BRICK LAYING, BLOCK LAYING

AND CONCRETE WORK

NOTES
ON

WORKING AND SITE

SAFETY
YEAR 10
Engr. Kunle Gabriel
 WORKING AND SITE SAFETY

CONTENT
-Various safety rules at work site
 -Factory act of safety workers.
-First aid box.
-Purpose of safety
-Safety regulations
 WORKING AND SITE SAFETY

Meaning of site safety

Site safety refers to the
practices and measures
implemented to ensure a safe
working environment for all
personnel on a construction site.
 MEANING OF SITE SAFETY
It encompasses various aspects, including:
 Identifying and mitigating hazards
 Implementing safety protocols and
procedures
 Providing personal protective equipment
(PPE)
 Ensuring proper training and induction.
 Conducting regular safety inspections
and audits.
Promoting a safety-first culture.
 WORKING AND SITE SAFETY
Various safety measures at work site
Some common site safety measures include:
1. Hard hats, safety glasses, ear protection, and
other PPE.
2. Safety signage and barricades.
3. Fall protection systems (e.g., harnesses,
scaffolding).
4. Proper lighting and ventilation.
5. Regular maintenance of equipment and tools
6. Emergency response plans and first aid
facilities.
7. Site access control and security measures.
 WORKING AND SITE SAFETY
1.Hard hats, safety glasses, ear protection, and
other PPE.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT (PPE)
SAFETY SIGNAGE AND
BARRICADES
Safety signage.
CAUTION TAPE
SAFETY SIGNAGE AND
BARRICADES
Safety Barricades.
FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS.
(HARNESSES)
FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS.
(HARNESSES)
FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS.
(HARNESSES)
FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS.
(SCAFFOLDING)
 FIRST AID BOX.

A first aid box, also known as a first aid

kit, is a collection of supplies and
equipment designed to provide
immediate care and treatment for
minor injuries or illnesses that occur in
a variety of settings, such as:
workplaces, homes, Schools, Sports
venues, Construction sites, Public
events etc.
 FIRST AID BOX.
1. Bandages and band-aids
2. Gauze pads and rolls
3. Antiseptic wipes and spray
4. Pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen or
ibuprofen)
5. Antihistamines (for allergic reactions)
6. Eye wash solution
7. Burn cream
8. Medical tape
9. Scissors and tweezers
10. First aid manual or guidebook
 FIRST AID BOX.

First aid box in a construction site typically has the

following items:
➢Bandages and band-aids: - Assorted sizes and types
(e.g., adhesive strips, gauze pads, rolled gauze)

➢Wound care: - Antiseptic wipes and spray -

Antibiotic ointment - Hydrocortisone cream (for
allergic reactions)

➢Pain management: - Acetaminophen (e.g., Tylenol) -

Ibuprofen (e.g., Advil, Motrin) - Aspirin (optional)

➢Blister and burn care: - Aloe vera gel or burn cream

- Burn gel dressings - Moleskin (for blisters)
 FIRST AID BOX.

➢General medical: - Antihistamine (e.g., Benadryl) -

Anti-diarrheal medication (e.g., Imodium) - EpiPen (if
necessary)

➢ Eye and ear care: - Eye wash solution - Eye patches

(for eye injuries) - Earplugs (for noise protection)

➢ First aid tools: - Scissors - Tweezers - Thermometer

(oral or digital) - First aid manual or guidebook

➢ Miscellaneous: - Gloves (latex or nitrile) - CPR mask

- Triangular bandage (for immobilization) - Over-the-
counter medications (e.g., anti-inflammatory, antacid)
 PURPOSE OF A FIRST AID BOX
The purpose of a first aid box is to:
1. Provide immediate care for minor injuries
2. Stabilize more serious conditions until medical help arrives
3. Comfort and reassure individuals in distress

First aid boxes should be:

1. Easily accessible
2. Regularly inspected and restocked
3. Clearly labeled and identifiable
4. Accompanied by a first aid manual or guidebook.

Remember, a first aid box is not a substitute for proper medical

training or emergency services. It's essential to know how to use
the supplies and equipment correctly and to seek medical help
when necessary.
 PURPOSE OF SAFETY

Effective site safety aims to

1. Prevent injuries and illnesses
2. Reduce accidents and incidents
3. Protect workers, visitors, and the
general public
4. Minimize damage to property and
equipment
5. Ensure compliance with relevant
regulations and standards
 SAFETY REGULATIONS
1. Heavy Equipment Safety:
- Operator training and certification
- Regular maintenance and inspections
- Proper use of warning devices (e.g., horns,
alarms)
2. Confined Space Entry Safety:
- Permit system
- Atmospheric monitoring
- Proper use of PPE and rescue equipment
3. Emergency Response Planning:
- - First aid and medical response
 SAFETY REGULATIONS

4. Hazardous Materials Handling:

- Proper labeling and storage
- Use of personal protective equipment (PPE)
- Training on handling and disposal
5. Fire Safety:
- Fire extinguishers
- Fire alarms
- Emergency evacuation plans
6. Excavation and Trenching Safety:
- Shoring and bracing
- Sloping and benching
- Atmospheric monitoring
 SAFETY REGULATIONS
7. Scaffolding Safety:
- Proper assembly and disassembly
- Regular inspections
- Proper use of scaffolding tags

8. Electrical Safety:
- Lockout/tagout procedures
- Grounding and bonding
- Electrical cord safety
 SAFETY REGULATIONS
Safety regulations
Safety regulations in a construction site typically include:
9 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
- Hard hats
- Safety glasses
- Ear protection
- Respirators
- Steel-toed boots
- High-visibility vests
10 Fall Protection:
- Guardrails
- Safety nets
- Harnesses
- - Lanyards
 SAFETY REGULATIONS
11 . Regular Safety Training and Drills:
- Tool box talks
- Safety meetings
- Emergency response drills
1 2. Site Security:
- Access control
- Fencing and barricades
- Sur veillance cameras
13. Environmental Safety:
- Proper waste disposal
- Spill response and containment
- Environmental impact assessments
14. Compliance with Local and National Regulations:
- OSHA standards (USA)
- Local building codes and regulations

Note: These regulations may var y depending on the countr y, state, or region,
and it's essential to consult with local authorities and safety exper ts to
ensure compliance.
BRICK LAYING, BLOCK LAYING
AND CONCRETE WORK
NOTES
ON
BASIC TOOLS AND
EQUIPMENTS USED IN
BLOCK/BRICK LAYING
YEAR 10

Engr. Kunle Gabriel

 BASIC TOOLS AND
EQUIPMENTS USED IN BLOCK/BRICK LAYING

CONTENT
Identification of basic hand tools.
Uses of basic hand tools and
Equipment.
 MEANING OF TOOLS
A tool is an object or device used to
carry out a particular function or task.
In construction, mostly it is a physical
object, such as a hammer or
screwdriver. It enables the user to
completes the task more easier, faster
and more efficiently.
 IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC HAND
TOOLS
1. Trowel –it is used to Apply and spread mortar
(cement) during cement or concrete work on
site. It can also be used to transfer very little
amount of material over very short distances
 IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC HAND
TOOLS

2. Spirit level - Ensures bricks and

other surfaces are perfectly
horizontally or vertically laid straight
and level.
 IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC HAND
TOOLS
3. String line – This used to maintain
straight lines and proper alignment
during setting out and laying of bricks.
 IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC HAND
TOOLS
4. Brick hammer – It used to tap bricks into
place, breaks bricks. Its important to know
there are different types of hammer for
different purposes.
 IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC HAND
TOOLS
5. Chisel – This is used to remove excess mortar
and also used to shape bricks to required shapes
and sizes during the laying of bricks.
 IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC HAND
TOOLS
6. Jointer – It is used to create smooth,
rounded joints when laying bricks.
 IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC HAND
TOOLS
7. Rubber mallet – Used in tapping
bricks into place without damaging.
 IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC HAND
TOOLS
10. Hand tamper - Compacts mortar, ensures solid
bond. It can be form of a small hammer or flat wood.
Just to apply gentle pressure on bricks when laying it.
A rubber mallet can also be used to achieve this.
 IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC HAND
TOOLS
11. Straight edge: Ensure straight lines: It is used to
create a straight line of bricks, which is essential for a
professional-looking finish. It helps to check the
accuracy of the bricklaying, ensuring that the bricks are
laid correctly and the joints are straight.
 IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC HAND
TOOLS
12. Shovel : A shovel is a tool used for digging, lifting,
and moving materials such as soil, sand, gravel, and
other loose materials. It typically consists of a blade (or
scoop) attached to a handle.
 IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC HAND
TOOLS
13. Float: In bricklaying, a float refers to a tool used to
smooth and finish the surface of the mortar between
bricks, known as the joints. A float is typically a flat,
rectangular tool made of metal, plastic, or wood, with a
handle attached to it.
 IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC HAND
TOOLS
14. Head pan: Carry and hold mortar: A head pan
is a container used to carry and hold mortar,
making it easily accessible to the bricklayer or
mason. It is mostly made from metal.
 IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC HAND
TOOLS
15. Builder square: A builder's square is a tool used to
ensure accurate squareness, measurement, and layout
in construction, typically an L-shaped or T-shaped
instrument with gradations for measurement and
calculation
 IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC HAND
TOOLS
16. Concrete Edger: A concrete edger is a tool
used to create clean edges and joints in concrete.
 IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC HAND
TOOLS
17. Skutch (Manesium float). A skutch is a tool
used to smooth and finish concrete surfaces.
 IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC HAND
TOOLS
18. Tingle Plate. A tingle plate is used in bricklaying to
▪ Prevent sagging of the line on long walls.
• Support the line when the distance between corners would cause sagging.
• Made from sheet brass or zinc, the plate has three spaced dovetail
prongs.
• Placed on a single brick in the middle of the wall for every new course
 IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC HAND
TOOLS
19. Wooden hawk. A hawk is typically a flat,
rectangular or circular board with a handle, used
to carry and apply mortar or plaster in
construction and masonry work (during
bricklaying)
 IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC HAND
TOOLS
20. Boat level.
A boat level is a type of spirit level that provides
highly accurate leveling and plumbing
measurements, typically used in areas where
there is limited space during construction,
carpentry and masonry work.
 IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC HAND
TOOLS
21. Club hammer (lump hammer, mini-sledge)
A club hammer is a small sledgehammer with a relatively
light weight and short handle , allowing for one-handed
use. It is useful for light demolition work, driving masonry
nails, and working with steel chisels when cutting stone or
metal.
 IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC HAND
TOOLS
22. Block axe
 IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC HAND
TOOLS
23. External angle trowel
An external angle trowel is a tool for finishing
external corners.
BRICK LAYING, BLOCK LAYING
AND CONCRETE WORK
NOTES
ON
BASIC TOOLS AND
EQUIPMENTS USED IN
BLOCK/BRICK LAYING
YEAR 10

Engr. Kunle Gabriel

 BASIC TOOLS AND
EQUIPMENTS USED IN BLOCK/BRICK LAYING

CONTENT
▪ Simple maintenance of the tools.
 SIMPLE MAINTENANCE OF THE TOOLS.

Trowels:

➢ Clean and remove excess mortar after each use

➢ Apply a thin layer of oil to prevent rust
➢ Store in a dry place
 SIMPLE MAINTENANCE OF THE TOOLS.

Levels:
 SIMPLE MAINTENANCE OF THE TOOLS.

Levels:

➢Check and adjust calibration regularly

➢Clean and dry the level after each use

➢Store in a protective case

 SIMPLE MAINTENANCE OF THE TOOLS.

String lines: -

➢Check for wear and tear, replace if necessary

➢Keep the string clean and dry
➢Wind up strings neatly after use.
 SIMPLE MAINTENANCE OF THE TOOLS.

Hammers:

➢Keep the head and handle tight

➢Store in a dry place
➢Occasionally oil the handle
 SIMPLE MAINTENANCE OF THE TOOLS.

Jointers:

➢Clean and store in a dry place

➢Occasionally oil the jointer
 SIMPLE MAINTENANCE OF THE TOOLS.

Saws:

➢Keep the blade clean and dry

➢Store in a protective case
➢Occasionally sharpen the blade
 SIMPLE MAINTENANCE OF THE TOOLS.

Spirit levels:

➢Check and adjust calibration regularly

➢Keep the level clean and dry
➢Store in a protective case
 SIMPLE MAINTENANCE OF THE TOOLS.

Brick bolsters:

➢ -Keep the edge clean and dry

➢ Store in a dry place
➢ Occasionaly sharpen the edge
 SIMPLE MAINTENANCE OF THE TOOLS.

Rubber mallets:

➢Store in a dry place

➢Occasionally clean with soap and water
 SIMPLE MAINTENANCE OF THE TOOLS.

Chisels:

➢Keep the edge clean and dry

➢Store in a dry place
➢Occasionaly sharpen the edge
 SIMPLE MAINTENANCE OF THE TOOLS.

Edging tools: -

➢Keep the edge clean and dry

➢Store in a dry place
➢Occasionally sharpen the edge
 SIMPLE MAINTENANCE OF THE TOOLS.

Pliers:

➢Keep clean and dry

➢Store in a dry place
➢Occasionally oil the jaws
 SIMPLE MAINTENANCE OF THE TOOLS.

Masonry squares:

➢Check and adjust calibration regularly

➢Keep the square clean and dry
➢Store in a protective case
 SIMPLE MAINTENANCE OF THE TOOLS.

Brick hammers:

➢ Keep the head and handle tight

➢Store in a dry place
➢Occasionally oil the handle
THIS IS THE END OF THIS
LESSONS

THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING
BRICK LAYING, BLOCK LAYING
AND CONCRETE WORK
NOTES
ON

BUILDING TEAM
YEAR 10

Engr. Kunle Gabriel

 BUILDING TEAM

CONTENT
 Meaning of building team.
Various members of the building team.
 Functions and responsibilities.
 BUILDING TEAM
Meaning of building team.
In construction, a building team refers to the
collective group of professionals, workers, and
organizations involved in planning, designing, and
constructing a building project. This team typically
includes:
1. Design Team:
➢ Architects
➢Engineers (structural, mechanical, electrical, etc.)
➢Interior designers
 BUILDING TEAM
2. Construction Team:
➢General contractor
➢Subcontractors (specialized trades like electrical, plumbing,
HVAC, etc.)
➢Construction workers (laborers, carpenters, masons, etc.)
3. Project Management Team:
➢Project manager
➢Construction manager
➢Site supervisor
4. Support Team:
➢Surveyors
➢Inspectors
➢Safety officers
➢Quality control specialists
 BUILDING TEAM
5. Client/Owner Team:
➢Project owner
➢Owner's representative
➢Facility manager (for post-construction operations)

This building team collaborates to ensure that the

construction project is completed on time, within
budget, and meets the required quality, safety, and
regulatory standards. Effective communication,
coordination, and teamwork among all stakeholders are
essential for a successful building project.
 VARIOUS MEMBERS OF THE
BUILDING TEAM.
Here is a list of various members of the building team
commonly found on a construction site:
1. Project Manager: Oversees the entire project,
responsible for budget, schedule, and quality.
2. Architect: Designs the building, ensures compliance
with regulations, and reviews construction progress.
3. Engineers: Specialize in areas like structural,
mechanical, electrical, and civil engineering,
ensuring the building's systems and structures are
safe and functional. representative, ensuring their
interests are protected and requirements are met.
 VARIOUS MEMBERS OF THE
BUILDING TEAM.
4. Construction Manager: Supervises the construction
process, coordinates with subcontractors, and ensures
project timeline and budget are met.
5. Site Supervisor: Oversees the construction site,
enforces safety protocols, and coordinates with workers
and subcontractors
6. Contractors: Specialize in specific trades like
carpentry, electrical work, plumbing, or HVAC, and are
responsible for executing the construction plan
7. Subcontractors: Hired by contractors to perform
specific tasks like electrical wiring, plumbing, or
roofing.
 VARIOUS MEMBERS OF THE
BUILDING TEAM.
8. Construction Workers: Perform manual labor
tasks like building, installing, and repairing
structures, and operating equipment.
9. Carpenters: Construct, install, and repair
structures and fixtures made of wood, wood
substitutes, and other materials.
10. Electricians: Install, test, and maintain electrical
systems, ensuring they meet safety standards.
11. Plumbers: Install, test, and maintain plumbing
systems, ensuring they meet safety standards.
 VARIOUS MEMBERS OF THE
BUILDING TEAM.

13. Painters: Apply paint and coatings to walls,

ceilings, and other surfaces.
14. Masons: Build, install, and repair structures
using brick, block, stone, and other masonry
materials.
15. Roofers: Install, repair, and replace roofing
materials like shingles, tiles, and membranes.
16. Surveyors: Conduct site surveys, stake out
reference points, and ensure the building is
constructed according to plans.
 VARIOUS MEMBERS OF THE
BUILDING TEAM.
18. Safety Officers: Enforce safety protocols, conduct
site audits, and ensure a safe working environment.
19. Quality Control Specialists: Monitor and inspect
the construction process to ensure it meets quality
standards.
20. Client/Owner Representative (Resident
Engineer): Acts as the owner's representative, ensuring
their interests are protected and requirements are met.
Please note that the specific roles and responsibilities
may vary depending on the project size, type, and
location.
BRICK LAYING, BLOCK LAYING
AND CONCRETE WORK
NOTES
ON

BUILDING TEAM
YEAR 10

Engr. Kunle Gabriel

 BUILDING TEAM

CONTENT
Statutory personnel
Organizational chart.
 STATUTORY PERSONNEL
Statutory personnel
In a construction site, "statutory
personnel" refers to individuals who have
been appointed or designated by law to
ensure compliance with specific
regulations, codes, and standards. These
personnel are typically responsible for
enforcing safety protocols, monitoring site
activities, and verifying that construction
work meets legal requirements.
 STATUTORY PERSONNEL

Common examples of statutory personnel in a

construction site include:
1. Site Safety Officer (SSO): Appointed under
the Occupational Health and Safety Act to
ensure a safe working environment.
2. Health and Safety Representative (HSR):
Elected by workers to represent their health
and safety interests.
3. Environmental Officer: Ensures compliance
with environmental regulations and
standards.
4. Building Inspector: Verifies compliance with
building codes, regulations, and standards.
STATUTORY PERSONNEL

5.Principal Contractor: Leads and manages the

construction work, ensures compliance with health
and safety regulations, and coordinates with
subcontractors.
6. Fire Safety Officer: Ensures compliance with fire
safety regulations and standards.
7. Welfare Officer: Ensures provision of adequate
welfare facilities and promotes worker well-being.
These personnel play a crucial role in ensuring that
construction sites operate safely, efficiently, and in
compliance with relevant laws and regulations.
ORGANIZATIONAL CHART.

An organizational chart used in a

construction site is a visual
representation of the project's
organizational structure, showing the
roles, responsibilities, and relationships
between different individuals and
teams.
ORGANIZATIONAL CHART.
 THIS THE END OF THE
LESSONS.

Thank you
for
listening
BRICK LAYING, BLOCK LAYING
AND CONCRETE WORK
NOTES
ON

SITE ORGANIZATION;
YEAR 10

Engr. Kunle Gabriel

 SITE ORGANIZATION

CONTENT
Building sites
Preliminary operations
 BUILDING SITES
A building site, also known as a
construction site, is a location
where building or construction work
is taking place. It's a temporary
facility where workers, equipment,
and materials come together to
build, renovate, or demolish a
structure.
 BUILDING SITES
A building site typically includes:
1. Land or plot: The area where the construction
project is taking place.
2. Access roads: Temporary or permanent roads
that allow workers, equipment, and materials to
enter and exit the site.
3. Site offices: Temporary or permanent structures
that serve as offices for the construction team,
including the site manager, engineers, and
administrative staff.
4. Storage areas: Designated spaces for storing
materials, equipment, and tools.
 BUILDING SITES

5. Work areas: Specific zones where construction

activities take place, such as excavation, foundation
work, framing, and installation of electrical and
plumbing systems.
6. Welfare facilities: Temporary facilities for workers,
including restrooms, break rooms, and first aid
stations.
7. Security measures: Fencing, gates, and other
security features to control access and protect the
site.
8. Environmental controls: Measures to prevent
pollution, erosion, and other environmental impacts.
 PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS

Preliminary operations in a
construction site refer to the initial
activities performed before actual
construction begins. These
operations prepare the site for
construction and set the stage for a
successful project.
 PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS
Some common examples of preliminary
operations in order of operation includes:
1. Site surveying: Conduct surveys to establish boundaries,
elevations, and reference points.
2. Geotechnical investigation: Conduct soil tests and other
studies to determine site conditions and foundation
requirements.
3. Permitting: Obtain necessary permits and approvals from
local authorities.
4. Site clearance/Site preparation: Remove debris, trees, and
other obstacles (if necessary).
5. Fencing and security: Install fencing and security measures
to protect the site and prevent unauthorized access.
6. Utility location: Identify and mark existing utility lines
(e.g., electricity, water, gas).
 PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS
7. Temporary access roads: Build temporary roads for
construction vehicles and personnel
8. Environmental protection: Implement measures to
prevent soil erosion, water pollution, and other
environmental hazards.
9. Site office setup: Establish a site office for project
management, administrative tasks, and worker facilities.
10.Temporary utilities: Install temporary utilities (e.g.,
power, water, sanitation).
11.Layout and staging: Set up areas for storing materials,
equipment, and laying out tools and supplies
12. Safety measures: Implement safety protocols (e.g., signage,
personal protective equipment, emergency response plans).
 PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS

13. Quality control measures: Establish procedures for

monitoring and controlling quality throughout the
construction process.
14. Excavation and grading: Dig and remove soil, rock,
and other materials to prepare the site for foundation work.
15. Assemble your team

16. Check your tools and equipment.

THIS IS THE END OF THE LESSONS

Thank you
for
listening
BRICK LAYING, BLOCK LAYING
AND CONCRETE WORK
NOTES
ON

SITE ORGANIZATION
YEAR 10

Engr. Kunle Gabriel

 SITE ORGANIZATION
CONTENT
 Site layout
 site safety.
 Drawing of site layout
 SITE LAYOUT
SITE LAYOUT in construction refers to
the process of planning and organizing
the physical layout of a construction
site, including the placement of
buildings, roads, utilities, and other
infrastructure. It involves identifying
the boundaries and dimensions of the
site, and determining the best way to
utilize the space to ensure efficient
and safe construction operations.
 SITE LAYOUT
Some common elements of a site layout plan
include:-
➢Building locations and orientations
➢Roadways and parking areas
➢Location of septic tank
➢Location of water supply
➢Utility lines and connections
➢Material storage and handling areas
➢Equipment placement and maintenance areas
➢Worker facilities and amenities
➢Safety features, such as fencing and signage
➢Environmental protection measures, such as
sedimentation ponds and erosion control systems.
 SITE LAYOUT
Importance of preparing a site layout
1. It improves construction efficiency
2. It Reduce costs- Enhance safety
3. Minimize environmental impact
4. Ensure compliance with regulations
5. Facilitate communication and
coordination among stakeholders
 SITE SAFETY
Site safety in construction refers to the
measures and protocols put in place to
prevent accidents, injuries, and
illnesses on a construction site. It
involves identifying and mitigating
hazards, ensuring compliance with
regulations and standards, and
promoting a safety culture among
workers, contractors, and site visitors
 SITE SAFETY
Some key aspects of site safety in construction
include:
1. Risk assessments: Identifying potential hazards
and taking steps to mitigate them.
2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Providing
and ensuring the use of PPE such as hard hats,
safety glasses, and respirators.
3. Fall protection: Implementing measures to
prevent falls from heights, such as scaffolding
and harnesses.
4. Traffic management: Controlling vehicle and
pedestrian movements on site.
5. Excavation safety: Ensuring safe excavation and
trenching practices.
 SITE SAFETY
6. Electrical safety: Preventing electrical shocks and arc
flashes.
7. Fire safety: Implementing fire prevention and response
measures.
8. Emergency preparedness: Having plans and procedures in
place for emergencies such as evacuations and first aid.
9. Training and orientation: Providing regular safety training
and orientation for workers.
10. Site housekeeping: Maintaining a clean and organized
site to prevent slips, trips, and falls.
11. Subcontractor management: Ensuring subcontractors
comply with site safety requirements.
12. Regular inspections: Conducting regular site inspections
to identify and address safety concerns.
TYPICAL SITE LAYOUT
THIS IS THE END OF THE LESSONS

Thank you
for
listening
BRICK LAYING, BLOCK LAYING
AND CONCRETE WORK
NOTES
ON

SITE PREPARATION
YEAR 10

Engr. Kunle Gabriel

 SITE PREPARATION
CONTENT
Tools and equipment used for
site preparation
▪Leveling techniques
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED FOR SITE
PREPARATION
Bulldozers:

Used For clearing and

grading land, removing
debris and vegetation.
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED FOR SITE
PREPARATION

Excavators :

For digging and removing

soil, rocks, and other
materials.
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED FOR SITE
PREPARATION

Graders:

Used For leveling and sloping the site, creating a smooth surface .
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED FOR SITE
PREPARATION

Backhoes:

used For excavating and digging foundations, basements, and

trenches.
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED FOR SITE
PREPARATION
Dump trucks:

For transporting soil, sand, and other materials.

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED FOR SITE
PREPARATION

Compactors:

Used For compacting soil, sand, and gravel.

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED FOR SITE
PREPARATION

Forklifts:

For moving materials and equipment around the

site.
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED FOR SITE
PREPARATION

Generators:

For powering equipment and tools.

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED FOR SITE
PREPARATION
Rollers:

For compacting and smoothing out surfaces.

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED FOR SITE
PREPARATION
Wrecking balls:

For demolishing existing structures.

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED FOR SITE
PREPARATION

Survey equipment :

For measuring and marking boundaries, elevations, and

reference points.
 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED FOR SITE
PREPARATION

Safety equipment :

Hard hats, vests, goggles, and other personal protective

gear
LEVELING TECHNIQUES
Here are some common levelling techniques used in construction:
1 . Spirit Leveling: Using a spirit level to ensure surfaces are
perfectly horizontal or vertical.
LEVELING TECHNIQUES
Laser Leveling: Utilizing laser levels to project a level line or
plane, allowing for accurate leveling and alignment.
LEVELING TECHNIQUES
Dumpy Leveling: Employing a dumpy level to measure heights and
distances, commonly used in surveying and site leveling.
LEVELING TECHNIQUES
Automatic Leveling: Using self -leveling instruments, such as
automatic levels or total stations, to quickly and accurately
determine levels.
LEVELING TECHNIQUES
5. Traversing: Measuring and marking a series of points to
establish a level line or plane.
LEVELING TECHNIQUES
GPS Leveling: Utilizing GPS technology to determine levels and
positions.
THIS IS THE END OF THE
LESSONS

THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING
BRICK LAYING, BLOCK LAYING
AND CONCRETE WORK
NOTES
ON

SETTING OUT
YEAR 10

Engr. Kunle Gabriel

 SETTING OUT

CONTENT
 Methods of setting out
Setting out tools and materials.
 SETTING OUT
Setting out in building construction refers
to the process of transferring the design
specifications and measurements from the
construction drawings to the actual
construction site. It involves marking out
the exact positions of buildings,
foundations, walls, columns, beams, and
other structural elements on the ground
using physical markers, such as pegs,
strings, and profiles.
 METHODS OF SETTING OUT
1. Datum Point Method: Establishing a reference
point (datum point) and measuring distances and
angles from it to set out the building layout.
2. Grid Method: Dividing the site into a grid of
squares or rectangles and using coordinates to set
out the building elements.
3. Coordinate Method: Using x, y, and z coordinates
to set out points and lines on the site
4. Profile Method: Creating a profile (a vertical
section) of the building and using it to set out the
building elements.
 METHODS OF SETTING OUT
5. Peg and String Method: Using pegs and strings to mark out
the building's corners, walls, and other features.
6. Optical Instrument Method: Using optical instruments like
levels, theodolites, and total stations to set out points and
lines on the site
7. Global Positioning System (GPS) Method: Using GPS
technology to set out points and lines on the site

8. The 3-4-5 method of setting out is a technique used to

establish a square or rectangular layout on a construction
site. It's a simple and effective method that uses a triangle
with ratios of 3:4:5 to create a right angle.
 METHODS OF SETTING OUT
Using a builder's square (also known as a try square or
framing square) is a common method for setting out in
construction. Here's how to use it:
 SETTING OUT TOOLS AND
MATERIALS.
Tools:
Builder's square
 SETTING OUT TOOLS AND
MATERIALS.
Tools:
Level (spirit level or laser level)
 SETTING OUT TOOLS AND
MATERIALS.
Plumb line
 SETTING OUT TOOLS AND
MATERIALS.
Tools: .
Measuring tapes (steel or fiberglass)
 SETTING OUT TOOLS AND
MATERIALS.
Theodolite or transit level
 SETTING OUT TOOLS AND
MATERIALS.
Total station or electronic distance measurement
(EDM) instrument
 SETTING OUT TOOLS AND
MATERIALS.
GPS equipment (for large-scale projects)
 SETTING OUT TOOLS AND
MATERIALS.
String lines and pegs
 SETTING OUT TOOLS AND
MATERIALS.
Marking paint or chalk:
 SETTING OUT TOOLS AND
MATERIALS.
Calculators