Title
MAT 102 - Elementary Mathematics II
(Calculus)
Techniques of Differentiation
By
Dr. Olutimo A. L.
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Department of Mathematics
Lagos State University Nigeria.
Rain Semester 2023/2024 Session
Techniques of Differentiation By Dr. Olutimo A. L. MAT 102 - Elementary Mathematics II (Calculus)
Title
Techniques of Differentiation Here are some the techniques
used in differentiation.
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Figure: Techniques of differentiation
Techniques of Differentiation By Dr. Olutimo A. L. MAT 102 - Elementary Mathematics II (Calculus)
Title
Differentiation by Functions of a function (Chain
Rule)
This approach is used when the dependent function y (x) is
expressed as y (u); a function of u, where u(x) is a function of
x. That is, given
y = y (u) u = u(x)
then, the derivative is given by university-logo-filen
dy dy du
= × .
dx du dx
Techniques of Differentiation By Dr. Olutimo A. L. MAT 102 - Elementary Mathematics II (Calculus)
Title
Example 1
Differentiate the following with respect to x
y = (3x 2 + 5x + 7)4
Solution
Let
u = 3x 2 + 5x + 7, then y = u4
du dy
= 6x + 5, = 4u 3
dx du
So
dy dy du university-logo-filen
= ×
dx du dx
= 4u 3 × (6x + 5)
= 4(6x + 5)u 3 , but u = 3x 2 + 5x + 7
dy
= 4(6x + 5)(3x 2 + 5x + 7)3 .
dx
Techniques of Differentiation By Dr. Olutimo A. L. MAT 102 - Elementary Mathematics II (Calculus)
Title
Example 2
Differentiate the following with respect to x
y = esin x
Solution
Let
u = sin x, then y = eu
du dy
= cos x, = eu
dx du
So
dy dy du university-logo-filen
= ×
dx du dx
= eu × cos x
= cos x.eu , but u = sin x
dy
= cos x.esin x .
dx
Techniques of Differentiation By Dr. Olutimo A. L. MAT 102 - Elementary Mathematics II (Calculus)
Title
Differentiation of Products (Product Rule)
This approach is used when the dependent function y (x) is a
product of 2 (or more) functions of x.
If
y = u(x).v (x),
where u and v are functions, of x, then:
dy dv du university-logo-filen
=u +v .
dx dx dx
Techniques of Differentiation By Dr. Olutimo A. L. MAT 102 - Elementary Mathematics II (Calculus)
Title
Example 1
Differentiate the following with respect to x, y = x 3 . tan x
Solution
Let
u = x 3, and v = tan x
du dv
= 3x 2 , = sec2 x.
dx du
So,
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dy dv du
= u +v
dx dx dx
= (x )(sec x) + (tan x)(3x 2 )
3 2
dy
= x 2 x sec2 x + 3 tan x .
dx
Techniques of Differentiation By Dr. Olutimo A. L. MAT 102 - Elementary Mathematics II (Calculus)
Title
Example 2
Solve y = e5x . ln cos x.
Solution
Let
u = e5x , and v = ln cos x
du dv − sin x
= 5e5x , = = − tan x.
dx du cos x
So,
dy dv du university-logo-filen
= u +v
dx dx dx
= (e5x )(− tan x) + (ln cos x)(5e5x )
= e5x (− tan x + 5 ln cos x)
dy
= e5x (5 ln cos x − tan x) .
dx
Techniques of Differentiation By Dr. Olutimo A. L. MAT 102 - Elementary Mathematics II (Calculus)
Title
Differentiation of Quotients (Quotient Rule)
This approach is used when the dependent function y (x) is a
quotient of 2 functions of x.
If
u(x)
y= ,
v (x)
where u and v are functions, of x, then:
dy v du dv
dx − u dx
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= .
dx v2
Techniques of Differentiation By Dr. Olutimo A. L. MAT 102 - Elementary Mathematics II (Calculus)
Title
Example 1
Differentiate the following with respect to x
sin 4x
y=
3x 2 − 7
Solution, We let
u = sin 4x, and v = 3x 2 − 7
du dv
= 4 cos 4x, = 6x.
dx du
dy v du dv
dx − u dx
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=
dx v2
2
(3x − 7)(4 cos 4x) − (sin 4x)(6x)
=
(3x 2 − 7)2
dy 4(3x 2 − 7) cos 4x − 6x. sin 4x
= .
dx (3x 2 − 7)2
Techniques of Differentiation By Dr. Olutimo A. L. MAT 102 - Elementary Mathematics II (Calculus)
Title
Example 2
Solve
ln x
y=
e7x
Solution
u = ln x, and v = e7x
du 1 dv
= , = 7e7x .
dx x du
t
dy v du
dx − u dx
dv
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=
dx v2
(e7x )( x1 ) − (ln x)(7e7x )
=
(e7x )2
e7x x1 − 7 ln x
1 − 7x. ln x
= = .
e 14x x.e7x
Techniques of Differentiation By Dr. Olutimo A. L. MAT 102 - Elementary Mathematics II (Calculus)
Title
Power Rule
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Figure: Power Rule
Techniques of Differentiation By Dr. Olutimo A. L. MAT 102 - Elementary Mathematics II (Calculus)
Title
Example
Solve
y = (7x 3 + x)4
dy
= 4(7x 3 + x)3 × (21x 2 + 1)
dx
= 4(21x 2 + 1)(7x 3 + x)3 . university-logo-filen
Techniques of Differentiation By Dr. Olutimo A. L. MAT 102 - Elementary Mathematics II (Calculus)
Title
Example 1
Differentiate the following implicit functions with respect to x
x 2 + y 3 + 7x − 4y = 7
Firstly, we differentiate through with respect to x
dy dy
2x + 3y 2 +7−4 =0
dx dx
dy
Then, collect the dx to the left hand side
dy dy
− 3y 2 4 = 2x + 7
dx dx university-logo-filen
dy
(4 − 3y 2 ) = 2x + 7
dx
Divide through by (4 − 3y 2 ) to get dy
dx
dy 2x + 7
= .
dx 4 − 3y 2
Techniques of Differentiation By Dr. Olutimo A. L. MAT 102 - Elementary Mathematics II (Calculus)
Title
Example 2
Solve
x 2 sin y + x 3 y 2 + 3ex = 5x
Firstly, we differentiate through with respect to x
2 dy 3 dy 2 2
x cos y + sin y .2x + x .2y + y .3x + 3ex = 5
dx dx
dy dy
x 2 cos y+ 2x sin y + 2x 3 y + 3x 2 y 2 + 3ex = 5
dx dx
Collecting the dy
dx to the left hand side
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2 dy dy
x cos y + 2x 3 y = 5 − 2x sin y − 3x 2 y 2 − 3ex
dx dx
dy
(x 2 cos y + 2x 3 y ) = 5 − 2x sin y − 3x 2 y 2 − 3ex
dx
dy 5 − 2x sin y − 3x 2 y 2 − 3ex
= .
dx x 2 cos y + 2x 3 y
Techniques of Differentiation By Dr. Olutimo A. L. MAT 102 - Elementary Mathematics II (Calculus)
Title
Logarithmic differentiation
f ′ (x)
d
ln f (x) =
dx f (x)
where ln is log to base e, that is
f ′ (x)
d
loge f (x) =
dx f (x)
and university-logo-filen
f ′ (x)
d
loga f (x) = ,
dx (log a)f (x)
where loga is a common log.
Techniques of Differentiation By Dr. Olutimo A. L. MAT 102 - Elementary Mathematics II (Calculus)
Title
Example 1
Differentiate with respect to x, y = ln x 3
dy 3x 2
=
dx x3
3
= .
x
Example 2 Differentiate with respect to x, y = log5 (2x + 1)
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dy 2
= .
dx (log 5)(2x + 1)
Techniques of Differentiation By Dr. Olutimo A. L. MAT 102 - Elementary Mathematics II (Calculus)
Title
Differentiation of Parametric equations
In some cases, it is more convenient to represent a function by
expressing x and y separately in terms of a third independent
variable, e.g. x = sin t, y = cos 2t. Here, the third variable, e.g.
t, is called a parameter, and the two expressions for x and y
are the parametric equations.
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Techniques of Differentiation By Dr. Olutimo A. L. MAT 102 - Elementary Mathematics II (Calculus)
Title
Example
dy
Find dx for given parametric equation below
x = cos 2t, y = sin t
Firstly, you differentiate with respect to t
dx dy
= −2 sin 2t, = cos t
dt dt
Then,
dy dy dt dy 1
= × = ×
dx dt dx dt dx/dt
dy 1 university-logo-filen
= sin t ×
dx −2 sin 2t
sin t
= −
2 sin 2t
sin t
= −
2(2 sin t cos t)
1 1
= − MAT 102 - Elementary Mathematics II (Calculus)
Techniques of Differentiation By Dr. Olutimo A. L.
4 cos t
