BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Recognised by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NBA)
K. R. Road, V. V. Puram, Bengaluru - 560 004, Karnataka, India.
DEPARTMENT OF ROBOTICS & ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Hydraulics & Pneumatics

Dr. Chandra shekar A

Assistant Professor
Department of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence
Bangalore Institute of Technology, Bengaluru.
 Course Learning Objectives:

 To provide an insight into the capabilities of hydraulic and pneumatic fluid

power.
 To understand concepts and relationships surrounding force, pressure, energy and
power in fluid power systems.
 To examine concepts cantering on sources of hydraulic power, rotary and linear
actuators, distribution systems, hydraulic flow in pipes, and control components in
fluid power systems.
 Exposure to build and interpret hydraulic and pneumatic circuits related to
industrial applications.
 To familiarize with logic controls and trouble shooting.
 Course Outcomes:
At the end of the course, the student will be able to:
CO1: Identify and analyze the functional requirements of a fluid power
transmission system for a given application.
CO2: Visualize how a hydraulic/pneumatic circuit will work to
accomplish the function.
CO3: Design an appropriate hydraulic or pneumatic circuit or
combination circuit like electro-hydraulics, electro- pneumatics for a
given application.
CO4: Select and size the different components of the circuit.
CO5: Develop a comprehensive circuit diagram by integrating the
components selected for the given application.
Learning Assignment:
The faculty will allocate one or more of the following experiments from group A and B
to group of students (containing not more than four students in a group):
Group A: Experiments on hydraulic trainer:
a. Speed control circuit using metering in and metering out technique
b. Regenerative and sequencing circuits.
c. Extend-Retract and Stop system of a linear actuator
d. Rapid Traverse and Feed circuit.

Group B: Experiments on pneumatic trainer:

a. Automatic reciprocating circuit
b. Speed control circuit
c. Pneumatic circuit involving shuttle valve/ quick exhaust valve
d. Electro pneumatic valves and circuit

Students should build up the above circuits on computer using software and
simulate the flow of fluid during the operation. Afterwards, they themselves can
physically connect the circuit on the hydraulic/pneumatic trainer and run the
circuit. Record of experiments shall be submitted in the form of journal. Due credit
must be given for this assignment.
Question paper pattern:
The question paper will have ten full questions carrying equal
marks.
Each full question will be for 20 marks.
There will be two full questions (with a maximum of four sub-
questions) from each module.
Each full question will have sub- question covering all the topics
under a module.
The students will have to answer five full questions, selecting one
full question from each module.
 Text Books/Reference Books
• Fluid Power with applications - Anthony Esposito
• Oil Hydraulics - Majumdar S. R
• Pneumatic systems - Principles and Maintenance- Majumdar S. R
• Industrial Hydraulics - John Pippenger
• Hydraulics and pneumatics - Andrew Par
• Fundamentals of Pneumatics, Vol I, II and III - FESTO
• Fundamentals of fluid power control - John Watton
• Introduction to Fluid power – Thomson
Fluid Power Systems and
Fundamentals
Introduction
Introduction

Pascal's law (also Pascal's principle or the principle of transmission

of fluid-pressure) is a principle in fluid mechanics given by Blaise
Pascal.
The law was proposed by Blaise Pascal, a French Physicist and
Mathematician in 1653 and published in 1663.
Pascal’s Law
Pascal’s law states that the pressure exerted on a confined fluid is transmitted
undiminished in all directions and acts with equal force on equal areas and at
right angles to the containing surfaces.

Pressure = F/A
Multiplication of Force

Force displacement relation: Force power relation:

Pascal’s law
 Pascal’s Law Applications
•Hydraulic Lift
•Hydraulic Jack
•Hydraulic Brakes
•Hydraulic Pumps
•Aircraft Hydraulic System
 Practical Applications of Pascal’s Law
Hand-Operated Hydraulic Jack
Air-to-hydraulic pressure booster
 FLUID POWER
Fluid Power is the technology that deals with the generation,
control, and transmission of power, using pressurized fluids.

Fluid power is helping people to perform jobs more quickly,

efficiently, accurately and powerfully than ever before.
 IMAGINE
Can you imagine if we didn't have fluid power and
someone had to move a bunch of dirt without bulldozers
that use hydraulics?

How did people stop their vehicles before we had

hydraulic braking systems?
Earth Movers: Excavator
 Main objective

 This force and motion may be in the form of pushing,

pulling, rotating, regulating or driving.

 If the compressed fluid is a gas, it is called pneumatics,

while if the compressed fluid is a liquid, it is called
hydraulics.
 ADVANTAGES
•Multiplication and variation of force: Linear or rotary force can be multiplied from a
fraction of an ounce to several hundred tons of output.
•Easy, accurate control: You can start, stop, accelerate, decelerate, reverse or position
large forces with great accuracy. Analog (infinitely variable) and digital (on/off) control
are possible. Instantly reversible motion, within less than half a revolution, can be
achieved.
•Multi-function control: A single hydraulic pump or air compressor can provide power
and control for numerous machines or machine functions when combined with fluid
power manifolds and valves.
•High horsepower/low weight ratio: Pneumatic components are compact and
lightweight. You can hold a 5 horsepower hydraulic motor in the palm of your hand.
•Low speed torque: Unlike electric motors, air or hydraulic motors can produce large
amounts of torque (twisting force) while operating at low speeds. Some hydraulic and
air motors can even maintain torque at zero speed without overheating.
•Constant force or torque: This is a unique fluid power attribute.
•Safe in hazardous environments: Fluid power can be used in mines, chemical plants,
near explosives and in paint applications because it is inherently spark-free and can
tolerate high temperatures.
 Applications

Aerospace Automation
Agriculture Defense
Food Processing Foundry
Manufacturing Robot
Press tools Textiles
Automobiles Aerospace Applications
All materials processing industries
 Classification of Fluid Power Systems

I. Based on the control system

 Open-loop system

 Closed-loop system

II. Based on the type of control

 Fluid logic control
 Electrical control
 Electronic control
Types of hydraulic systems:

1. Fluid transport systems

2. Fluid power systems

Fluid power applications:

 Stationary hydraulics

 Mobile hydraulics
Do you know the meaning of
hydraulics & Pneumatics?
The word hydraulics is a derivative of
the Greek words
hydro (meaning water)
and
aulics (meaning tube or pipe).

Greek word Pneuma means air in motion

Basic components of fluid power system

1. Reservoir/receiver (Fluid storage);

2. Pump/compressor (Converts mechanical power to fluid power);
3. Valve (Controls direction and amount of flow); and
4. Actuators (Converts fluid power to mechanical power, that is,
cylinder and pistons).
Hydraulic System
 Comparison
Hydraulic System Pneumatic System
It employs a pressurized liquid as a It employs a compressed gas, usually
fluid. air, as a fluid.
An oil hydraulic system operates at A pneumatic system usually operates at
pressures up to 700 bar. 5–10 bar.
Generally designed as closed system. Usually designed as open system.
The system slows down when leakage Leakage does not affect the system
occurs. much.
Valve operations are difficult. Valve operations are easy.
Heavier in weight. Lighter in weight.
Pumps are used to provide pressurized Compressors are used to provide
liquids. compressed gases.
The system is unsafe to fire hazards. The system is free from fire hazards.
 Summary

Fluid power is energy transmitted and

controlled by means of a pressurized fluid, either
liquid or gas.
It is classified based on control system, type of
control and fluid used.
Pressurized fluid is used to useful work.
Power transmission by electrical, mechanical
and fluid power.
 Thank you

Questions???