UNIT NO.

: 1
Overview Of Operating System

1.1 Operating system -

An Operating System(OS) is software that manages and handles the hardware and
software resources of a computer system. It provides interaction between users of
computers and computer hardware. An operating system is responsible for managing and
controlling all the activities and sharing of computer resources. An operating system is a
low-level Software that includes all the basic functions like processor management,
memory management, Error detection, etc.

What is an Operating System Used for?

The operating system helps in improving the computer software as well as hardware.
Without an OS, it became very difficult for any application to be user-friendly. The
Operating System provides a user with an interface that makes any application attractive
and user-friendly. The operating System comes with a large number of device drivers that
make OS services reachable to the hardware environment. Each and every application
present in the system requires the Operating System. The operating system works as a
communication channel between system hardware and system software. The operating
system helps an application with the hardware part without knowing about the actual
hardware configuration. It is one of the most important parts of the system and hence it is
present in every device, whether large or small device.
Components of Operating system :

The components of an operating system play a key role to make a variety of computer
system parts work together. There are the following components of an operating system,
such as:

1. Process Management

2. File Management

3. Network Management

4. Main Memory Management

5. Secondary Storage Management

6. I/O Device Management

7. Security Management

8. Command Interpreter System

Operating system components help you get the correct computing by detecting CPU and
memory hardware errors.te
Process Management

The process management component is a procedure for managing many processes running
simultaneously on the operating system. Every running software application program has
one or more processes associated with them.

For example, when you use a search engine like Chrome, there is a process running for that
browser program.

Process management keeps processes running efficiently. It also uses memory allocated to
them and shutting them down when needed.

The execution of a process must be sequential so, at least one instruction should be
executed on behalf of the process.
Degree of multi programming is decided by LT, LT, ST, MT
CPU Bound Process and I/O Process Bound Process

Functions of process management

Here are the following functions of process management in the operating system, such as:

○ Process creation and deletion.

○ Suspension and resumption.

○ Synchronization process

○ Communication process

NOTE: OS facilitates an exchange of information between processes executing on the same or

different systems.

File Management

A file is a set of related information defined by its creator. It commonly represents

programs (both source and object forms) and data. Data files can be alphabetic, numeric,
or alphanumeric.

Function of file management

The operating system has the following important activities in connection with file
management:

○ File and directory creation and deletion.

 ○ For manipulating files and directories.

○ Mapping files onto secondary storage.

○ Backup files on stable storage media.

Network Management

Network management is the process of administering and managing computer networks. It

includes performance management, provisioning of networks, fault analysis, and
maintaining the quality of service.

A distributed system is a collection of computers or processors that never share their

memory and clock. In this type of system, all the processors have their local memory, and
the processors communicate with each other using different communication cables, such as
fiber optics or telephone lines.

The computers in the network are connected through a communication network, which can
be configured in many different ways. The network can fully or partially connect in
network management, which helps users design routing and connection strategies that
overcome connection and security issues.

Functions of Network management

Network management provides the following functions, such as:

 ○ Distributed systems help you to various computing resources in size and function.
They may involve minicomputers, microprocessors, and many general-purpose
computer systems.

○ A distributed system also offers the user access to the various resources the network
shares.

○ It helps to access shared resources that help computation to speed up or offers data
availability and reliability.

Main Memory management

Main memory is a large array of storage or bytes, which has an address. The memory
management process is conducted by using a sequence of reads or writes of specific
memory addresses.

It should be mapped to absolute addresses and loaded inside the memory to execute a
program. The selection of a memory management method depends on several factors.

However, it is mainly based on the hardware design of the system. Each algorithm requires
corresponding hardware support. Main memory offers fast storage that can be accessed
directly by the CPU. It is costly and hence has a lower storage capacity. However, for a
program to be executed, it must be in the main memory.

Functions of Memory management

An Operating System performs the following functions for Memory Management in the
operating system:

○ It helps you to keep track of primary memory.

○ Determine what part of it is in use by whom, what part is not in use.

○ In a multiprogramming system, the OS decides which process will get memory and
how much.

○ Allocates the memory when a process requests.

○ It also de-allocates the memory when a process no longer requires or has been
terminated.

Secondary-Storage Management

The most important task of a computer system is to execute programs. These programs
help you to access the data from the main memory during execution. This memory of the
computer is very small to store all data and programs permanently. The computer system
offers secondary storage to back up the main memory.

Today modern computers use hard drives/SSD as the primary storage of both programs
and data. However, the secondary storage management also works with storage devices,
such as USB flash drives and CD/DVD drives. Programs like assemblers and compilers are
stored on the disk until it is loaded into memory, and then the disk is used as a source and
destination for processing.

Functions of Secondary storage management

Here are some major functions of secondary storage management in the operating system:

○ Storage allocation

○ Free space management

 ○ Disk scheduling

I/O Device Management

One of the important uses of an operating system that helps to hide the variations of
specific hardware devices from the user.

Functions of I/O management

The I/O management system offers the following functions, such as:

○ It offers a buffer caching system

○ It provides general device driver code

○ It provides drivers for particular hardware devices.

○ I/O helps you to know the individualities of a specific device.

NOTE: The user's program can't execute I/O operations directly. The operating system should
provide some medium to perform this.

Security Management
The various processes in an operating system need to be secured from other activities.
Therefore, various mechanisms can ensure those processes that want to operate files,
memory CPU, and other hardware resources should have proper authorization from the
operating system.

Security refers to a mechanism for controlling the access of programs, processes, or users
to the resources defined by computer controls to be imposed, together with some means of
enforcement.

For example, memory addressing hardware helps to confirm that a process can be executed
within its own address space. The time ensures that no process has control of the CPU
without renouncing it. Lastly, no process is allowed to do its own I/O to protect, which
helps you to keep the integrity of the various peripheral devices.

Security can improve reliability by detecting latent errors at the interfaces between
component subsystems. Early detection of interface errors can prevent the foulness of a
healthy subsystem by a malfunctioning subsystem. An unprotected resource cannot be
misused by an unauthorized or incompetent user.

Command Interpreter System

One of the most important components of an operating system is its command interpreter.
The command interpreter is the primary interface between the user and the rest of the
system.

Many commands are given to the operating system by control statements. A program that
reads and interprets control statements is automatically executed when a new job is started
in a batch system or a user logs in to a time-shared system. This program is variously
called.

○ The control card interpreter,

○ The command-line interpreter,

○ The shell (in UNIX), and so on.

Its function is quite simple: get the next command statement, and execute it. The command
statements deal with process management, I/O handling, secondary storage management,
main memory management, file system access, protection, and networking.

Operation of Operating system :

1. Program Management

2. Resource Management
3. Security and Protection
The operating system uses password protection to protect user data and similar
other techniques. it also prevents unauthorized access to programs and user
data. The operating system provides various techniques which assure the
integrity and confidentiality of user data. The following security measures are
used to protect user data:
● Protection against unauthorized access through login.

● Protection against intrusion by keeping the firewall active.

● Protecting the system memory against malicious access.

● Displaying messages related to system vulnerabilities.

Views of OS:

An operating system is a framework that enables user application programs to interact with system
hardware. The operating system does not perform any functions on its own, but it provides an
atmosphere in which various apps and programs can do useful work. The operating system may be
observed from the point of view of the user or the system, and it is known as the user view and the
system view. In this article, you will learn the views of the operating system.

Viewpoints of Operating System

The operating system may be observed from the viewpoint of the user or the system. It is known as
the user view and the system view. There are mainly two types of views of the operating system.
These are as follows:

1. User View

2. System View

User View
The user view depends on the system interface that is used by the users. Some systems are designed
for a single user to monopolize the resources to maximize the user's task. In these cases, the OS is
designed primarily for ease of use, with little emphasis on quality and none on resource utilization.

The user viewpoint focuses on how the user interacts with the operating system through the usage
of various application programs. In contrast, the system viewpoint focuses on how the hardware
interacts with the operating system to complete various tasks.

1. Single User View Point

Most computer users use a monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, and other accessories to operate
their computer system. In some cases, the system is designed to maximize the output of a single
user. As a result, more attention is laid on accessibility, and resource allocation is less important.
These systems are much more designed for a single user experience and meet the needs of a single
user, where the performance is not given focus as the multiple user systems.

2. Multiple User View Point

Another example of user views in which the importance of user experience and performance is
given is when there is one mainframe computer and many users on their computers trying to
interact with their kernels over the mainframe to each other. In such circumstances, memory
allocation by the CPU must be done effectively to give a good user experience. The client-server
architecture is another good example where many clients may interact through a remote server,
and the same constraints of effective use of server resources may arise.

3. Handheld User Viewpoint

Moreover, the touchscreen era has given you the best handheld technology ever. Smartphones
interact via wireless devices to perform numerous operations, but they're not as efficient as a
computer interface, limiting their usefulness. However, their operating system is a great example of
creating a device focused on the user's point of view.
4. Embedded System User View Point

Some systems, like embedded systems that lack a user point of view. The remote control used to
turn on or off the tv is all part of an embedded system in which the electronic device communicates
with another program where the user viewpoint is limited and allows the user to engage with the
application.

System View
The OS may also be viewed as just a resource allocator. A computer system comprises various
sources, such as hardware and software, which must be managed effectively. The operating system
manages the resources, decides between competing demands, controls the program execution, etc.
According to this point of view, the operating system's purpose is to maximize performance. The
operating system is responsible for managing hardware resources and allocating them to programs
and users to ensure maximum performance.

From the user point of view, we've discussed the numerous applications that require varying
degrees of user participation. However, we are more concerned with how the hardware interacts
with the operating system than with the user from a system viewpoint. The hardware and the
operating system interact for a variety of reasons, including:

1. Resource Allocation

The hardware contains several resources like registers, caches, RAM, ROM, CPUs, I/O interaction,
etc. These are all resources that the operating system needs when an application program demands
them. Only the operating system can allocate resources, and it has used several tactics and
strategies to maximize its processing and memory space. The operating system uses a variety of
strategies to get the most out of the hardware resources, including paging, virtual memory, caching,
and so on. These are very important in the case of various user viewpoints because inefficient
resource allocation may affect the user viewpoint, causing the user system to lag or hang, reducing
the user experience.

2. Control Program

The control program controls how input and output devices (hardware) interact with the operating
system. The user may request an action that can only be done with I/O devices; in this case, the
operating system must also have proper communication, control, detect, and handle such devices.

1.2 Different Types Operating System

An operating system is a well-organized collection of programs that manages the computer

hardware. It is a type of system software that is responsible for the smooth functioning of
the computer system.

1. Batch Operating System

2. Multi Programmed
3. Time Shared OS
4. Multiprocessor System
5. Distributed System
6. Real Time System
7. Mobile OS (Android, iOS)

1. Batch Operating System

In the 1970s, Batch processing was very popular. In this technique, similar types of jobs
were batched together and executed in time. People were used to having a single computer
which was called a mainframe.

In Batch operating system, access is given to more than one person; they submit their
respective jobs to the system for the execution.

The system put all of the jobs in a queue on the basis of first come first serve and then
executes the jobs one by one. The users collect their respective output when all the jobs get
executed.

The purpose of this operating system was mainly to transfer control from one job to
another as soon as the job was completed. It contained a small set of programs called the
resident monitor that always resided in one part of the main memory. The remaining part
is used for servicing jobs.

Advantages of Batch OS

○ The use of a resident monitor improves computer efficiency as it eliminates CPU

time between two jobs.

Disadvantages of Batch OS

1. Starvation

Batch processing suffers from starvation.

For Example:
There are five jobs J1, J2, J3, J4, and J5, present in the batch. If the execution time of J1 is
very high, then the other four jobs will never be executed, or they will have to wait for a
very long time. Hence the other processes get starved.

2. Not Interactive

Batch Processing is not suitable for jobs that are dependent on the user's input. If a job
requires the input of two numbers from the console, then it will never get it in the batch
processing scenario since the user is not present at the time of execution.

2. Multiprogrammed
Multiprogramming is an extension to batch processing where the CPU is always kept busy.
Each process needs two types of system time: CPU time and IO time.

In a multiprogramming environment, when a process does its I/O, The CPU can start the
execution of other processes. Therefore, multiprogramming improves the efficiency of the
system.
Advantages of Multiprogramming OS

○ Throughout the system, it increased as the CPU always had one program to execute.

○ Response time can also be reduced.

Disadvantages of Multiprogramming OS

○ Multiprogramming systems provide an environment in which various systems

resources are used efficiently, but they do not provide any user interaction with the
computer system.

3. Time-Shared Operating System

In the Time Sharing operating system, computer resources are allocated in a time-
dependent fashion to several programs simultaneously. Thus it helps to provide a large
number of user's direct access to the main computer. It is a logical extension of
multiprogramming. In time-sharing, the CPU is switched among multiple programs given
by different users on a scheduled basis.
A time-sharing operating system allows many users to be served simultaneously, so
sophisticated CPU scheduling schemes and Input/output management are required.

Time-sharing operating systems are very difficult and expensive to build.

Advantages of Time Sharing Operating System

○ The time-sharing operating system provides effective utilization and sharing of

resources.

○ This system reduces CPU idle and response time.

Disadvantages of Time Sharing Operating System

○ Data transmission rates are very high in comparison to other methods.

○ Security and integrity of user programs loaded in memory and data need to be
maintained as many users access the system at the same time.

4. Multiprocessor Operating System

In Multiprocessing, Parallel computing is achieved. There are more than one processors
present in the system which can execute more than one process at the same time. This will
increase the throughput of the system.

In Multiprocessing, Parallel computing is achieved. More than one processor present in the
system can execute more than one process simultaneously, which will increase the
throughput of the system.

Advantages of Multiprocessing operating system:

 ○ Increased reliability: Due to the multiprocessing system, processing tasks can be
distributed among several processors. This increases reliability as if one processor
fails, the task can be given to another processor for completion.

○ Increased throughout: As several processors increase, more work can be done in

less.

Disadvantages of Multiprocessing operating System

○ Multiprocessing operating system is more complex and sophisticated as it takes care

of multiple CPUs simultaneously.

5. Distributed Operating System

The Distributed Operating system is not installed on a single machine, it is divided into
parts, and these parts are loaded on different machines. A part of the distributed
Operating system is installed on each machine to make their communication possible.
Distributed Operating systems are much more complex, large, and sophisticated than
Network operating systems because they also have to take care of varying networking
protocols.
Advantages of Distributed Operating System

○ The distributed operating system provides sharing of resources.

○ This type of system is fault-tolerant.

Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System

○ Protocol overhead can dominate computation cost.

6. Real Time Operating System

In Real-Time Systems, each job carries a certain deadline within which the job is supposed
to be completed, otherwise, the huge loss will be there, or even if the result is produced, it
will be completely useless.

The Application of a Real-Time system exists in the case of military applications, if you
want to drop a missile, then the missile is supposed to be dropped with a certain precision.
Advantages of Real-time operating system:

○ Easy to layout, develop and execute real-time applications under the real-time
operating system.

○ In a Real-time operating system, the maximum utilization of devices and systems.

Disadvantages of Real-time operating system:

○ Real-time operating systems are very costly to develop.

○ Real-time operating systems are very complex and can consume critical CPU cycles.

Mobile OS (Android,iOS)
Mobile operating systems (Mobile OS) manage mobile gadgets like phones and
tablets. These systems run apps. They are not like desktops as mobiles have
different needs. An operating system (OS) for mobile devices manages the basic
functions. It runs apps, controls memory, and connects to networks. These
systems provide an easy-to-use interface.
The operating systems found on smartphones include Symbian OS, iPhone OS, RIM's
BlackBerry, Windows Mobile, Palm WebOS, Android, and Maemo. Android, WebOS, and
Maemo are all derived from Linux. The iPhone OS originated from BSD and NeXTSTEP,
which are related to Unix.

It combines the beauty of computer and hand use devices. It typically contains a cellular
built-in modem and SIM tray for telephony and internet connections. If you buy a mobile,
the manufacturer company chooses the OS for that specific device.

Key Features of a Mobile Operating System

1. User Interface (UI): Touch inputs of Graphical User Interface (GUI) provided
by mobile OS are optimized. This is where users can use touch gestures, in other
words, swiping, tapping, and pinching, to interact with their gadgets.
2. Multitasking: It helps in running of many apps at the same time but what is
more we can quickly switch between them without any hindrance. Such
offloading is for applications that are not currently used actively.
3. Connectivity: It provides a variety of connections such as cellular, Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, NFC (Near Field Communication) and others to facilitate the
communication of the device with other devices and networks.
4. Application Management: Is a platform that has its own app marketplace or
store which the users utilize to browse, install, run and updates the applications
exclusively for that platform.
5. Resource Management: Efficiently allocates hardware resources like the
CPU ,ram , and battery by achieving a balance between performance and battery
life.

Types of Mobile Operating System

The mobile world has seen many operating systems. Some are big and powerful.
Others are small and niche. Here are the main types of mobile OS :
1. Android: Made by Google, Android is the most used mobile OS worldwide.
It’s an open-source system built on Linux code. Android is made mostly for
touchscreen phones and tablets. Being open allows companies to customize
Android for their gadgets. That leads to many different Android devices.
2. Apple Inc. created iOS, the operating system for iPhone, iPad, and iPod
Touch. Its smooth interface and tight Apple ecosystem integration are hallmarks.
However, Apple’s total control over hardware and software limits customization
options, unlike Android’s open platform.
3. Huawei developed HarmonyOS (Hongmeng OS in China): work across diverse
devices like smartphones, wearables, laptops, smart home gadgets. By offering a
unified ecosystem, Huawei aims to navigate US government restrictions on its
business.
4. KaiOS is a basic mobile OS: It powers basic phones without touchscreens.
KaiOS is based on discontinued Firefox OS. KaiOS supports 4G, GPS, and apps
like Facebook and WhatsApp. It offers strong capabilities for non-smartphone
mobile devices.
5. Tizen is a Linux-based mobile OS developed by Samsung. It was created with
Intel and the Tizen Association. Tizen powers various Samsung products.

1.3 Command Line Base OS - DOS, UNIX

A command-line interface (CLI) is a text-based user interface (UI) used to run
programs, manage computer files and interact with the computer. Command-
line interfaces are also called command-line user interfaces, console user
interfaces and character user interfaces. CLIs accept as input commands that are
entered by keyboard; the commands invoked at the command prompt are then
run by the computer.
GUI Based OS - Windows , Linux
NOTE***
LINUX Supports both CLI & GUI