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4
Number Systems
Decimal Numbers
Binary Numbers
11012 =
537410 =
1's column 1's column
10's column 2's column
100's column 4's column
1000's column 8's column
Carnegie Mellon
Number Systems
Decimal Numbers
1000's column
10's column
1's column
100's column
537410 = 5 × 103 + 3 × 102 + 7 × 101 + 4 × 100
five three seven four
thousands hundreds tens ones
Binary Numbers
8's column
2's column
1's column
4's column
11012 = 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20 = 1310
one one no one
eight four two one
5
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Powers of two
20 = 28 =
21 = 29 =
22 = 210 =
23 = 211 =
24 = 212 =
25 = 213 =
26 = 214 =
27 = 215 =
6
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Powers of two
20 = 1 28 = 256
21 = 2 29 = 512
22 = 4 210 = 1024
23 = 8 211 = 2048
24 = 16 212 = 4096
25 = 32 213 = 8192
26 = 64 214 = 16384
27 = 128 215 = 32768
Handy to memorize up to 215
7
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Binary to Decimal Conversion
Convert 100112 to decimal
8
Carnegie Mellon
Binary to Decimal Conversion
Convert 100112 to decimal
24 × 1 + 23 × 0 + 22 × 0 + 21 × 1 + 20 × 1 =
9
Carnegie Mellon
Binary to Decimal Conversion
Convert 100112 to decimal
24 × 1 + 23 × 0 + 22 × 0 + 21 × 1 + 20 × 1 =
16 × 1 + 8 × 0 + 4 × 0 + 2 × 1 + 1 × 1 =
16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 1910
10
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Decimal to Binary Conversion
Convert 4710 to binary
11
Carnegie Mellon
Decimal to Binary Conversion
Convert 4710 to binary
Start with 26 = 64 is 64 ≤ 47 ? no do nothing
Now 25 = 32
12
Carnegie Mellon
Decimal to Binary Conversion
Convert 4710 to binary
Start with 26 = 64 is 64 ≤ 47 ? no do nothing
Now 25 = 32 is 32 ≤ 47 ? yes subtract 47 – 32 =15
Now 24= 16 is 16 ≤ 15 ? no do nothing
Now 23= 8 is 8 ≤ 15 ? yes subtract 15 – 8 = 7
Now 22= 4 is 4 ≤ 7 ? yes subtract 7-4 = 3
Now 21= 2 is 2 ≤ 3 ? yes subtract 3-2 =1
Now 20= 1 is 1 ≤ 1 ? yes we are done
13
Carnegie Mellon
Decimal to binary conversion
Convert 4710 to binary
Start with 26 = 64 is 64 ≤ 47 ? no 0 do nothing
Now 25 = 32 is 32 ≤ 47 ? yes 1 subtract 47 – 32 =15
Now 24= 16 is 16 ≤ 15 ? no 0 do nothing
Now 23= 8 is 8 ≤ 15 ? yes 1 subtract 15 – 8 = 7
Now 22= 4 is 4 ≤ 7 ? yes 1 subtract 7-4 = 3
Now 21= 2 is 2 ≤ 3 ? yes 1 subtract 3-2 =1
Now 20= 1 is 1 ≤ 1 ? yes 1 we are done
Result is 01011112
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Carnegie Mellon
Binary Values and Range
N-digit decimal number
How many values? 10N
Range? [0, 10N - 1]
Example: 3-digit decimal number
103 = 1000 possible values
Range: [0, 999]
N-bit binary number
How many values? 2N
Range: [0, 2N - 1]
Example: 3-digit binary number
23 = 8 possible values
Range: [0, 7] = [0002 to 1112]
15
Carnegie Mellon
Hexadecimal (Base-16) Numbers
Decimal Hexadecimal Binary
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Carnegie Mellon
Hexadecimal (Base-16) Numbers
Decimal Hexadecimal Binary
0 0 0000
1 1 0001
2 2 0010
3 3 0011
4 4 0100
5 5 0101
6 6 0110
7 7 0111
8 8 1000
9 9 1001
10 A 1010
11 B 1011
12 C 1100
13 D 1101
14 E 1110
15 F 1111
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Carnegie Mellon
Hexadecimal Numbers
Binary numbers can be pretty long.
A neat trick is to use base 16
How many binary digits represent a hexadecimal digit?
4 (since 24 = 16)
Example 32 bit number:
0101 1101 0111 0001 1001 1111 1010 0110
18
Carnegie Mellon
Hexadecimal Numbers
Binary numbers can be pretty long.
A neat trick is to use base 16
How many binary digits represent a hexadecimal digit?
4 (since 24 = 16)
Example 32 bit number:
0101 1101 0111 0001 1001 1111 1010 0110
5 D 7 1 9 F A 6
19
Carnegie Mellon
Hexadecimal Numbers
Binary numbers can be pretty long.
A neat trick is to use base 16
How many binary digits represent a hexadecimal digit?
4 (since 24 = 16)
Example 32 bit number:
0101 1101 0111 0001 1001 1111 1010 0110
5 D 7 1 9 F A 6
The other way is just as simple
C E 2 8 3 5 4 B
20
Carnegie Mellon
Hexadecimal Numbers
Binary numbers can be pretty long.
A neat trick is to use base 16
How many binary digits represent a hexadecimal digit?
4 (since 24 = 16)
Example 32 bit number:
0101 1101 0111 0001 1001 1111 1010 0110
5 D 7 1 9 F A 6
The other way is just as simple
C E 2 8 3 5 4 B
1100 1110 0010 1000 0011 0101 0100 1011 21
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Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion
Convert 4AF16 (or 0x4AF) to decimal
22
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Hexadecimal to decimal conversion
Convert 4AF16 (or 0x4AF) to decimal
162 × 4 + 161 ×A + 160 × F =
256 × 4 + 16 × 10 + 1 × 15 =
1024 + 160 + 15 = 119910
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Bits, Bytes, Nibbles…
10010110
most least
significant significant
bit bit
byte
10010110
nibble
CEBF9AD7
most least
significant significant
byte byte
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Powers of Two
210 = 1 kilo ≈ 1000 (1024)
220 = 1 mega ≈ 1 million (1,048,576)
230 = 1 giga ≈ 1 billion (1,073,741,824)
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Carnegie Mellon
Powers of Two (SI Compatible)
210 = 1 kibi ≈ 1000 (1024)
220 = 1 mebi ≈ 1 million (1,048,576)
230 = 1 gibi ≈ 1 billion (1,073,741,824)
26
Carnegie Mellon
Estimating Powers of Two
What is the value of 224?
How many values can a 32-bit variable
represent?
27
