Electrical Engineering and
Control (EEC) Program,
EEC311-Electronics (2)
ELE212-Electronic and Digital Circuits
Fall 2024/2025
Associ. Prof. Islam Mohamed
Course Description (As indicated in program Bylaw)
Part II
Filters, Oscillators& Timers, PID-Controller,
Lectures Outline:
Applications of Op-AMP
Lecture (1):
Passive Filters
Active Filters
Proteus Simulation
Lecture (2):
Oscillators
Proteus Simulation
Lecture (3):
Timers
Proteus Simulation and Exp.
Lecture (4):
PID Controller
Proteus Simulation
Filters:
Filters are electronic circuits to reject or attenuate
undesirable frequency components from the original signal
and may be to enhance the desirable components.
Signal frequency components can be determined by
transformation techniques such as Fourier series.
Classification of Filters:
L-filter, C-filter, LC-filter, RC-filter…etc.
Passive Filters (consists of only passive elements R, L, and C) and
Active Filters (consists of active elements (such as transistors and
opamps) in addition to passive elements).
First-order, second-order…etc.
Low-pass, High-pass, Band-pass, Band-stop filters.
Filters:
Passive Filters:
Passive filters is designed using passive elements such as inductors,
capacitors, and resistors (R, L, C).
First-order low-pass filter (RC): First-order high-pass filter (CR):
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7
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Filters:
Passive Filters:
First-order low-pass filter: First-order high-pass filter:
Filters:
Passive Filters:
Simple band-pass filter: Simple band-stop filter:
Filters:
Passive Filters:
Simple band-pass filter:
Design of filters:
Passive Filters (Application):
AC to DC Converter
Design of filters:
Passive Filters (Application):
Rectifier Output (DC) Filters:
Design of Rectifier Output (DC) LC-Filter
Design Requirements
1- Reduce %RF of load voltage
2- Lower size and Cost
Active Filters:
Passive filters consume the energy of the signal, but no power gain,
while active filters have power gain.
Active filters require external power supply.
The op-amp provides gain, so the signal is not attenuated as it
passes through the filter.
The high input impedance of the op-amp prevents excessive
loading of the driving source, and the low output impedance
of the op-amp prevents the filter from being affected by the
load that it is driving.
Active filters are also easy to adjust over a wide frequency
range without altering the desired response.
Low-pass active filter:
Inverting Op Amp is used to design low-pass active filter.
Active Filters:
High-pass active filter:
Inverting Op Amp is used to design high-pass active filter.
Active Filters:
Band-pass active filter:
This filter is designed based on cascaded inverting Op-Amps.
Input Output
LPF HPF Inverter Signal
Signal
Band-pass active filter:
𝑉𝑜 −𝑅𝑓 𝑗 𝜔 𝜔2
𝐴𝐵𝑝 𝜔 = =
𝑉𝑖 𝑅𝑖 𝜔2 + 𝑗𝜔 (𝜔1 + 𝑗𝜔)
𝑐1 determines the cut-off frequency 𝜔2
and 𝑐2 determines the cut-off frequency 𝜔1
Another type of filter configuration is a multiple-feedback band pass
filter. The two feedback paths are through R2 and C1. Components R1
and C1 provide the low-pass response, and R2 and C2 provide the high-
pass response. The maximum gain, A0, occurs at the center frequency.
Active Filters:
Band-reject active filter:
This filter is designed based on cascaded inverting Op-Amps.
Band-reject active filter:
𝑉𝑜 𝑅𝑓 1 𝑗𝜔𝑐2 𝑅
𝐴𝐵𝑅 𝜔 = = ( + )
𝑉𝑖 𝑅𝑖 1 + 𝑗𝜔𝑐1 𝑅 1 + 𝑗𝜔𝑐2 𝑅
A Single-Pole Filter
The Figure shows an active filter with a single low-pass RC frequency-selective
circuit that provides a roll-off of – 20 dB/decade above the critical frequency, The
op-amp in this filter is connected as a non inverting amplifier with the closed-loop
voltage gain in the pass band set by the values of R1and R2.
The Sallen-Key is one of the most common configurations for a second-order
(two-pole) filter. Notice that there are two low pass RC circuits that provide a
roll-off of – 40 dB/decade above the critical frequency.
A three-pole filter is required to get a third-order low-pass response (– 60
dB/decade). This is done by cascading a two-pole Sallen-Key low-pass filter
and a single-pole low-pass filter, as shown in the Figure.
Q: Draw Four pole low-pass filter
2- ACTIVE HIGH-PASS FILTERS
3- ACTIVE BAND-PASS FILTERS
Cascaded Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters
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3- ACTIVE BAND-PASS FILTERS
Cascaded Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters
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End Lecture (1)
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