What are the best ways for teachers to gain adequate preparation in educational technology?

Avenues for teachers to get an adequate background in educational technology might exist in teacher
preparation courses, in-staff workshops, mentoring from colleagues in education, or independent
research and reflection.

Why it is so important for teachers to build and sustain their commitment and motivation to teaching.
Discuss potential outcomes if they don't.

The most effective instructional methods and superior content knowledge will not be enough if teachers
are not committed and motivated professionally. Boredom and frustration on the teacher's part do not
bode well for a positive classroom atmosphere.

What are the distinguishing features of constructivist and direct instruction approaches.

Constructivism emphasizes that individuals actively construct knowledge and understanding through
collaboration, inquiry, and hands-on learning. Direct instruction emphasizes teacher direction and
control and maximum time on task.

What is the use of focus groups and personal journals and diaries as they relate to educational
research?

Focus groups involve interviewing people in a group setting, in most cases to obtain information about a
particular topic or issue. Personal journals or diaries can be used to document quantitative aspects of
their activities (such as how often a teacher uses the Internet in the classroom) or qualitative aspects of
their lives (such as their attitudes and beliefs about a certain topic or issue). Digital audio clips or videos
can be used to record such information instead of paper-and-pencil entries.

Compare and contrast behavioral and cognitive approaches to educational psychology.

The behavioral approach attempts to precisely determine the best conditions for learning. It is the
science of observable behavior and its controlling conditions. The cognitive perspective applies the
concepts of memory, thinking, and reasoning to helping students learn.

Why understanding of development is advantageous as a classroom teacher.

The more you learn about children's development, the more you understand at what level it is
appropriate to teach them.

What is "language" and what we mean by "language rules."

Language is a form of communication—whether spoken, written, or signed—that is based on a system

of symbols. Languages abide by "rules" that make language orderly and describe the way language
works.
What is the impact of divorce on student achievement in school?

The effects of divorce on children are complex, depending on such factors as the age of the child,
strengths and weaknesses of the child at the time of the divorce, the type of custody involved,
socioeconomic status, and post-divorce family functioning. Children who have authoritative home and
school environments are more likely to handle the adjustment in a positive way.

why the transition from elementary to middle school can be difficult for students.

This might be a difficult transition because the social world has been expanded from the smaller unit of
the classroom to the broader unit of the school. Adding to this is the enhanced pressure for social
approval from peers.

Why do students cheat?

Among the reasons students give for cheating include the pressure for getting high grades, time
pressures, poor teaching, and lack of interest

List strategies teachers can use to help students cope with stressful events, such as natural disasters.

Teachers can reassure children of their safety and security; allow children to retell events and be patient
in listening to them; encourage children to talk about their feelings; protect children from re-exposure
to frightening events.

What are the teaching strategies that are recommended for working with linguistically and culturally
diverse children?

Strategies for working with linguistically and culturally diverse children include: Recognize that all
children are cognitively, linguistically, and emotionally connected to the language and culture of their
home. Acknowledge that children can demonstrate their knowledge and capacity in many ways.
Understand that without comprehensible input, second-language learning can be difficult. Model
appropriate use of English and provide the child with opportunities to use newly acquired vocabulary
and language. Actively involve parents and families in the early learning program and setting. Recognize
that children can and will acquire the use of English even when their home language is used and
respected.

What is the difference between gender and sex?

Gender is the sociocultural dimension of being female or male; whereas sex is the biological dimension
of being female or male.

What are the four classifications of mental retardation (developed by the American Association on
Mental Deficiency) that are based on the level of support needed by the individual?
Classification for mental retardation can be based on levels of support: Intermittent—as needed, may be
low or high intensity Limited—intense and relatively consistent over time; time-limited Extensive—
regular involvement in at least some setting; not time-limited Pervasive—constant, very intense, and
provided across settings

What are the common characteristics of children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD)?

Common characteristics of children with ADHD include: inattention hyperactivity impulsivity difficult to
discipline difficulties in relationships

What are the characteristics of gifted children?

Characteristics of gifted children include: An above-average intelligence (usually 130 or higher) Likely to
be precocious Usually require less support and scaffolding because they tend to march to the beat of
their own drummer Have a passion to master

What are the learning needs of gifted students and effective strategies for teaching these students?

The characteristics of gifted children and strategies for teaching them include: Characteristics: Precocity
Marching to their own drummer A passion to master Teaching Strategies: Special classes Acceleration
and enrichment in the regular class setting Mentor and apprenticeship programs

In classical conditioning, what is "discrimination" and "generalization"?

When people learn a conditioned response to a new stimulus, they may also respond in the same way to
similar stimuli. For instance, a girl who experiences anxiety in response to ridicule in her chemistry class
may generalize that anxiety to other science-related subjects. Discrimination occurs when the individual
responds in a particular manner to certain stimuli and not others—for instance, when the girl previously
mentioned only experiences anxiety in response to chemistry, but not biology or physics.

In what fashion would teachers most effectively use reinforcement schedules to make lasting changes
in students' behavior?

After a period of continuous reinforcement, a teacher could turn to one of the fixed schedules of
reinforcement, and then eventually move to a variable schedule so as to reduce the likelihood of
extinction.

Using Bandura's concept of self-regulatory learning, how might teachers help students take control of
their own learning and behavior?

Teachers can help students to self-regulate by helping them to monitor their own progress, set goals
that are proximal, specific, and challenging, and help them to manage their time more effectively.
What is meant by punishment and extinction in operant conditioning?

Punishment is a consequence that decreases the probability a behavior will occur. Extinction occurs
when a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced and the response decreases

What are the benefits of students becoming self-regulatory learners?

Students learn that they are responsible for their own behavior; they are responsible for becoming
educated; and they are responsible for becoming contributing citizens to society at home and in the
workplace.

What are the teaching strategies that help students improve their memory?

The teaching strategies for helping students improve their memory are: Encourage learning for
understanding rather than rote memorization. Assist students in organizing what they put into their
memories. Provide instructions in the use of mnemonic strategies. Mnemonics—memory aids for
remembering information

What is the difference between declarative memory and procedural memory?

Declarative memory is the conscious recollection of facts or events that can be verbally communicated.
Procedural memory is non-declarative knowledge that is in the forms of skills and cannot be consciously
recollected.

What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning.

Inductive reasoning is reasoning from the specific to the general and deductive reasoning is reasoning
from the general to the specific.

What are the different obstacles to problem solving?

The obstacles to problem solving are: (a) a fixation, which is using a prior strategy and failing to look at a
problem from a fresh, new perspective; (b) a mental set, a type of fixation in which an individual tries to
solve a problem in a particular way that has worked in the past; (c) lack of motivation and persistence;
and (d) inadequate emotional control.

What are the divergent thinking and convergent thinking?

Divergent thinking is thinking with the aim of producing many answers to the question. This is
characteristic of creativity. Convergent thinking is thinking with the aim of producing one correct
answer. This is usually the type of thinking required on conventional intelligence tests.

What is the difference between thinking and reasoning?

Thinking is manipulating and transforming information in memory. Reasoning is logical thinking that
uses induction or deduction to reach a conclusion.
What are the benefits of peer tutoring programs?

Peer tutoring is advantageous because it allows for help when the teacher cannot be there, peers
communicate to each other in a way the teacher may not be able to in order to aid learning, it raises
achievement, and allows for students' need to be social.

What are the guidelines for developing students' team-building skills?

Strategies for developing students' team-building skills include: Don't begin the year with cooperative
learning on a difficult task. Do team building at the level of the cooperative group (2-6 students) rather
than at the level of the entire class. In team building, work with students to help them become better
listeners. Give students some practice in contributing to a common product as part of team building.
During team building, you may want to discuss the value of having a group leader. Work with team
leaders to help them deal with problem situations.

What does it mean for a person to be motivated?

Motivation focuses on why people behave the way they do. Motivated behavior is energized, directed,
and sustained.

What is extrinsic and intrinsic motivation?

Intrinsic motivation is motivation that comes from within the individual. Self-determination, curiosity,
the gratification of challenge, and the desire to exert positive effort are intrinsically motivating.
Humanistic and cognitive perspectives stress the importance of intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation
involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments.

What is the role of social comparison in a student's motivation?

Students often compare themselves with their peers on where they stand academically and socially.
Positive social comparisons usually result in higher self-esteem and academic achievement, negative
comparisons in lower self-esteem and more achievement problems.

What are the some nonverbal signals that are almost always universally understood?

Most people would interpret a lift of the eyebrow as disbelief, a shrug of shoulders as indifference, and
tapping fingers as a sign of impatience.

What are the effective ways to get students' cooperation?

To get students to cooperate, teachers can utilize these three strategies: Develop a positive relationship
with students. Get students to share and assume responsibility. Reward appropriate behavior.
What are the characteristics of teachers who have few discipline problems?

When asked to identify the characteristics of teachers who had well-behaved classes, seventh-grade
students responded with the following: Well-prepared Interesting Funny Organized Fair Caring Nice
Energetic

What are the current trends in classroom assessment?

Current trends look to using at least some performance-based assessment, examining higher-level
cognitive skills, using multiple assessment methods, using more multiple-choice items to prepare
students for taking high-stakes state standards-based tests, having high performance standards, and
using computers as part of assessment.

What are the strategies for getting students to assess their own progress each day? What are the
advantages of training students to engage in their own formative assessment?

Teachers can "train" students to assess their own progress by developing self-assessment worksheets,
checklists, and other printed material to facilitate their evaluation of their progress. Advantages include
increased self-confidence and motivation to learn, and a deeper engagement in the learning process.

Educational Psychology Lecture Two

 Spoon Feeding is not Good

 Russians and Americans have worked a lot on educational psychology.
 Skinner (American psychologist), a well-known psychologist, has worked in this field and even
developed a teaching machine
 Ivan Pavlov; a Russian psychologist (Experiments on animals – Dogs

1) Descriptive Studies
Descriptive studies are usually the best methods for collecting information demonstrating
relationships and describing the world., The simplest form of gathering data –(A descriptive
study is one in which information is collected without changing the environment
-Observation/case study as a whole whatever is happening ) usually observes the phenomenon
that is happening and then describes this pheromone as it exists. The researcher describes but
doesn’t manipulate any other factor.

2) Correlational Studies –these studies seek to establish a relationship between two or more
observations which can be positive or negative
 3) Correlational studies, better known as observational studies -These studies seek to establish
relationships between two or more observations; these correlations may be negative or
positive. Two variables have interest

3) Experimental Studies/ Control studies

 The experimental method involves manipulating one variable to determine if this causes
changes in another variable.

Independent variable: price can be independent of the sale of a product.

Dependent variable: The amount of study is the independent variable and grades are the dependent
variable

Experimental: incentives introduced

Control: incentive not introduced

Longitude study: A person or group is studied for a long period – repeated major design

A micro genetic study: a phenomenon is studied at the micro level (small)

Cross-sectional approach: Studying different groups and doing a comparison

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Lesson04 -COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT AND

LANGUAGE I
a) Physical Development: Physical development refers to the changes and growth in the body
that occur throughout a person’s life. This includes growth in height and weight and the development of
motor skills, coordination, and overall physical health. Here are some key aspects of physical
development:

b) Personal Development: Personal Development tells us how personality develops and

changes with the passage of time. What kind of skills a child learns by age. The way one sleeps, eats,
and socializes are examples of this development.

c) Social Development: Social Development also impact child’s personally

and development a lot. Like for example, different people around a child help him to learn different
skills and habits. And different family systems whether joint or nuclear family, effects differently.

d) Cognitive Development: Cognitive development refers to the progression of a person's

ability to think, learn, and understand throughout life. This process encompasses various aspects,
including perception, memory, reasoning, problem-solving, and language acquisition.

Nothing is static even thinking, it also changes with experiences knowledge

The Principle of Continuous and Variable Rate of Development refers to the concept
that individuals grow and develop at their own pace, with fluctuations in different aspects of
development (such as physical, cognitive, emotional, and social). Here’s a breakdown of what it means:

Principle 02 Orderly development: That development is generally orderly, that development

takes in an orderly path: for example, children first sit, then develop an ability to stand and then to walk
etc.

Principle 02 Gradual development: That development takes place gradually, not overnight or
suddenly. For example, a seed turns into a tree over some period of time; same is the case with a human
child.

Brain There is a difference between brain and mind. Mind doesn’t have physical existence but brain
has. Like for example, hearing has not existence. Ear is an organ and hearing its function same as brain is
an organ and mind is its function.

Lateralization refers to the process by which certain mental and physical functions become
specialized in one hemisphere of the brain more than the other. The brain is divided into two
hemispheres—left and right—and while both works together, certain tasks are typically handled more
efficiently by one side.

Cerebellum: The cerebellum is a critical part of the brain located at the back of the skull, beneath
the cerebral hemispheres. Though relatively small, it plays a major role in motor control, coordination,
and balance. It ensures that movements are smooth, precise, and well-timed.

Hippocampus: The hippocampus is a key structure within the brain, essential for learning, memory,
and emotional regulation. Located in the medial temporal lobe, it plays a vital role in forming and
retrieving memories and is closely associated with the limbic system, which governs emotions and
behavior.

The hippocampus is essential for memory, learning, and navigation, making it a critical focus in
therapies involving neurological rehabilitation, dementia care, and emotional well-being. Understanding
how the hippocampus works enables physical therapists and healthcare professionals to design effective
interventions for cognitive and behavioral challenges.

Lateralization refers to the specialization of certain brain functions to either the left or right
hemisphere of the brain. Although both hemispheres work together through communication via the
corpus callosum, each side has dominant roles in specific activities and abilities. This division of labor
allows the brain to operate efficiently.