lead to destruction of both life and property.

4.4.3 Classes of Fire

Fire is divided into four classes according to the type of combustible materials
involved.
a. Class A Fire: This involves solid such as wood, paper and most plastic. This
class was almost the only type that concerned people until quite recent. Water
is the most effective, the cheapest and the most easily applied extinguishing
agent for class A fire.
b. Class B Fire: These are fir of organic liquids such as gasoline, fuel oil, Benzene
and acetone. Such fires become important with advent of the petroleum
industries and other modern chemical processing industries. This fire can be
controlled by removing the air with a blanketing agent such as carbon (iv) oxide
or a water based foam. Water in form of high pressure fog is an
c. Class C Fire: This is any fire in which energized electrical equipment is
involved. Because of the havoc of the electric shock any extinguishing agent be
used that does not form electrically conductive parts, including high pressure
water fog. Aqueous foams are not suitable.

4.4.4 Fire Precaution

These are based on the need to:
a. Prevent the condition of fire from developing
b. Limit fire from spreading
c. Limit the potential size of fire if any occurs
ci. Provide adequate self-measure for personal evacuation.
5.4.6 Fire Fighting
This is based on:
a. Cutting off the supply of fuel
b. Cutting off the supply of oxygen
c. Cooling a fire to a temperature blow a flash point
4.4.7 Fire or Explosion Emergency Procedures
All fires must be reported to the Office of Public Safety, including those that
have been extinguished. Do not hesitate to activate the fire alarm if you
discover smoke or fire. In the case of a fire or explosion, follow the procedures
below.
• Alert people in the immediate area of the fire and evacuate the room,
 24

• Confine the fire by closing doors as you leave the room.

• Activate a fire alarm by pulling on an alarm box.
• Notify first responders of the location and size of the fire by calling Public
Safety or 9.11 or by using a Blue Light emergency box or Emergency Telephone.
Always call from a safe location.
 Evacuate the building using the Emergency Evacuation Procedure. Do not use
elevators to evacuate unless directed to do so by emergency responders.
 Notify emergency responders of the location, nature, and size of the fire once
you are outside.
Stop, drop to the ground or floor, and roll to smother flames.
Smother flames using a fire blanket.
Drench with water from a safety shower or other source.
Seek medical attention for all burns and injuries.
4.4.8 Fire Extinguishers
• All fire extinguishers must be inspected annually.
 Laboratory personnel should perform regular visual checks (at least on a
monthly basis) to ensure that fire extinguishers present in their labs are fully
charged. For those fire extinguishers with a dial, labs must ensure that the
indicator arrow on the dial is within the green zone, If the indicator arrow is on
either side of the green zone, which indicates a problem, contact your EHSO to
have the fire extinguisher replaced.
Any fire extinguisher that has been used at all, even if it was not fully discharged
must be reported to the EHSO so that a replacement fire extinguisher can be
provided in its place, you can obtain training in using a fire extinguisher from
your EHSO.

4.4.9 Power Outage Procedures

In the case of a power outage, follow the procedures below
 Assess the extent of the outage in the unit’s area.
 Report the outage to Public Safety.
• Assist other building occupants to move to safe locations. Loss of power to
fume hoods may require the evacuation of
laboratories and surrounding areas.
• Evaluate the unit’s work areas for hazards created by a power outage. Secure
hazardous materials. Take actions to preserve human and animal safety and
health. Take actions to preserve research.
 25

• Turn off and/or unplug non-essential electrical equipment, computer

equipment and appliances. Keep refrigerators and freezers closed throughout
the outage to help keep contents cold.
• If needed, open windows (in mild weather) for additional light and ventilation
unless it is problematic to do so, such as in a BSL2 lab.

4.5 chemical Spill Procedures

When a chemical spill occurs, it is necessary to take prompt and appropriate
action. The type of response will depend on the quantity of the chemical spilled
and the severity of the hazards associated with the chemical. The first action is
to alert others in your lab or work area that a spill has occurred. Then you must
determine if you can safely clean up the spill yourself.
4.5.1 Incidental Spills
Many chemical spills can be safely cleaned up by laboratory staff without the
help of the EHSO. Only individuals that are trained and equipped with the
proper spill clean-up materials and PPE should attempt to clean up incidental
spills.
PLEASE NOTE: The following advice is intended for spills that occur within a
campus building. A release to the outside environment may require the college
to file a report with the responsible government agency. The EHS office can
make this determination.
The following criteria must be met for a spill to be considered incidental:
Physical
• The spill is a small quantity of a known chemical.
• No gases or vapours require respiratory protection.
Equipment
• You have the materials and equipment needed to clean up the spill.
• You have the proper personal protective equipment (PPE) available.
Personal
• You understand the hazards posed by the spilled chemical.
• You know how to clean up the spill.
• You feel comfortable cleaning up the spill.
4.5.2 Incidental Spill Clean-up Procedures
1. Notify other people in the area that a spill has occurred. Prevent others from
coming in contact with the spill (i.e., walking
through the spilled chemical). The first priority is to always protect yourself and
other.
 26

2. Put on the proper personal protective equipment (PPE) such as goggles,

gloves, respiratory protection, etc. before beginning clean-up.
3. Stop the source of the spill if possible and if safe to do so.
4. Try to prevent spilled chemicals from entering waterways by building a dike
around access points (sink, cup sinks, and floor
drains inside storm drains outside) with absorbent material if you can safely do
so.
5. Use the appropriate absorbent material for liquid spills (detailed in the
following section).
4.5.4 Spill Absorbent Materials
PLEASE NOTE: The following materials are recommended spill absorbent
materials; however, they are not appropriate for every possible chemical spill.
When in doubt, contact your EHSO for advice.
For acid spills (except Hydrofluoric acid):
Sodium carbonate
 Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)
 Calcium carbonate
 Calcium bicarbonate
 Do not use absorbent clay for acid
For Hydrofluoric acid (HF) spills:
Use Calcium carbonate or Calcium bicarbonate to tightly bind the fluoride ion.
liquid base spills:
Use Citric Acid or similar weak acid to lower the pH sufficiently for drain
disposal.
For oil spills:
Use ground up corn cobs, vermiculite, or absorbent clay (kitty litter).
For most aqueous solutions:
Use ground corn cobs
For most organic liquid spills:
• Use ground corn cobs. For oxidizing liquids:
• Use absorbent clay, vermiculite, or some other nonreactive absorbent
material. Do not use paper towels. (Note: Most nitrate solutions will not oxidize
sufficiently for this requirement.]
For mercury spills:
• Do not dispose of mercury or mercury contaminated spill debris in the regular
trash or down the drain. Never pour laboratory chemicals down the drain.
• There are no absorbent materials available for mercury. Physical removal
processes are best for removing and collecting mercury.
 27

• Jf you need help collecting Mercury from a spill, contact your EHS Office.
(Note: While powdered sulfur will help reduce mercury vapours, the sulfur
greatly complicates the spill cleanup.]
4.5.5 Spill Kits
While commercial spill kits are available from a number of safety supply
vendors, laboratory personnel can assemble their own spill kits to clean up
chemicals specific to their laboratory. Whether commercially purchased or
made in-house, all laboratories must obtain a spill kit for their use. Colleges and
departments should give serious consideration to distributing basic spill kits to
all laboratories within their units.
A useful spill kit can be assembled using a 2.5 or 5 gallon bucket containing the
following absorbent materials. Stock only the absorbents appropriate for your
space. Each container of absorbent must be labelled as to what it contains and
what type of spills it can be used for.
Spill kit absorbent material:
1-5 lbs of ground-up corn cobs — for most aqueous and organic
liquid spills.
1-5 lbs of absorbent clay (kitty litter) - for oils or oxidizing
liquids.
1-5 lbs of Sodium bicarbonate - for liquid acid and base spills.
1-5 lbs of Calcium carbonate or Calcium bicarbonate - for HF
spills.
Equipment in the spill kit could include:
Wisk broom and dust pan (available at home improvement stores)
 Sponge
 PH paper
 1 gallon and 5 gallon bags - for collection of spill clean-up material
 Small and large self-sealing bags — for collection of spill clean-up material or
to enclose leaking bottles/containers.
 Safety goggles Thick and thin nitrile gloves Hazardous waste labels
The spill kit should be clearly labelled as “SPILL KIT” with a list of the contents
posted on or in the kit. This list should include information about restocking the
kit after use and where to obtain restocking materials.
Laboratory personnel must also be properly trained on:
 How to determine if they can or should clean up the spill, or if they should call
the EHS office, Public Safety, or outside assistance.
 Where the spill kit will be kept within the laboratory.
 What items are in the kit and where replacement items can be obtained?
 28

 How to use the items in the kit properly.

 How to clean up the different types of chemical spills.
 How to dispose of spill dean-up material.
For more information regarding assembling spill clean-up, contact your EHS
Office.
4.5.6 Major Spills
A major spill is any chemical spill for which the researcher determines the need
for outside assistance to clean up the spill safely. In the case of a major spill,
contact your EHS Office and Public Safety.
4.5.7 Major Spill Clean-up Procedures
When a spill occurs that you are not capable of handling:
 Alert people in the immediate area of the spill and evacuate the
 If an explosion hazard is present, do not unplug, or turn electrical equipment
on or off. Doing so can result in a spark or ignition source
 Confine the hazard by closing doors as you leave the room.
 Use eyewash or safety showers as needed to rinse spilled chemicals of people
or yourself
 Evacuate any nearby rooms that may be affected. If the hazard will affect the
entire building, evacuate the entire building by pulling the fire alarm.
 Notify your EHS Office and Public Safety. Always call safe location.
Be prepared to provide first responders information: with following
Where the spill occurred (building and room number).
If there are any injuries and if medical attention is needed.
The identity of the spilled material(s) - be prepared to spell out
the chemical names.
The approximate amount of material spilled.
How the spill occurred (if you know).
. Any immediate actions you took.
• Who first observed the spill and the approximate time it occurred.
• Where and when you will meet with emergency responders, either in person
or by the phone.
Once outside, notice emergency responders of the location, nature
and size of the spill. Isolate contaminated persons and protect
yourself and others from chemical exposure.
4.6 Emergency Eyewash and Showers
 29

All laboratories using hazardous chemicals, particularly corrosive chemicals,

must have access to an eyewash and/or an emergency shower as per the OSHA
standard 29 CFR 1910.151 — Medical
Services and First Aid. The ANSI Standard Z358.l-2004 -
Emergency Eyewash and Shower Equipment provides additional
guidance by stating that emergency eyewash and/or emergency
showers must be readily accessible, free of obstructions, and within
10 seconds from the hazard. The ANSI standard also outlines
specific requirements related to flow requirements, use of tempered water,
inspection and testing frequencies, and training of laboratory
personnel in the proper use of this important piece of emergency
equipment. Plumbed eyewash units and emergency showers should ideally have
a tempering valve in place to prevent temperature
extremes to the eyes or body. If you have questions about where
eyewashes and emergency showers should be located, or which models meet
ANSI standards, contact your EHSO.
PLEASE NOTE: Because of the flow requirements outlined in the ANSI standard,
hand held bottles do not qualify as approved eyewashes.
4.6.1 Testing and Inspection of Emergency Eyewash
and Showers
The ANSI Standard provides guidance that plumbed emergency eyewash and
safety showers should be activated weekly to verify proper operation and
inspected annually. Regular activation (weekly flushing) ensures that the units
are operating properly, helps to keep the units free of clutter, and helps prevent
the growth of bacteria within the plumbing lines, which can cause eye
infections. It is recommended to allow the water to run for at least 3 minutes.
Laboratories are strongly encouraged to post an “Eyewash Testing Sheet” near
the eyewash to keep track and document that weekly activation and annual
inspections are occurring. Check with your EHSO for the location of the
emergency shower test kit and for any additional instructions.
• Test the water flow for proper quantity, spray pattern, and water quality;
 Ensure that the unit is the proper height from the floor;
 Ensure that the unit is not obstructed;
Ensure that the unit has a tempering valve (If the unit does not have a
tempering valve, this will be identified as a recommended repair in the
inspection report);
Ensure that valves are working properly; Ensure that signs are posted; and
Ensure that the unit is free of corrosion.
 30

4.6.2 Installation of New Emergency Eyewash and Showers

Please contact the EHSO whenever a new emergency shower or eyewash has
been installed in your lab so the unit can be added to the EHS inventory and
included as part of the annual eyewash and emergency shower inspection
program. For more information, see the Laboratory Design and Construction
section in this manual or contact your EHS Office.
4.6.3 Using Emergency Eyewash and Showers
Always pre-plan Sour experiments and determine what you will do in case of an
emergency. Always identify the locations of the nearest emergency shower and
eyewash before working with hazardous chemicals.
In the event of an emergency (chemical spill or splash) where an eyewash or
emergency shower is needed, please adhere to the following procedures:
Eyewashes
1.If you get a chemical in your eyes, yell is in the lab.
2.Immediately go to the nearest eyewash handle all the way.
3.Put your eyes or other exposed area in the stream of water and begin
flushing.
4.Open your eyelids with your fingers and roll your eyeballs around to get
maximum irrigation of the eyes.
.
5. Keep flushing for at least 15 minutes or until help arrives. The importance of
flushing the eyes first for at least 15 minutes cannot be overstated! For
accidents involving Hydrofluoric acid, follow the special Hydrofluoric acid
precautions.
Emergency Showers
If you get chemical contamination on your skin resulting from an accident, yell
for help if someone else is in the lab.
Immediately go to the nearest emergency shower and pull the activation
handle.
Once under the stream of water, begin removing your clothing to wash offal!
chemicals.
Keep flushing for at least 15 minutes or until help arrives. The importance of
flushing for at least 15 minutes cannot be overstated! If you spill Hydrofluoric
acid on yourself, follow the special Hydrofluoric acid precautions.
If you are alone, call Public Safety or 911 after you have finished flushing for at
least 15 minutes.
Seek medical attention.
Complete an Injury/Illness Report.
 31

If someone else in the lab needs an emergency shower (and it is safe for you to
do so), assist them to the emergency shower, activate the shower for them, and
help them get started flushing using the procedures above and then call Public
Safety. After calling, go back to assist the person using the shower and continue
flushing for 15
minutes or until help arrives and have the person seek medical attention.
PLEASE NOTE: Although an emergency is no time for modesty, if a person is too
modest and reluctant to use the emergency shower, you can assist them by
using a lab coat or other piece of clothing or barrier to help ease their mind
while they undress under the shower. If you are assisting someone else, you
should wear gloves to avoid contaminating yourself. When using an emergency
shower, do not be concerned about the damage from flooding. The important
thing to remember is to keep flushing for 15 minutes. If there is a large quantity
of chemical spilled or washed off, please consult with your EHS Office to see if
the rinsate must be collected as hazardous waste.
4.7 Injury/Illness Reporting
All accidents and injuries, no matter how minor, must be reported to campus
officials through the college’s incident reporting system. The supervisor of an
injured employee, the department head, or a designated individual within the
department must complete all sections of this form within 24 hours after the
injury is first reported and submit to Public Safety.
4.8 Medical Consultations
When a chemical exposure occurs, medical consultations and medical
examinations will be made available to laboratory workers who work with
hazardous chemicals as required. All work related medical examinations and
consultations will be performed by or under the direct supervision of a licensed
physician and will be provided at no cost to the employee without loss of pay,
and at a reasonable time.
The opportunity to receive medical attention, including any follow up
examinations, will be provided to employees who work with hazardous
chemicals under the following circumstances:
 Whenever an employee develops signs or symptoms associated with a
hazardous chemical to which the employee may have
been exposed in the laboratory.
 Where airborne exposure monitoring reveals an exposure level routinely
above the action level (or in the absence of an action
level, the Permissible Exposure Limit) for an OSHA regulated substance for
which there are exposure monitoring and medical surveillance requirements.
 32

Action level means the airborne concentration of a specific chemical, identified

by OSHA, and
calculated as an 8-hour time weighted average (TWA).
 Whenever an event such as a spill, leak, explosion or other occurrence takes
place and results in the likelihood of a
hazardous exposure. In such an event, the employee shall be provided an
opportunity for a medical consultation. The consultation shall be for the
purpose of determining the need for
further medical examination.
More information on action levels and Permissible Exposure
Limits can be found on the OSHA Health and Safety topics page — Permissible
Exposure Limits.
.8.1 Information Provided to the Physician
The physician shall be provided with the following information:
The identity of the hazardous chemical(s) to which the
employee may have been exposed. Such information can be found in the
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for the
chemical(s);
• A description of the conditions under which the exposure occurred including
quantitative exposure data, if available; and
• A description of the signs and ‘symptoms of exposure that the employee is
experiencing, if any.
4.8.2 The Physician’s Written Opinion
The physicians written opinion for the consultation or examination shall include:
The results of the medical examination and any associated tests; Any medical
condition that may be revealed in the course of the examination, which may
place the employee at increased risk as a result of exposure;
A statement that the employee has been informed by the physician of the
results of the consultation or medical examination and any medical condition
that may require further examination or treatment; and
The written opinion shall not reveal specific diagnoses unrelated to the
occupational exposure.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Safe Chemical Use
Safe chemical use includes minimizing exposure to chemicals, proper training,
understanding chemical hazards, proper labelling, proper storage and
segregation, proper transport and proper disposal.
5.1 Minimize Exposure to Chemicals
 33

The best way laboratory personnel can protect themselves from chemical
hazards is to minimize their exposure to them, In order to minimize chemical
exposure:
. Substitute less hazardous chemicals in your experiments whenever possible.
. Always use the smallest possible quantity of chemical for all experiments.
Consider micro scale experiments and activities.
. Minimize chemical exposures to all potential routes of entry - inhalation,
ingestion, skin and eye absorption, and injection through proper use of
engineering controls and personal protective equipment.
. Be sure to select the proper PPE and regularly inspect it for contamination,
leaks, cracks, and holes, Pay particular attention
to gloves.
. Do not pipette or apply suction by mouth.
. Do not smell or taste chemicals. When it is necessary to identify a chemical’s
odour, lab personnel should hold the chemical container away from their face
and gently waft their hand over the container without inhaling large quantities
of chemical vapour.

• Do nor underestimate the risk of exposure to chemicals, even for substances

of no known significant hazard.
 In order to identi1’ potential hazards, laboratory personnel should plan out
their experiments in advance. These plans should include the specific measures
that will be taken to minimize exposure to all chemicals, the proper positioning
of equipment, and the organization of dry runs.
 Chemicals that are particularly hazardous substances require
prior approval from your supervisor and special precautions
must be taken.
 When working with mixtures of chemicals, laboratory
personnel should assume the mixture to be more toxic than the
most toxic component in the mixture.
 Consider all substances of unknown toxicity to be toxic until
proven otherwise.

5.2 Understanding Chemical Hazards

Chemicals pose both health and physical hazards. For the purposes of this
document, health hazard will be used interchangeably with chemical hazard and
 34

health effects on the body will be used interchangeably with chemical effects on
the body.
According to OSHA, health hazard means “a chemical for which there is
statistically significant evidence based on at least one study conducted in
accordance with established scientific principles that acute or chronic health
effects may occur in exposed employees. The term health hazard” includes
chemicals which are carcinogens, toxic or highly toxic agents, reproductive
toxins, irritants, corrosives, sensitizers, hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins,
neurotoxins, agents which act on the hematopoietic system and agents which
damage the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes.”
According to OSHA, physical hazard means “a chemical for which there is
scientifically valid evidence that it is a combustible liquid, a compressed gas,
explosive, flammable, an organic peroxide, an oxidizer, pyrophoric , unstable
(reactive) or water-reactive.” Physical hazards are covered in other sections
within this manual.
5.2.1 Chemical Hazard Information
As part of the employers Chemical Hygiene Plan, the Laboratory Standard
requires that “the employer shall provide employees with information and
training to ensure that they arc apprised of the hazards of chemicals present in
their work area...Such information shall be provided at the time of an
employee’s initial assignment to a work area where hazardous chemicals are
present and prior to assignments involving new exposure situations.”
It is the responsibility of the P.I. and laboratory supervisor to ensure that staff
and students under their supervision are provided with adequate training and
information specific to the hazards found within their laboratories.
In addition to required health and safety training as per the OSHA Lab Standard,
othçr sources of information on chemical and physical hazards include:
 This Laboratory Safety Manual
 Known reference materials
 Training videos
 Other department’s safety manuals
 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)
 Websites
 EHS Training Programs
 Container labels.
 Laboratory Standard Operating Procedures
 Laboratory signage and postings
 Publications such as the American Chemical Society’s Safety in
 35

Academic Chemistry Laboratories.

5.3 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) are an important part of any laboratory
safety program in communicating information to chemical users. MSDSS provide
useful information such as:
• The identity of the chemical substance.
• Physical and chemical characteristics.
• Physical and health hazards.
• Primary routes of entry.
• OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs). Carcinogenic and reproductive
health status. Precautions for safe handling and use (including PPE).
• Spill response procedures.
• Emergency and first aid questions
• Date the MSDS was prepared.
Any chemical shipment received should be accompanied by an MSDS (unless
one has been shipped with a previous order). If you
do not receive an MSDS with your shipment, check the chemical
manufacturers website first (or call the manufacturer directly) or
contact your El-ISO to request assistance in obtaining the MSDS,
If you have questions on how to read an MSDS, or questions about the
terminology or data used in MSDSs, contact your EHSO for more information.
Additional information, including how to read an MSDS, can be found in the
MSDS FAQ and a glossary of terms used on MSDSs can be found in the
“Hyperglossary.” Information on the National Fire Protection Association - NFPA
diamond and the Hazardous Materials Information Guide and Hazardous
Materials Information System — HMIG and HMIS - is also available.
It is the responsibility of P.I.s and laboratory supervisors to ensure that staff and
students working in laboratories under their supervision have obtained required
health and safety training and have access to MSDSs (and other sources of
information) for all hazardous chemicals used in laboratories under their
supervision.

5.3.1 MSDSs and Newly Synthesized Chemicals

P.I.s will be responsible for ensuring that newly synthesized chemicals are used
exclusively within their laboratories and are properly labelled. If the hazards of a
chemical synthesized in the laboratory are unknown, then the chemical must be
assumed to be hazardous and the label should indicate that the potential
hazards of that substance have not been tested and are unknown.
 36

The P.1. may need to prepare a MSDS for newly synthesized chemicals. Please
consult with your EHSO if you need assistance.
5.4 Routes of Chemical Entry
The potential health effect that may result from exposure to chemicals depends
on a number of factors. These factors include the properties of the specific
chemical (including toxicity), the dose and concentration of the chemical, the
route of exposure, the duration of exposure, individual susceptibility, and any
other effects resulting from mixtures with other chemicals.
In order to understand how chemical hazards can affect you, it is important to
first understand how chemicals can get into your body and cause damage. The
four main routes of entry are inhalation, ingestion, injection, and absorption
through the skin and eyes.
5.4.1 Inhalation
Inhalation of chemicals occurs by absorption of chemicals via the respiratory
tract. Once chemicals have entered into the respiratory tract, the chemicals can
then he absorbed into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body.
Chemicals can be inhaled in the form of vapors, fumes, mists, aerosols and fine
dust
Symptoms of exposure to chemicals through inhalation include eye, nose, and
throat irritation, coughing, difficulty breathing, headache, dizziness, cohesion,
and collapse. If any of these symptoms are noted, leave the area immediately
and get fresh air. Seek medical attention if symptoms persist and complete an
Injury/Illness Report.
Laboratory workers can protect themselves from chemical exposure via
inhalation through proper use of a functioning fume hood, use of dust masks
and respirators when a fume hood is not available, avoiding bench top use of
hazardous chemicals, ensuring that chemical containers are kept tightly capped,
and ensuring that all chemical spills are promptly cleaned up

5.4.2 Ingestion
Chemical exposure through ingestion occurs by absorption of chemicals through
the digestive tract. Ingestion of chemicals can occur directly and indirectly.
Direct ingestion can occur by accidently eating or drinking a chemical; with
proper housekeeping and labelling, this is less likely to occur. Chemical exposure
can also occur by way of indirect ingestion. This can occur when food or drink is
brought into a chemical laboratory. The food or drink can then absorb chemical
contaminants (vapors or dusts) in the air and result in chemical exposure when
 37

the food or drink is consumed. This can also occur when food or drink is stored
with chemicals, such as in a refrigerator. Ingestion can occur when a laboratory
worker who handles chemicals fails to wear gloves or practice good personal
hygiene, such as frequent hand washing, and then leaves the laboratory to eat,
drink, or smoke. In these cases, a chemical exposure can result, although the
effects of chronic exposure may not manifest themselves until years later.
Symptoms of chemical exposure through ingestion include metallic or other
strange tastes in the mouth, stomach discomfort, vomiting, problems
swallowing, and a general ill feeling. If you think you may have accidentally
ingested a chemical, seek medical attention immediately by alerting Public
Safety and/or calling the Poison Control Center at 1(800) 222-1222. After
receiving medical attention, complete an Injury/Illness Report.
The best protection against ingestion of chemicals is to label all chemical
containers properly, never consume food or drink or chew gum in laboratories,
always wear PPE (such as gloves), and practice good personal hygiene, such as
frequent hand washing.
5.4.3 Injection
Chemical exposure injection handling chemically contaminated items such as
broken glass, plastic, pipettes, needles, razor blades, or other items capable of
causing punctures, cuts, or abrasions to the skin. When this occurs, chemicals
can be injected directly into the bloodstream and cause damage to tissue and
organs. Symptoms from chemical exposure may occur immediately from direct
injection into the bloodstream.
Laboratory workers can protect themselves from an injection hazard by wearing
proper PPE such as safety glasses/goggles, face shields, and gloves. Inspect all
glassware for chips and cracks before use, and immediately discard any
glassware or plastic ware that is damaged. To help protect co-workers, all
broken glass should be disposed of in a puncture resistant container labelled as
“Broken Glass.” This can be a commercially purchased “broken glass” container
or simply a cardboard box or other puncture resistant container labelled as
“Broken Glass.”
If you do receive a cut or injection from a chemically contaminated item, take
the following steps:
I . Gently try to remove the object;
2. Immediately rinse under water to flush the wound and remove
any chemical contamination;
3. Administer first aid;
4. Seek medical attention if necessary; and
 38

5. Complete an Injury/Illness Report.

5.4.4 Eye and Skin Absorption
Some chemicals can be absorbed by the eyes and skin, resulting in a chemical
exposure. Most situations of this type of exposure result from a chemical spill or
splash to unprotected eyes or skin. Once absorbed by these organs, the
chemical can quickly find its way into the bloodstream and cause damage
beyond immediate effects that can occur to the eyes and the skin.
Symptoms of eye exposure can include itchy or burning sensations, blurred
vision, discomfort, and blindness. The best way to protect yourself from
chemical splashes to the eyes is to always wear safety glasses in the laboratory
whenever eye hazards exist (chemicals, glassware, LASERs, etc.). If you are
pouring chemicals, then splash goggles are more appropriate than safety
glasses. Whenever a severe splash hazard may exist, the use of a face shield, in
combination with splash goggles is the best choice for eye protection. A face
shield by itself does not provide adequate eye protection.
If you do get chemicals in your eyes, immediately go to an eyewash station and
flush your eyes for at least 15 minutes. The importance of flushing for at least
15 minutes cannot be overstated! Once the eyewash has been activated, use
your fingers to hold your eyelids open and roll your eyeballs in the stream of
water so the entire eye can be flushed. After flushing for at least 15 minutes,
seek medical attention immediately and complete an Injury/Illness Report.
5.7 Toxicity
Toxicity refers to the ability of a the body. There are a number effects of
chemicals on the body to:
 The quantity and concentration of the chemical.
 The length of time and the frequency of the exposure.
 The route of the exposure.
 If mixtures of chemicals are involved.
 The sex, age, and lifestyle of the person being exposed to the chemical.
5.7.1 Toxic Effects
.
Toxic effects are generally classified as acute toxicity or chronic toxicity.
Acute toxicity is generally thought of as a single, short-term exposure where
effects appear immediately and are often reversible. An example of acute
toxicity is the over-consumption of alcohol and “hangovers.”
Chronic toxicity is generally thought of as frequent exposures where effects may
be delayed (even for years) and are generally irreversible. Chronic toxicity can
 39

also result in acute exposures, with long term chronic effects. An example of
chronic toxicity is
cigarette smoking and lung cancer.
5.7.2 Evaluating Toxicity Data
MSDSs and other chemical resources generally refer to the toxicity of a chemical
numerically using the term Lethal Dose 50 (LD5O). The LD5O describes the
amount of chemical ingested or absorbed by the skin in test animals that causes
death in 50% of test animals used during a toxicity test study. Another common
term is Lethal Concentration 50 (LC5O), which describes the amount of chemical
inhaled by test animals that causes death in 50% of test animals used during a
toxicity test study. The L1350 and LC5O values are then used to infer what does
is required to show a toxic effect on humans.
As a general rule of thumb, the lower the LD5O or LC5O number, the more toxic
the chemical. Note there are other factors (e.g., concentration of the chemical
and frequency of exposure) that contribute to the toxicity of a chemical,
including other hazards the chemical may possess.

In addition to having a toxic effect on the body, some chemicals can be

carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and acutely toxic. These specific chemical
hazards are addressed in more detail under the Particularly Hazardous
Substances section in this manual.
5.8 Chemical Labelling
All chemical containers must be labelled properly in order to satisfy OSHA and
EPA federal regulations. Proper labelling of chemicals is one way of informing
people who work in or enter laboratories of potential hazards that exist,
preventing the generation of unknowns, allowing for the correct disposal of
wastes, and facilitating emergency responses such as cleaning up spills and
obtaining the proper medical treatment.
Most new chemical containers have the proper labelling information
on the chemical label. The Laboratory Standard requires that labels
 40

on all incoming containers be maintained and not defaced. As part of laboratory

good housekeeping and self-inspections, if any chemical labels appear to be
falling off, then laboratory personnel should tape the label back on the
container or reliable entirely. All personnel working in the laboratory must be
fully trained on how to label chemicals.
5.8. 1 Labelling Non-Original Containers for Content
Whenever possible, the full chemical name must be written on a label. If this is
not possible, then abbreviations are acceptable. A frill list of chemical
abbreviations must be posted in the laboratory in a readily visible location.
However, if you use any abbreviations, you must hang up a “key” to the
abbreviations in a visible location (preferably close to the chemicals and/or by
the door). The “key” must contain the abbreviation and the name of the
chemical. In addition, the P.I. must have a copy of the “key” in his/her office.

5.8.2 Labelling Non-Original Containers for Hazards

Non-original containers (secondary use containers) such as wash bottles, squirt
bottles, temporary storage containers, beakers, flasks, bottles and vials, or any
container that a chemical from an original container is transferred into must be
properly labelled with the hazard characteristics (ignitibility, corrosivity,
reactivity, and toxicity) of that chemical in order to satisfy federal and state
regulations (6 NYCRR §372.2 (a) (2); 40 CFR §262.11). If the material:
I. Is flammable (flash point under 14 1°F),
2. Is an oxidizer,
3. Reacts with water or air,
4. Spontaneously combusts or polymerizes,
5. Has a pH less than 2 or greater than 12,
6. Is explosive, or
7. Contains heavy metals, then the container label must indicate that specific
hazard. Any organic solvent must also be listed.

Use the “Waste Determination/Labelling Guide” found in Appendix N to ensure

a container is properly labelled for hazards. Hazard warning labels are essential
for making proper waste determinations. Contact your EHSO if you require
further assistance.
For small containers, such as vials and Eppendorf tubes, laboratory personnel
can group them by class into a larger vessel and simply label the outside of the
vessel once listing all hazards present. While this type of system is available for
laboratory personnel to use, using such a system for hazardous chemicals is not
 41

recommended. Such a system would be more appropriate for non-hazardous

compounds such as agar and buffer solutions. Examples of similar systems can
be found below:
5.9 Chemical Storage
. Degraded containers contaminated, which experiments.
that allow chemicals can have an adverse
to become effect on
Chemical storage areas in the academic laboratory setting include central
stockrooms, storerooms, laboratory work areas, storage cabinets, refrigerators,
and freezers. There are established legal requirements as well as recommended
practices for proper storage of chemicals. Proper storage of chemicals promotes
safer and healthier working conditions, extends the usefulness of chemicals, and
can help prevent contamination. Chemicals that are stored improperly can
result in:
. Degraded containers that can release hazardous vapors that are detrimental to
the health of laboratory personnel.
. Degraded containers that can release vapors, which in turn can affect the
integrity of nearby containers.
. Degraded labels that can result in the generation of unknowns.
I Chemicals becoming unstable and/or potentially explosive.
. Citation and/or fines from federal, state, and local regulatory agencies.
5.9 . 1 General Storage Guidelines
It is recommended that laboratories adhere to the following guidelines
regarding the safe storage of chemicals, By implementing these guidelines,
laboratories can ensure safer storage of chemicals and enhance the general
housekeeping and organization of the lab. Proper storage of chemicals also
helps utilize laboratory space in a more efficient manner.
. All chemical containers must be labelled. Labels should include any hazards
present and, if possible, the Ml name of the chemical constituent(s). Be sure to
check chemical containers regularly and replace any labels that are
deteriorating or falling off and/or relabel with another label before the chemical
becomes an unknown.
. Keep all containers of chemicals closed when not in use.
. Every chemical should have an identifiable storage place and should be
returned to that location after use.
. The storage of chemicals on bench tops should be kept to a minimum to help
prevent clutter and spills and to allow for
adequate working space.
 42

CHAPTER SIX
6.0 hemica1 Hazards
Chemicals can be broken down into hazard classes and exhibit both physical and
health hazards. It is important to keep in mind, that chemicals can exhibit more
than one hazard or combinations of hazards. Several factors can influence how a
chemical will behave, the hazards the chemical presents, and the severity of the
response including:
Concentration of the chemical;
Physical state of the chemical (solid, liquid, gas);
Physical processes involved in using the chemical (cutting, grinding, heating,
cooling, etc.);
Chemical processes involved in using the chemical (mixing with other chemicals,
purification, distillation, etc.); and
Other processes (improper storage, addition of moisture, storage in sunlight,
refrigeration, etc.).
The following sections describe general information and safety precautions
about specific hazard classes. The chemical hazards listed are based on the
Department of Transportation (DOT) hazard class system. A general description
of the hazards of various chemical functional groups can be found in the
appendix.
It is important to note that the following sections are general guidelines.
Laboratory personnel should always review MSDSs and other resources before
working with any chemical.
6.1 Explosives
The OSHA Laboratory Standard defines an explosive as a chemical that causes a
sudden, almost instantaneous release of pressure, gas, and heat when
subjected to sudden shock, pressure, or high hood
and
and other away from
(DOT)
temperature. Under the Department of Transportation hazard class system,
explosives are listed as Hazard Class 1.
Fortunately, most laboratories do not use many explosives; however, there are
a number of chemicals that can become unstable and/or potentially explosive
over time through exposure to air, water, other materials such as metals, or
when the chemical dries out.
 43

If you ever come across any chemical that you suspect could be potentially
shock sensitive and/or explosive, do not attempt to move the container. These
compounds may be shock, heat, and friction sensitive. Instead, contact your El-
IS Office immediately!
Explosives can result in damage to surrounding materials, generation of toxic
gases, and fires. If you plan to conduct an experiment where the potential for an
explosion exists, first ask yourself the question: “I there another chemical that
could be substituted in the experiment that does not have an explosion
potential?” If you must use a chemical that is potentially explosive, or for those
compounds that you know are explosive, (even low powered explosives) you
must first obtain prior approval from the P.I. to use such chemicals. After
obtaining prior approval from your P.I. thoroughly read the MSDSs and any
other chemical resources related to the potentially explosive compound(s) to
minimize hazards.
Whenever setting up experiments using potentially explosive compounds:
Always use the smallest quantity of the chemical possible. Always conduct the
experiment within a fume properly rated safety shield.
Be sure to remove any unnecessary equipment chemicals (particu1arl highly
toxic and flammable) the immediate work area.
Be sure to not other people in the laboratory what experiment is being
conducted, what the potential hazards are, and when the experiment will be
run.
• Do not use metal or wooden devices when stirring, cutting, or scraping with
potentially explosive compounds. Non-sparking plastic devices should be used
instead.
• Ensure that other safety devices such as high temperature controls and water
overflow devices are used to help minimize any potential incidents.
• Dispose of any hazardous waste properly and note on the hazardous waste tag
any special precautions that may need to be taken if the chemical is potentially
explosive.
• Always wear appropriate PPE, including the correct gloves, lab coat or apron,
safety goggles used in conjunction with a face shield, and explosion-proof
shields when working with potentially explosive chemicals.
6.2.1 Flammable Storage in Refrigerators/Freezers

Flammable liquids must be stored only in specially designed flammable storage

refrigerators/freezers or explosion-proof refrigerators/freezers, as per NFPA 45
 44

and article 501 in NFPA 70. Do not store flammable liquids in standard (non-
flammable rated) refrigerators/freezers. Standard refrigerators are not
electrically designed to store flammable liquids. If flammable liquids are stored
in a standard refrigerator, the build-up of flammable vapors can ignite when the
refrigerator’s compressor or light turns on, resulting in a fire or an explosion.

Properly rated flammable liquid storage refrigerators/freezers have protected

internal electrical components and are designed for the storage of flammable
liquids. Explosion-proof refrigerators/freezers have both the internal and
external electrical components properly protected and are designed for the
storage of flammable liquids. Refrigerators and freezers rated for the storage of
flammable materials will be clearly identified as such by the manufacturer. For
additional information, please refer to ANSI/UL 1203-1994 entitled , “Explosion-
Proof and Dust-Ignition-Proof Electrical Equipment for Use in Hazardous
(Classified) Locations.”

For most laboratory applications, a flammable storage

refrigerator/freezer is acceptable. However, some operations may

require an explosion-proof refrigerator/freezer. If a laboratory

cannot purchase a flammable storage refrigerator for the laboratory’s

own use, departments and laboratory groups on each floor are strongly
encouraged to consider purchasing a communal flammable storage refrigerator
for the proper and safe storage of flammable liquids.

6.2.2 Flammable Storage Cabinets

The requirements for use of flammable storage cabinets are

determined by the classification of the flammable liquids, the quantities kept on

hand, the building construction (fire wall ratings), and the floor of the building
the flammables are being stored on. As a general rule of thumb, if you have
more than 10 gallons of flammable liquids, including materials in use, then you
should store the flammable liquids in a properly rated flammable liquid storage
cabinet. All flammable liquids not in use should be kept in the flammable liquid
 45

storage cabinet. For stand-alone flammable cabinets (as opposed to cabinets

underneath fume hoods), there are vent holes on each side of the cabinet
(called bung holes) that must have the metal bungs screwed into place for the
cabinet to maintain its fire rating. Venting of flammable cabinets is NOT
required, however, if a flammable cabinet is vented, it must be vented properly
according to the manufacturer’s specifications and NFPA 30. Typically, proper
flammable cabinet ventilation requires that air be supplied to the cabinet and
the air be taken away via non- combustible pipes. If you are planning on venting
your flammable storage cabinet, please contact your EHSO for more
information.

6.3 Flammable Solids

The Laboratory Standard defines a flammable solid as a —solid, other than a

blasting agent or explosive, that is liable to cause fire through friction,
absorption of moisture, spontaneous chemical change, or retained heat from
manufacturing or processing, or which can be ignited readily and when ignited,
burn so vigorously and persistently to create a serious hazard. An example of a
flammable solid is gun powder.

Under the DOT Hazard Class System, flammable solids are listed as Hazard Class
4. Flammable solids are further broken down into three subcategories:

 Flammable Solids — Class 4.1

 Spontaneously Combustible — Class 4.2
 Dangerous When Wet — Class 4.3

Many of the same principles for handling and storage of flammable liquids apply
to flammable solids. Always keep flammable solids stored away from oxidizers,
and away from heat or ignition sources such as radiators, electric power panels,
and open flames.

6.4 Spontaneously Combustible

Spontaneously combustible materials are also known pyrophorics; these

chemicals can spontaneously ignite in presence of air, some are reactive with
water vapour, and most are reactive with oxygen. Two common examples are
 46

tert-Butyl lithium under Hexanes and White Phosphorus. In addition to the

hazard of the spontaneously combustible chemical itself, many of these
chemicals are also stored under flammable liquids. In the event of an accident,
such as a bottle being knocked of a shelf, the chemical can spontaneously ignite
and a fire can occur. Extra care must b taken when handling spontaneously
combustible chemicals. When transporting these chemicals, it is best to use a
bottle carrier and carts.

6.5 Dangerous When Wet

“Dangerous when wet” compounds react violently with water to form toxic
vapours and/or flammable gases that can ignite and cause a fire, Please note
that attempting to put out a fire involving dangerous when wet materials with
water will only make the situation worse. Special —Class D fire extinguishers are
required for use with dangerous when wet compounds. Common examples
include sodium metal and potassium metal.

It is important to note that any paper to welling, gloves, or other material that
comes into contact with these materials should be quenched with water before
being disposed in metal trash cans in order to prevent potential fires.

If you are using —dangerous when wet compounds and do not have a Class D
fire extinguisher, please contact your EHSO for more assistance.

6.6 Oxidizers and Organ Peroxides

The OSHA Laboratory Standard defines an oxidizer as “a chemical other than a

blasting agent or explosive that initiates or promotes combustion in other
materials, thereby causing fire either of itself or through the release of oxygen
or other gases.” Under the DOT Hazard Class system, oxidizers are listed as
Hazard Class 5 .1 and organic peroxides are listed as Hazard Class 5.2.

The Laboratory Standard defines an organic peroxide as “an organic compound

that contains the bivalent -0-0- structure and which may be considered to be a
structural derivative of hydrogen peroxide where one or both of the hydrogen
atoms have been replaced by an organic radical.”
 47

Oxidizers and organic peroxides are a concern for laboratory safety because of
their ability to promote and enhance the potential for fires in labs.

As a reminder of the fire triangle (now referred to as the fire tetrahedron), in

order to have a fire, you need:

 A fuel source
 An oxygen source.
 An ignition source
 A chemical reaction

Oxidizers can supply the oxygen needed for the fire, whereas organic peroxides
supply both the oxygen and the fuel source. Both oxidizers and organic
peroxides may become shock sensitive when they dry out, are stored in
sunlight, are contaminated with other materials, particularly heavy metals. Most
organic peroxides are also temperature sensitive.

As with any chemicals, but particularly with oxidizers and organic peroxides,
quantities stored on hand should be kept to a minimum. Whenever planning an
experiment, be sure to read the MSDS and other reference documents to
understand the hazards and special handling precautions that may be required,
including use of a safety shield. Also be aware of the melting and auto-ignition
temperatures for these compounds and ensure that any device used to heat
oxidizers has a temperature safety switch to prevent the compounds from
overheating.

Indicate on the hazardous waste tag that the chemical is an oxidizer or organic
peroxide and that you suspect contamination.

6.7 Peroxide Forming Compounds

Many commonly used chemicals—organic solvents in particular— can form

shock, heat, or friction Sensitive peroxides upon exposure to oxygen. Once
peroxides have formed, an explosion can result during routine handling, such as
twisting the cap off a bottle — if peroxides are formed in the threads of the cap.
Explosions are more likely when concentrating, evaporating, distilling these
compounds if they Contain peroxides.
 48

When these compounds are improperly handled and stored, a serious fire and
explosion hazard exists. The following guidelines should be adhered to when
using peroxide forming chemicals:

Each peroxide forming chemical container MUST be dated when received and
opened. A list of common peroxide forming chemicals can be found in Appendix
J. Those compounds in the appendix listed in Table A should be disposed of
within 3 months of opening and those compounds in the appendix listed in
Tables B, C, and D should be disposed of within 12 months of opening.

2. Each peroxide forming chemical container must be tested for peroxides when
opened and periodically thereafter (see Appendix J for testing time schedule).
The results of the peroxide test and the test date must be marked on the
outside of the container.

3. Peroxide test strips can be purchased from a variety of safety supply vendors.
An alternative to peroxide test strips is the KI (potassium iodide) test.
References such as Prudent Practices in the Laboratory and the American
Chemical Society booklet Safety in Academic Chemistry Laboratories outline
ways to test for peroxides and ways to remove them if discovered. When using
the test strips, if the strip turns blue, then peroxides are present. Light blue test
results may be acceptable for use if your procedure does not call for
concentrating, evaporating or distilling. Containers with darker blue test results
must be deactivated or disposed of. You can test older test strips for efficacy
with a dilute solution of hydrogen peroxide.

4. Because of sunlight’s ability to promote formation of peroxides, all

peroxidizabe compounds should be stored away from heat and sunlight.

5. Peroxide forming chemicals should not be refrigerated at or below the

temperature at which the peroxide forming compound freezes or precipitates as
these forms of peroxides are especially sensitive to shock and heat.
Refrigeration does not prevent peroxide formation.

6. As with any hazardous chemical, but particularly with peroxide forming

chemicals, the amount of chemical purchased and stored should be kept to an
 49

absolute minimum. Only order the amount of chemical needed for the
immediate experiment.

Please Note: Compounds that are suspected of having very high peroxide levels
because of age, unusual viscosity discoloration, or crystal formation should be
considered extremely dangerous. If you discover a container that meets this
description, DO NOT attempt to open or move the container. Notify other
people in the lab about the potential explosion hazard and your El-IS Office
immediately.

6.8 Poisons

For the purpose of this manual the word “Poison” will be used interchangeably
with the word “Toxic.” OSI-JA defines “Toxic” as a chemical falling within any of
the following categories:

a. A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD5O) of more than 50 milligrams
per kilogram, but not more than 500 milligrams per kilogram of body weight
when administered orally to albino rats weighing between 200 and 300 grams
each.

b. A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD5O) of more than 200 milligrams
per kilogram, but not more than 1000 milligrams per kilogram of body weight
when administered by continuous contact for 24 hours (or less if death occurs
within 24 hours) with the bare skin of albino rabbits weighing between two and
three kilograms each.

c. A chemical that has a median lethal concentration (LC5O) in air of more than
200parts per million, but not more than 2000 parts per million by volume of gas
or vapour, or more than two milligrams per litre but not more than 20
milligrams per litre of mist, flame, dust, when administered by continuous
inhalation for one hour (or less if death occurs within one hour) to albino rats
weighing between 200 and 300 grams each.

OSHA draws a distinction between toxic chemicals and acutely toxic chemicals.
For more information on acutely toxic chemicals, see Particularly Hazardous
 50

Substances. OSHA also provides definitions for other health hazards on their
website. Under the DOT Hazard Class system, poisons are listed as Class 6.

As a general rule of thumb, all chemicals should be treated as poisons and

proper procedures such as maintaining good housekeeping, use of proper PPE,
good personal hygiene, etc., should be followed. When working with known
poisons, it is very important to have thought an experiment through, addressing
health and safety issues before working with the poison. Material Safety Data
Sheets (MSDSs) and other chemical references should be consulted before
beginning the experiment. Some questions to ask before working with
poisonous chemicals:

• Must the poisonous chemical be used or can a less toxic chemical be

substituted?

• What are the routes of entry into the body for the poison (inhalation,
ingestion, injection, or skin absorption)?

• What are the signs and symptoms of potential chemical exposure?

• What are the proper PPE required (type of glove, safety glasses vs. splash
goggles, face shield, etc.)?

. Does the chemical require any special antidote?

. What are the emergency procedures to be followed?

When working with highly toxic chemicals, you should not work alone. Always
wear proper PPE and always wash your hands with soap and water when
finished, even if gloves were worn. Be aware that poisonous mixtures, vapours,
and gases can be formed during an experiment. Be sure to research both the
reactants and products of the chemicals you will be working with first.
Additional information can be found in the Exposure Monitoring section and
Routes of chemical Entry section.

If you think you may have received an exposure to a poisonous substance, seek
medical attention immediately by alerting Public Safety and/or calling the
 51

Poison Control Centre at 1(800) 222-1222, If possible, bring a copy of the MSDS
with you. After receiving medical attention, complete an Injury/Illness Report.

6.9 Corrosives

OSHA defines a corrosive as “a chemical that causes visible destruction of, or

irreversible alterations in living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact,”
Under the DOT Hazard Class system, corrosives are listed as Class 8

Corrosive chemicals can be further subdivided as acids and bases. Corrosives

can be in a liquid, solid, or gaseous state. Corrosive chemicals can have a severe
effect on eyes, skin, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract if an exposure
occurs. Corrosive solids and their dusts can react with moisture on the skin or in
the respiratory tract and result in exposure.

Whenever working with concentrated corrosive solutions, splash goggles should

be worn instead of safety glasses. Splash goggles used in conjunction with a face
shield provides better protection. Please note that a face shield alone does not
provide adequate protection. Use of rubber gloves such as butyl rubber and a
rubber apron may also be required.

Corrosive chemicals should be handled in a fume hood to avoid breathing

corrosive vapours and gases.

When mixing concentrated acids with water, always add acid slowly to the
water (specifically add the more concentrated acid to the dilute acid). Never
add water to acid, this can result in a boiling effect and cause acid to splatter. Do
not pour the acid directly into the water; it should be poured in a manner that
allows it to run down the sides of the container. Never store corrosive chemicals
above eye level and always use a protective bottle carrier when transporting
corrosive chemicals.

Some chemicals can react with acids and liberate toxic and/or flammable
vapours. When working with corrosive materials, ensure that the proper
amount of spill clean-up material is available for neutralization, such as Calcium
carbonate for acids and Citric acid for bases. Contact your EHS Office for
assistance.
 52

Wherever acids and bases are used, an eyewash and emergency shower must
be available, If any corrosive chemical gets splashed in the eyes, immediately go
to an eyewash station and flush your eyes for at least 15 minutes. The
importance of flushing for at least 15 minutes cannot be overstated! Once the
eyewash has been activated, use your fingers to hold your eyelids open and roll
your eyeballs in the stream of water so the entire eye can be flushed. After
flushing for at least 15 minutes, seek medical attention immediately and
complete an Injury/Illness Report.

For small splashes of corrosives to the skin, remove any contaminated gloves,
lab coats, or other clothing and wash the affected area with soap and water for
at least 15 minutes. Seek medical attention afterward, especially if symptoms
persist.

For large splashes of corrosives to the body, it is important to get to

an emergency shower and start flushing for at least 15 minutes.

Once under the shower, and after the shower has been activated, it

j5 important to remove any contaminated clothing. Failure to

remove contaminated clothing can result in the chemical being held

against the skin and causing further chemical exposure and damage. After
flushing for a minimum of 15 minutes, seek medical attention immediately and
complete an Injury/Illness Report.

PLEASE NOTE: Some chemicals, such as Hydrofluoric acid, requires the use of a
special antidote (such as Calcium gluconate gel) and special emergency
procedures. Read the MSDSs for any chemical (s) you work with to determine if
a special antidote is needed if a chemical exposure occurs

6.9.1 Hydrofluoric Acid

Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) is one of the most hazardous chemicals used on CUNY
campuses. Small exposures to HF can be fatal if not treated properly. The critical
 53

minutes immediately after an exposure can have a great effect on the chances
of a victim’s survival.

HF is a gas that is dissolved in water to form Hydrofluoric acid. The

concentration can vary from very low such as in store bought products up to the
most concentrated 70% form (anhydrous), with the most common lab use
around 48%. The liquid is colourless, non-flammable and has a pungent odour.
The OSHA permissible exposure limit is 3 ppm, but concentrations should be
kept as low as possible. HF is actually a weak acid by definition and not as
corrosive as strong acids such as Hydrochloric (HG); however, corrosivity is the
least hazardous aspect of HF. The toxicity of HF is the main concern

HF is absorbed through the skin quickly and is a severe systemic toxin. The
fluoride ion binds calcium in the blood, bones, and other organs and causes
damage to tissues that is very painful and can be lethal. At the emergency room,
the victim is often given calcium injections, but pain medication is not generally
given since the pain subsiding is the only indication that the calcium injections
are working.

Because of the serious hazard of working with HF, the following guidelines are
recommended:

. All users of HF must receive Hydrofluoric Acid Safety training from their EHS
Office as well as training from their supervisor.

. A Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) should be written for the process in

which HF is used. This SOP should be posted or readily available near the
designated area where HF use will occur.

. HF should only be used in a designated fume hood and the fume hood should
be identified by posting a HF Designated Area sign.

First Aid - A HF first aid kit that includes 2.5% calcium gluconate gel must be
available. The Hydrofluoric Acid First Aid sign should be posted in a prominent
place where the Calcium gluconate gel is located.
 54

Spill Kits - An HF spill kit must be available with calcium compounds such as
Calcium carbonate, Calcium sulfate or Calcium hydroxide. Sodium bicarbonate
should never be used because it does not bind the fluoride ion and can generate
toxic aerosols.

 Prior approval - Before anyone uses HF they must have prior approval from
the P.1, Lab personnel planning to use HF should be able to answer the
following in the affirmative:

- Has read the MSDS for HF

. Has read the HF Use SOP developed by the lab

- Has

- of the designated area for HF use

. Knows read the Hydrofluoric acid section in this Lab Safety Manual

- Is aware the first aid procedure in case of an HF exposure

- Knows what to do in case of an HF spill

. The following PPE is required for HF use:

- Rubber or p(astic apron

- Plastic arm coverings

Gloves

Incidental use - double glove with heavy nitrile exam gloves and re-glove if any
exposure to the gloves

Extended use — heavy neoprene or butyl over nitrile or silver

shield gloves

- Splash goggles in conjunction with a fume hood sash

.. Closed toed shoes

.. Long pants and a long sleeve shirt with a reasonably high neck
 55

The following are safe practice guidelines when working with HF:

Never work alone with HF. Have a buddy system

Use a plastic tray while working with HF for containment in case of a spill.

Keep containers of HF closed. HF can etch the glass sash and make it hard to see
through (if the hood sash becomes fogged and hard to see though because of
etching, please contact EHS about installing a polycarbonate sash)

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) — A MSDS for HF must be available

All containers of HF must be clearly labelled.

The stock HF should be stored in plastic secondary containment and the cabinet
should be labelled. HF should be stored in lower cabinets near the floor.

Wash gloves off with water before removing them.

6.9.2 Perchloric Acid

Perchloric acid is a strong oxidizing acid that can react violently with organic
materials. perchloric acid can also explode if concentrated above 72%. For any
work involving heated Perchloric acid (such as in perchloric acid digestions), the
work must be conducted in a special perchloric acid fume hood with a wash
down function. If heated perchloric acid is used in a standard fume hood, the
hot perchloric acid vapors can react with the metal in the hood ductwork to
form shock sensitive metallic perchlorates. When working with Perchloric acid,
be sure to remove all organic materials, such as solvents, from the immediate
work area. Because of the potential danger of Perchloric acid use alternate
techniques that do not involve the use of Perchloric acid if possible. If you must
use Perchloric acid in your experiments, only purchase the smallest size
container necessary.

Because perchloric acid is so reactive, it is important to keep it stored separate

from other chemicals, particularly organic solvents, organic acids, and oxidizers.
All containers of Perchloric acid should be inspected regularly for container
integrity and the acid should be checked for discoloration. Discolored Perchloric
 56

acid should be discarded as hazardous waste. Perchloric acid should be used

and stored away

from combustible materials, and away from wooden furniture

CHAPTER SEVEN

7.0 Particularly Hazardous Substances

The OSHA Laboratory Standard requires that the Chemical Hygiene Plan include
provisions for additional employee protection for work involving particularly
hazardous substances. These substances include “select carcinogens,”
reproductive toxins, and substances which have a high degree of acute toxicity.
Each of these categories will be discussed in detail in later sections.

The Laboratory Standard states that for work involving particularly hazardous
substances, specific consideration should be given to the following provisions
where appropriate:

. Establishment of a designated area.

. Use of containment devices such as flume hoods or glove boxes.

. Procedures for safe removal of contaminated waste.

. Decontamination procedures

General guidelines and recommendations for the safe handling, use, and control
of hazardous chemicals and particularly hazardous substances can be found in
MSDSs and other references such as Prudent Practices in the Laboratory and
Safety in Academic Chemistry Laboratories. Contact your EHS Office for
additional information.

7.1 Establishment of a Designated Area

Laboratories should establish a designated area where particularly hazardous

substances can be used. In some cases, a designated area could be an entire
room out of a suite of rooms or could mean one particular fume hood within a
 57

laboratory. The idea is to designate one area that everyone in the laboratory is
aware of where only the particularly hazardous substances can be used.

P.I.s and laboratory supervisors may want to restrict use of a particularly

hazardous substance to a fume hood, glove box or other containment device.
This information should be included as part of the laboratory’s SOPs and
addressed during in-lab training.

Establishing a designated area not only provides better employee protection,

but can help minimize the area where potential contamination of particularly
hazardous substances could occur. If a designated area is established, a sign
should be hung up (on a fume hood for example) indicating the area is
designated for use with particularly hazardous substances. Most designated
areas will have special PPE requirements and/or special waste and spill clean-up
procedures. Any special precautions should be included within the lab’s SDPs

7.2 Safe Removal of Contaminated Materials and Waste

Some particularly hazardous substances may require special procedures for safe
disposal of both waste and/or contaminated materials. When in doubt, contact
your EHS Office to determine proper disposal procedures. Once these disposal
procedures have been identified, they should be included as part of the
laboratory’s SOPs and everyone working in the lab should be trained on those
procedures.

7.3 Decontamination procedures

Some particularly hazardous substances may require special decontamination or

deactivation procedures (such as Diaminobenzidine waste or Ethidium bromide)
for safe handling. Review MSDSs and other reference materials when working
with particularly hazardous substances to determine if special decontamination
procedures are required. If they are required, this information should be
included in the laboratory’s SOPs and appropriate training must be provided to
laboratory personnel who work with these chemicals.

7.4 Guidelines for Working with Particularly Hazardous Substances

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Laboratory staff should always practice good housekeeping, use engineering

controls, wear proper PPE, develop and follow SOPs, and receive appropriate
training when working with any chemicals. The following special guidelines
should be adhered to when working with particularly hazardous substances:

. Substitute less hazardous chemicals if possible to avoid working with

particularly hazardous substances and keep exposures to a minimum.

. Always obtain prior approval from the P.1. before ordering any particularly
hazardous substances.

. Plan your experiment out in advance, including layout of apparatus and

chemical and waste containers may be necessary. Before working with any
particularly hazardous substance, review chemical resources for any special
decontamination/deactivation procedures and ensure that you have the
appropriate spill clean-up materials and absorbent on hand.

. Ensure that you have the appropriate PPE, particularly gloves (check glove
selection charts or call your EHSO).

. Always use the minimum quantities of chemicals necessary for the experiment.
If possible, try adding buffer directly to the original container and making
dilutions directly.

 If possible, purchase premade solutions to avoid handling powders. If you

have to use powders, it is best to weigh them in a fume hood. If it is necessary
to weigh outside of a fume hood (because some particles may be too light and
would pose more of a hazard in turbulent airflow) wear a dust mask when
weighing the chemical. It is advisable to surround the weighing area with wetted
paper towels to facilitate clean-up.
 As a measure of co-worker protection, when weighing out dusty materials or
powders, consider waiting until other co-workers have left the room to prevent
possible exposure, and thoroughly clean up and decontaminate working
surfaces.
 Whenever possible, use secondary containment, to conduct your experiment
in and to store particularly hazardous substances.
 59

 Particularly hazardous substances should be stored by themselves in clearly

marked trays or containers indicating the hazard (e.g., “Carcinogens” or
“Reproductive Toxins”).
 Always practice good personal hygiene, especially frequent hand washing,
even if wearing gloves.
 If it is necessary to use a vacuum for cleaning particularly hazardous
substances, use only High Efficiency Particulate Air
(HEPA) filters for best capture and protection. Be aware that after cleaning up
chemical powders, the vacuum bag and its
contents may have to be disposed of as hazardous waste.
 . Ensure that information related to the experiment is included in any SOPs.
7.4.1 Reproductive Toxins
The OSHA Lab Standard defines a reproductive toxin as a chemical which affects
the reproductive capabilities including chromosomal damage (mutations) and
effects on fetuses (teratogenesis).”
A number of reproductive toxins are chronic toxins that cause damage after
repeated or long duration exposures and can have long latency periods. Women
of childbearing potential should be especially careful when handling
reproductive toxins. Pregnant women and women intending to become
pregnant, or men seeking to have children, should seek the advice of their
physician before working with known or suspected reproductive toxins.
It is important to be aware of the threats to reproductive health and prevent
potential reproductive hazard exposures for male and male employees and
students who work with known and suspected reproductive toxins including
chemical, biological, radiological, and physical agents. Your EHSO is available to
respond to concerns or qucstions on reproductive hazards, conduct workplace
hazard assessments, and provide recommendations to address or eliminate
specific reproductive risks. As with any particularly hazardous substance, work
involving the reproductive toxins should adhere to the Guidelines for Working
with Particularly Hazardous Substances.
More information on reproductive toxins can be found on the OSHA Safety and
Health Topics for Reproductive Hazards webpage. The State of California has
developed an extensive list of Reproductive Toxins known to the State of
 60

California through Prop 65.” Please note that this list is being provided as
supplemental information to the 051-IA, NTP, and IARC chemical lists and is not
legally mandated by New York State.

CHAPTER EIGHT

8.0 Biohazards
Work involving biological materials typically involves agent specific strategies
designed to manage the agent and associated risks. Researchers are often
guided by pressures from finding sources, standards of practice, guidelines,
communal intellect, and their own knowledge base with no specific regulatory
or authoritative doctrine to govern practice. To complicate matters further,
biological research often involves the use of chemicals, radiological materials,
LASERS, animal model systems, and physical hazards that must also be managed
safely. Creating a biosafety framework that is capable of anticipating,
evaluating, and managing the various aspects of the work being performed
means developing internal procedures aimed at managing risks.
The standard for laboratories working with infectious agents is the CDC-NIH
publication entitled Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories
(BMBL). Now in its 5th edition, the BMBL has become the code of practice for
biosafety. Each director and/or Pd. is strongly encouraged to use the BMBL as a
reference in addressing the safe handling and containment of infectious
microorganisms and hazardous biological materials. As with all other areas of
lab safety, all federal, state, and local regulations regarding biohazards must be
met.
It is the responsibility of the directors and P.I.s of all microbiological and
biomedical laboratories at CUNY to perform a biological risk assessment and
develop a separate plan suited for each of these laboratories.
8.1 Radiation Hazard
Ionizing radiation is a form of energy, but unlike some other types of energy,
such as heat (infrared radiation) or visible fight, the human body cannot sense
exposure to ionizing radiation.
Nonetheless, absorption of ionizing radiation energy by body tissues can cause
changes to the chemical makeup of living cells.
 61

The type and thickness of material needed to make an effective barrier or shield
around a source of ionizing radiation varies a great deal, depending on the type
of ionizing radiation. Beta radiation is a stream of tiny charged particles that can
be stoppded by a thin layer of plastic, glass, wood, metal or most other common
materials. X rays and Gamma rays are very similar to sunlight in that they do not
contain particles, just electromagnetic waves, While sunlight will pass through
only a few materials, such as window glass, X-rays and Gamma rays can
penetrate easily through most materials, unless they are blocked by a
sufficiently thick lead barrier.
Ionizing radiation is also similar to other forms of radiation in that the intensity
of the radiation exposure decreases very quickly as you moves away from the
radiation source. Just as moving a short distance closer to or farther from a
fireplace causes a large change in how warm you feel, keeping just a short
distance away from someone handling radioactive material can greatly reduce
your exposure.

8.2 Their Ionizing Radiation is used

Small amounts of radioactive material are used and stored in dozens of
laboratories across CUNY campuses. Some of the material is contained in small
sealed capsules. Examples of these “sealed sources” include test sources for
radiation detectors and ionization detectors in gas chromatographs. Often,
radioactive material is found in small vials of radioactively labelled chemicals in
solution. These labelled chemicals are widely used in research and in veterinary
medicine. Typically, only very small amounts of radioactive material are used,
and levels of radiation exposure are low.
Ionizing radiation can also be produced by certain electrical equipment,
including X-ray machines and particle accelerators. Radiation levels produced by
this equipment are also low because of shielding.
8.3 Control of Ionizing Radiation
All use of material or equipment that produces ionizing radiation requires prior
approval by the College Radiation Safety Committee. This group of faculty and
staff set policies and personally review each operation to ensure safety and
compliance with federal, state, and local regulations. Your EHS Office or, if
 62

named, your Radiation Safety Officer can provide training and other services to
help individuals work safely. He or she can perform routine inspections of all use
areas, identifying violations of radiation safety that require correction. It is
strongly recommended that each college using material or equipment that
produces ionizing radiation have a Radiation Safety Manual which gives
detailed, written information on a college’s radiation safety program.
The performance of the radiation safety program should be reviewed
continuously. The Radiation Safety Committee should meet a minimum of twice
a year to keep policies up-to-date, resolve compliance issues, and monitor the
level of radiation exposure to individuals on campus. In addition, the New York
City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) perform on-campus
inspections every two years. Article 175 of the NYC Health Code applies to all
radiation equipment and radioactive material within the jurisdiction of the
DOHMH. Article 175 aims to protect the public, as well as workers in certain
radiation installations, from the hazards inherent in the use of ionizing radiation.
The Article is intended to serve as a framework for coordination of radiation
control activities with the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, the U.S. Food and
Drug Administration, the NYS Department of Labour the NYS Department of
Health, the NYS Atomic Energy Council, the NYS Department of Environmental
Conservation, and other federal and state agencies, as well as with other NYC
agencies.
The information presented here is only a brief overview of how sources of
ionizing radiation are used at CUNY. While CUNY has demonstrated that it has a
solid and consistent safety program, it is important not to take safety for
granted. If you have questions or concerns about the use of ionizing radiation
where you work, your P.1. or laboratory supervisor is willing and able to help
you, and you shouJd feel free to speak with them. They understand that many
individuals have never had formal training regarding radiation safety. If you
need additional assistance or have any other questions, please contact your EHS
Office.
8.4 Potential Hazaxtis
Like any form of energy, ionizing radiation can be harmful if a person is exposed
to an excessive amount. Exposure to ionizing radiation can cause chemical
 63

damage to body tissues. Just as with exposure to any toxic chemical, the human
body can tolerate exposure to ionizing radiation up to a point without producing
any immediate injury. However, just as with toxic chemicals, high levels of
exposure can cause serious injuries including skin burns, hair loss, internal
bleeding, anaemia and immune system suppression. In addition, exposure to
high levels of ionizing radiation can cause an increased lifetime risk of cancer

8.4.1 How to Protect Yourself

Responsibility for protecting themselves, co-workers, and others from exposure

to ionizing radiation is delegated by the College Radiation Safety Committee to
the P.1. or area supervisor, and to each of the individual users. Appropriate
safety requirements that are specific to each use and location are written into
each approval granted by the Committee. For any room containing a source of
ionizing radiation, each entrance must be plainly marked by warning labels in
accordance with Article 175 of the NYC Health Code, In addition, labels and
warning tape must be posted on each piece of radiation producing equipment
and in all areas used to work with or store radioactive materials. Every user is
trained in radiation safety principles and on the specific safety requirements of
their operations before they are allowed to begin working with radioactive
material.
Other individuals in these areas w)io are not trained to use radioactive material
or radiation producing equipment need to follow the safety procedures
established for those working with ionizing radiation. Primarily this means:
I . Never operate equipment that produces ionizing radiation.
2. Never handle items or containers that arc labelled with radioactive material
warnings or that arc within areas marked as storage or use areas for radioactive
material.
It is the responsibility of the P.1. or laboratory supervisor who has sources of
ionizing radiation in their laboratories to ensure that all equipment producing
ionizing radiation has been registered with the ERS Office and all employees
using this equipment and/or radioactive material have received the appropriate
training.
8.5 Radioactive Waste Disposal
 64

Radioactive material cannot be disposed of in the regular trash. Radioactive

waste is divided into several distinct categories and should be separated
accordingly. Please refer to your college’s Radiation Safety Manual for proper
procedures in preparing your radioactive waste for pickup. A radioactive waste
pickup may be requested by contacting your EHSO,
8.6 Laser Hazard
The EHSO Council recognizes the American National Standard for the Safe Use
of LASERS, ANSI Z136.1-2007, and New York Department of Labour’s Part 50,
LASER Regulation. ANSI Z136.I- 2007 requires that all class 3b and 4 LASER users
must attend LASER safety training. Your EHS Office should offer training to meet
this requirement, which includes topics such as LASER hazards, LASER
classifications, signage/labelling, medical monitoring, safety guidelines, and
what to do in case of an exposure incident. Additionally, any class 3b and 4
LASERs that are in use must be registered with your EHS Office.
For additional information regarding LASER safety, please contact your EElS
Office or see the’ OSI-JA Safety and Health Topics webpage for LASER hazards.
It is the responsibility of the P.1. or laboratory supervisor with class 3b or 4
LASERS in laboratories under their supervision to ensure that the class 3b or 4
LASERs have been registered with the EHS Office and employees using these
LASERs have received the appropriate training.
8.7 Physical Hazards
In addition to the chemical hazards found in laboratories, there are also
numerous physical hazards encountered by laboratory staff on a day-to-day
basis. As with chemical hazards, awareness of these hazards, planning, use of
appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), and following basic safety
rules can prevent accidents involving physical hazards.
It is the responsibility of the P.I. and laboratory supervisor to ensure that staff
and students in laboratories under their supervision are provided with adequate
training and information specific to the physical hazards found within their
laboratories.