SIKSHA 'O' ANUSANDHAN

(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)

Department of Electrical Engineering,

Institute of Technical Education and Research

CIRCUIT THEORY
(EET2111)

DESIGN PROJECT

SUBMITTED BY
NAME: SHIVAM PATIL
REGISTRATION NO.: 2141016172
BRANCH – SECTION: EE
SEMESTER: 4th

DECLARATION
I certify that
a. The work contained in this report is original and has been done by me.
b. I have followed the guidelines provided by the Institute in preparing the report.
c. I have conformed to the norms and guidelines given in the Ethical Code of
Conduct of the Institute.
d. I have tried to complete the work with minimum possible cost.
e. Whenever I have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, figures, and text)
from other sources, I have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of
the report and giving their details in the references.

Submitted By:
Name: SHIVAM PATIL
Regd No:2141016172
Branch:EE
Section:A

____________________
Signature
1. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Design a 2nd order active HPF which will stop the signals of frequency less than 150Hz and
compare with a passive HPF of same order.

2.CIRCUIT OPERATING CONSTRAINTS

▪ Value of Rf and Ri should be same else different value of Rf and Ri will differ the results. ▪
Connection of capacitor and op amp should be done carefully else the capacitor will burst out.

3.THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
a) INTRODUCTION
Operational Amplifier:
An Operational Amplifier, or op-amp for short, is fundamentally a voltage amplifying
device designed to be used with external feedback components such as resistors and
capacitors between its output and input terminals. These feedback components
determine the resulting function or “operation” of the amplifier and by virtue of the
different feedback configurations whether resistive, capacitive or both, the amplifier can
perform a variety of different operations, giving rise to its name of “Operational
Amplifier”.
An Operational Amplifier is basically a three-terminal device which consists of two
high impedance inputs. One of the inputs is called the Inverting Input, marked with a
negative or “minus” sign, ( – ). The other input is called the Non-inverting Input,
marked with a positive or “plus” sign ( + ).

Filter Circuit:
An Electrical filter is a circuit, designed to reject all unwanted frequency components of
an electrical signal and allow only desired frequencies. In other words a filter is a circuit
which allows only a certain band of frequencies.

Types of filters
The five main types of frequency filters are the high pass, low-pass, all-pass, band pass,
and notch filters. Their characteristics are determined by the type and values of circuit
components used as well as their arrangement. The classification is based on the
frequency range that a filter allows to passes through.

High pass filter

 High pass filter allows those signals above the cut off frequency and blocks
all the lower ones.
b)Block Diagram

Signal
Input

There are two categories of frequency filters based on the circuit

components and operation:
Passive Frequency Filters
Passive frequency filters use passive components such as the resistors, capacitors and.
The passive filters attenuate the unwanted frequencies and have an output level slightly
lower than the input.

Active Frequency Filters

Active frequency filters use active amplifying components such as transistors and
operational amplifiers (opamps), which are used to increase the signal strength and can
have higher outputs that the input signal level

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING / ANALYSIS

For Passive High Pass Filter:
Cutoff Frequency of 2nd Order RC High Pass Filter:
The cutoff frequency of cascading filters depends on both stages & it is given by;

but if the Resistor R1 = R2 & the capacitor C1 = C2, then the cutoff frequency becomes;

For C= 0.1uF and fc=150Hz

fc=1/(2 pi R *0.1uF)
R=10610Ω
So, R1=R2=10610Ω

For Active High Pass Filter:

The cutoff frequency of this filter is;

If the resistor R1 = R2 = R & Capacitor C1 = C2 = C, the equation of cutoff frequency
becomes;

The gain of the filter is given by;

A = 1 + (Rb/Ra)

For C= 0.1uF, fc=150Hz and Rb=1000Ω, Ra=100000Ω

fc=1/(2 pi R *0.1uF)
R=10610Ω
So, R1=R2=10610Ω
A = 1 + (1000/100000)
=1.01

3.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
For 2nd passive high pass filter :
For 2nd order active high pass filter:
4. DESIGN SPECIFICATION
Sl. No. Component Name Specification No. of units

1 OP- AMP UA741IC 1

2 Resistors 10k, 100k, 1k, 4,1,1

3 Breadboard 98pts 1

4 Capacitors 0.1uF

5 Function Generator 1

6 DSO 1

7 VCC 12v,-12v 1

8 Wires 24 swg As per

required

5. HARDWARE SETUP
o Analyse the given circuit.

o Make suitable calculations and obtain the expression satisfying the output conditions.

o Verify your mathematical calculations along with the designed circuit and then make the
preferred circuit.

o Make the circuit according to the circuit diagram verified by the lab faculty, and then
implement it on the breadboard.

Figure 1Passive Filter

Figure 2 Active Filter

6. RESULT

For Passive High Pass Filter

Figure 4At 1000Hz

For Active High Pass Filter

Figure 5 At 100Hz
Figure 6 At 1000 Hz

7. COMMENTS

 The gain depends on the Rb and Ra if we increase the Rb there will be more gain.
 Active filters require a power source to operate, whereas passive filters don’t.
 The output of passive filters changes with the load, whereas active filters
maintain their performance irrespective of the load connected.
 Passive filters cannot apply additional gain to the signal, whereas active filters
can. Even if no gain is applied, active filters maintain the signal amplitude,
whereas passive filters attenuate the entire signal.

8. REFERENCE
 Fundamentals of electric circuits by Mathew O Sadiku(7th)
 https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2019/08/active-high-pass-filter.html
 https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2019/07/types-of-passive-high-pass-
filters.html