1

Numbers – Divisibility Test

What is Divisibility Test?

When you look at any number whether it is 2 digit or 4 digit or 10 digit number, without
actually dividing that number with 2 ,3, 4(any number) if you can tell that number is
divisible by 4 completely that is nothing but divisibility Test.

Let us take sample example to understand it and we will go through divisibility tests for
2 to 11.

Sample example

Write your mobile on piece of paper. I have written mine below:

9096754428 Now looking at number tell if this number is completely divisible by 9 or

not?

➔ You will now try to divide complete number by 9 and check what remainder is. If
remainder is 0 means completely divisible. Correct?
➔ Now just do simple thing: Add all digits of given number
➔ Here: 9 + 0 + 9 + 6 + 7 + 5 + 4 + 4 + 2 + 8 = 54
➔ Now check if 54 is completely divisible by 9 or not.
➔ Yes 54 is divisible by 9
So, The number 9096754428 is also completely divisible by 9

(This is nothing but divisibility test of 9 and each number has different divisible test)

Why Divisibility Test?

It simplifies your calculation. It also changes the way we look at numbers. When you do
regular practice of divisibility test (2 to 11 numbers) and you look at any number you will
think whether it is divisible by 2, 3 , 4 …11 etc and will make your calculations quick and
short.

You will see lot of benefits of this in all different topics while solving in it.

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Benefits of Divisibility Tests:

HCF and LCM Simplification

Work and Time Average
Pipes and Cistern Series
Quick calculation and any topic where quick calculations are required

Divisibility Test for 2:

Rightmost digit number should be divisible by 2.

All even numbers are completely divisible by 2.

In simple words, if rightmost last digit of any number is 0 or 2 or 4 or 6 or 8 then that

number is completely divisible by 2

Look at below numbers and observe:

Number Observation [right most digit] Divisible by 2 or not

35 Rightmost Last digit is 5 and 5 is not divisible by 2 Number is not divisible by 2
70 Rightmost Last digit is 0 and 0 is divisible by 2 Number is divisible by 2
269 Rightmost Last digit is 9 and 9 is not divisible by 2 Number is not divisible by 2
1002 Rightmost Last digit is 2 and 2 is divisible by 2 Number is divisible by 2

Problem 1:

Number 3789* is completely divisible by 2. What number could be there in place of * ?

Solution :

As per divisibily test for 2, any number whose rightmost digit is 0 or 2 or 4 or 6 or

8 is completely divisible by 2.

So in place of * there could be below values:

2, 4, 6, 8, 0

Answer is 2, 4, 6, 8, 0

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Problem 2 :

Which of the following numbers are completely divisible by 2 ?

1236665, 888886, 9999995, 9876543

Solution :

As per divisibility test for 2, any number whose rightmost digit is divisible by 2 is
completely divisible by 2.

So let us look at right most number and decide if number is divisible by 2 or not.

Number Observation Divisible by 2 or not

1236665 Rightmost Last digit is 5 and 5 is not divisible by 2 Number is not divisible by 2
888886 Rightmost Last digit is 6 and 6 is divisible by 2 Number is divisible by 2
9999995 Rightmost Last digit is 5 and 5 is not divisible by 2 Number is not divisible by 2
9876543 Rightmost Last digit is 3 and 3 is not divisible by 2 Number is not divisible by 2

Answer is 888886 is completely divisible by 2

Divisibility Test for 3 :

If sum of all digits of the number is divisible by 3 then that number is completely
divisible by 3.

Look at below numbers and observe:

Number Observation [sum of all digits] Divisible by 3 or not

Sum of all digits ( 1 + 2 + 3 = 6)
123 Number is divisible by 3
6 is divisible by 3
Sum of all digits (3 + 9 + 6 = 18)
396 18 -> Sum of digits (1 + 8 = 9) Number is divisible by 3
9 is divisible by 3
Sum of all digits (7 + 7 + 5 = 19)
775 19 -> Sum of digits (1 + 9 = 10) Number is not divisible by 3
10 is not divisible by 3
Sum of all digits (8 + 6 + 7 + 9 = 30)
8679 30 -> Sum of digits (3 + 0 = 3) Number is divisible by 3
3 is completely divisible by 3

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Note:

When you do sum of all digits and you get answer which is big number. Then continue
doing same process till you get single digit sum

Example: 9999968

Sum of digits (9 + 9 + 9 + 9 + 9 + 6 + 8 = 59 )

So some of students may not be able to conclude by looking at number 59 if it is

divisible by 3 or not.

Then repeat sum of digit process till you get single digit number

59 -> 5 + 9 = 14

14 -> 1 + 4 = 5

5 is not divisible by 3.

So number 9999968 is not divisible by 3

Problem 1:

Number 5*985 is completely divisible by 3. What number could be there in place of * ?

Solution :

As per divisibility test for 3, if sum of all digits of number is divisible by 3 then
that number is also divisible by 3

Let us take sum of all digits of number 5*985

Sum = 5 + 9 + 8 + 5 + * = 27 + *

Digit sum of 27 = 2 + 7 = 9 which is divisible by 3 already

In order to have number 5*985 completely divisible sum has of digits should be also
divisible by 3.

As Sum without * is already divisible by 3, we need to have such number in place of *

which will be divisible by 3 and 3, 6, 9, 0 these numbers are completely divisible by 3.

So answer is 3, 6, 9, 0

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Problem 2:

Number 5*699*6 is completely divisible by 3. There is same number in place of both *.

What number could be there in place of *?

A)1 B) 0 C) 7 D) 2

Solution :

As per divisibility test for 3, if sum of all digits of number is divisible by 3 then
that number is also divisible by 3

Let us take sum of all digits of number 5*985

Sum = 5 + 6 +9 + 9 + 6 + * + * = 35 + 2*. Sum of 35 -> 3 + 5 =8

To find number in place of * we need to make sure:

8 + 2* should be completely divisibly 3.

If we put 1 at * : 8 + (2*1) = 10 not divisible by 3

If we put 2 at *: 8 + (2*2) = 12 divisible by 3. Like this we need to check for 0 to 9 and

then conclude.

However if we have options given it is best way to use options to solve such
questions.

Options Observation [ sum of all digits as per Answer valid/ Not

divisibility test of 3]
Sum of all digits ( 5 + 1 + 6 + 9 +9 + 1 + 6 = 37)
A (* = 1)
37 -> Sum of digits (3 + 7 = 10) Option A is not the answer
5169916
10 is not divisible by 3
Sum of all digits (5 + 0 + 6 + 9 +9 + 0 + 6 = 35)
A (* = 0)
35 -> Sum of digits (3 + 5 = 8) Option B is not the answer
5069906
8 is not divisible by 3
Sum of all digits (5 + 7 + 6 + 9 +9 + 7 + 6 = 49)
A (* = 7) 49 -> Sum of digits (4 + 9 = 13)
Option C is not the answer
5769976 13 -> Sum of digits (1 + 3 = 4)
4 is not divisible by 3
Sum of all digits (5 + 2 + 6 + 9 +9 + 2 + 6 = 39)
A (* = 2) Option D is correct
39 -> Sum of digits (3 + 9 = 12) -> 1 + 2 = 3
5269926 answer
3 is completely divisible by 3

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Divisibility Test for 4 :

If last 2 digits part of number is divisible by 4 then that number is completely

divisible by 4.

So look at number and just focus on right side last 2 digit number

Number Observation [ last 2 digits] Divisible by 4 or not

Rightmost Last 2 digits : 64
1236664 Number is divisible by 4
64 is divisible by 4
Rightmost Last 2 digits : 60
8888860 Number is divisible by 4
60 is divisible by 4
Rightmost Last 2 digits : 99
1399999 Number is not divisible by 4
99 is not divisible by 4
Rightmost Last 2 digits : 44
9376544 Number is divisible by 4
44 is completely divisible by 4
Rightmost Last 2 digits : 00
9000 Number is divisible by 4
00 is completely divisible by 4

Problem 1:

Number 665998*0 is completely divisible by 4. What number can be there in place of *?

Solution :

As per divisibility test for 4, if last 2 digit number is divisible by 4 then that
number is divisible by 4

Let us try to check all combination and then find required number: Focus last 2 digits
only

Possibility in place of * Last 2 digits ( when value put for *) Possible answer(Yes/No)
0 00 -> Divisible by 4 Yes
1 10 -> Not divisible by 4 No
2 20 -> Divisible by 4 Yes
3 30 -> Not divisible by 4 No
4 40 -> Divisible by 4 Yes
5 50 -> Not divisible by 4 No
6 60 -> Divisible by 4 Yes
7 70 -> Not divisible by 4 No
8 80 -> Divisible by 4 Yes
9 90 -> Not divisible by 4 No

Answer is 0, 2, 4, 6, 8

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Note:

Most of the time options are given and we can directly refer option to solve this.

Let us do next problem with option:

Problem 2:

Number 6977** is completely divisible by 4. What number could be there in place of * ?

A) 7 B) 9 C) 5 D)4

Solution :

Let us put all options values at place of * 1 by 1 and check for divisibility test of 4

Options Observation [ Last 2 digits as per divisibility Answer valid/ Not

test of 4]
A (* = 7) 77 -> Not Divisible by 4
Option A is not the answer
697777
B (* = 9) 99 -> Not Divisible by 4
Option B is not the answer
697799
C (* = 5) 55 -> Not Divisible by 4
Option C is not the answer
697755
D (* = 4) 44 -> Divisible by 4
Option D is correct answer
697744

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Divisibility Test for 5 :

If Rightmost digit number is 0 or 5 then number is completely divisible by 5.

Look at below numbers and observe:

Number Observation [right most digit 0 0r 5] Divisible by 5 or not

35 Rightmost Last digit is 5 Number is divisible by 5
70 Rightmost Last digit is 0 Number is divisible by 5
269 Rightmost Last digit is 9 Number is not divisible by 5
1000 Rightmost Last digit is 5 Number is divisible by 5

Problem 1:

Number 3789* is completely divisible by 5. What number could be there in place of * ?

Solution :

As per divisibility test for 5, any number whose rightmost digit is 0 or 5 is

completely divisible by 5.

So in place of * there could be below values:

0 or 5

Answer is 0, 5

Problem 2:

Which of the following numbers are completely divisible by 5 ?

1236665, 888886, 9999995, 9876543

Solution :

As per divisibility test for 5, any number whose rightmost digit is 0 or 5 is divisible
by 5.

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So let us look at right most number and decide if number is divisible by 5 or not.

Number Observation [Rightmost digit 0 or 5] Divisible by 5 or not

1236665 Rightmost Last digit is 5 Number is divisible by 5
888886 Rightmost Last digit is 6 Number is not divisible by 5
9999995 Rightmost Last digit is 5 Number is divisible by 5
9876543 Rightmost Last digit is 3 Number is not divisible by 5

Answer is 1236665, 9999995 are completely divisible by 5

Divisibility Test for 6 :

If number is divisible by 2 and 3 then it is completely divisible by 6

Number Divisible by 2 Divisible by 3 Divisible by 6 or not

Sum of digit
360 Rightmost digit 0 -> Yes 3+6=9 Number is divisible 6
9 is divisible by 3
Not required Number is not
375 Rightmost digit 5 -> No
divisible 6
Sum of digit
4 + 8 = 12
4800 Rightmost digit 0 -> Yes Number is divisible 6
12-> 1 + 2 =3
3 is divisible by 3
Sum of digits
2 + 4 + 3 + 6 = 15
2436 Rightmost digit 6 -> Yes Number is divisible 6
15 -> 1 + 5 = 6
6 is divisible by 3

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Divisibility Test for 8 :

If last 3 digits part of number is divisible by 8 then that number is completely

divisible by 8.

So look at number and just focus on right side last 3 digit number

Number Observation [ last 3 digits] Divisible by 8 or not

Rightmost Last 3 digits : 064
1236064 Number is divisible by 8
64 is divisible by 8
Rightmost Last 3 digits : 160
8888160 Number is divisible by 8
60 is divisible by 8
Rightmost Last 3 digits : 999
1399999 Number is not divisible by 8
99 is not divisible by 8
Rightmost Last 3 digits : 144
9376144 Number is divisible by 8
144 is completely divisible by 4
Rightmost Last 2 digits : 00
9000 Number is divisible by 8
00 is completely divisible by 4

Problem 1:

Number 665998*0 is completely divisible by 8. What number can be there in place of *?

Solution :

As per divisibility test for 8, if last 3 digit number is divisible by 8 then that
number is divisible by 8

Let us try to check all combination and then find required number: Focus last 3 digits
only

Possibility in place of * Last 3 digits ( when value put for *) Possible answer(Yes/No)
0 800 -> Divisible by 8 Yes
1 810 -> Not divisible by 8 No
2 820 -> Not divisible by 8 No
3 830 -> Not divisible by 8 No
4 840 -> Divisible by 8 Yes
5 850 -> Not divisible by 8 No
6 860 -> Not divisible by 8 No
7 870 -> Not divisible by 8 No
8 880 -> Divisible by 8 Yes
9 890 -> Not divisible by 8 No

Answer is 0, 4, 8

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Note:

Most of the time options are given and we can directly refer option to solve this.

Let us do next problem with option:

Problem 2:

Number 69777* is completely divisible by 8. What number could be there in place of *

?

A) 5 B) 4 C) 6 D)0

Solution :

Let us put all options values at place of * 1 by 1 and check for divisibility test of 4

Options Observation [ Last 3 digits as per divisibility Answer valid/ Not

test of 8]
A (* = 5) 775 -> Not Divisible by 8
Option A is not the answer
697775
B (* = 4) 774 -> Not Divisible by 8
Option B is not the answer
697774
C (* = 6) 776 -> Divisible by 8 Option C is correct
697776 answer
D (* = 0) 770 -> Not divisible by 8
Option D is not the answer
697770

Once we get answer we don’t need to check next options [just written for reference and
understanding]

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Divisibility Test for 9 :

If sum of all digits of the number is divisible by 9 then that number is completely
divisible by 9.

Look at below numbers and observe:

Number Observation [sum of all digits] Divisible by 9 or not

Sum of all digits ( 1 + 2 + 3 = 6)
123 Number is divisible by 9
6 is not divisible by 9
Sum of all digits (3 + 9 + 6 = 18)
396 18 -> Sum of digits (1 + 8 = 9) Number is divisible by 9
9 is completely divisible by 9
Sum of all digits (7 + 7 + 5 = 19)
775 19 -> Sum of digits (1 + 9 = 10) Number is not divisible by 9
10 is not divisible by 9
Sum of all digits (8 + 6 + 7 + 6 = 27)
8676 27 -> Sum of digits (2 + 7 = 9) Number is divisible by 9
9 is completely divisible by 9

Problem 1:

Number 5*985 is completely divisible by 9. What number could be there in place of * ?

Solution :

As per divisibility test for 9, if sum of all digits of number is divisible by 9 then
that number is also divisible by 9

Let us take sum of all digits of number 5*985

Sum = 5 + 9 + 8 + 5 + * = 27 + *

Digit sum of 27 = 2 + 7 = 9 which is divisible by 9 already

In order to have number 5*985 completely divisible sum has of digits should be also
divisible by 3.

As Sum without * is already divisible by 9, we need to have such number in place of *

which will be divisible by 9.

9, 0 these numbers are completely divisible by 9.

So Answer is 9, 0

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Problem 2:

Number 5*699*6 is completely divisible by 9. There is same number in place of both *.

What number could be there in place of *?

A)1 B) 0 C) 7 D) 2

Solution :

As per divisibility test for 9, if sum of all digits of number is divisible by 9 then
that number is also divisible by 9

Let us take sum of all digits of number 5*699*6

Sum = 5 + 6 +9 + 9 + 6 + * + * = 35 + 2*

Sum of 35 -> 3 + 5 =8

To find number in place of * we need to make sure:

8 + 2* should be completely divisibly 9.

If we put 1 at * : 8 + (2*1) = 10 not divisible by 9

If we put 2 at *: 8 + (2*2) = 12 not divisible by 9

Like this we need to check for 0 to 9 and then conclude.

However if we have options given it is best way to use options to solve such
questions.

Options Observation [ sum of all digits as per Answer valid/ Not

divisibility test of 9]
Sum of all digits ( 5 + 1 + 6 + 9 +9 + 1 + 6 = 37)
A (* = 1)
37 -> Sum of digits (3 + 7 = 10) Option A is not the answer
5169916
10 is not divisible by 9
Sum of all digits (5 + 0 + 6 + 9 +9 + 0 + 6 = 35)
A (* = 0)
35 -> Sum of digits (3 + 5 = 8) Option B is not the answer
5069906
8 is not divisible by 9
Sum of all digits (5 + 5 + 6 + 9 +9 + 5 + 6 = 45)
A (* = 5) Option C is the correct
45 -> Sum of digits (4 + 5 = 9)
5569956 answer
9 is divisible by 9
Sum of all digits (5 + 2 + 6 + 9 +9 + 2 + 6 = 39)
A (* = 2) 39 -> Sum of digits (3 + 9 = 12)
Option D is not the answer
5269926 12 -> Sum of digits (1 + 2 = 3)
3 is not divisible by 9

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Divisibility Test for 10:

If Rightmost digit of number is 0 then number is completely divisible by 10.

Look at below numbers and observe:

Number Observation [right most digit 0] Divisible by 10 or not

3000 Rightmost Last digit is 0 Number is divisible by 10
70 Rightmost Last digit is 0 Number is divisible by 10
269 Rightmost Last digit is 9 Number is not divisible by 10
1000 Rightmost Last digit is 0 Number is divisible by 10

Problem 1:

Number 3788869* is completely divisible by 10. What number could be there in place
of * ?

Solution :

As per divisibility test for 10, any number whose rightmost digit is 0 is completely
divisible by 10.

So in place of * there could be below values:

Answer is 0

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Problem 2:

Which of the following numbers are completely divisible by 10 ?

12366650, 888886, 99999950, 9876543

Solution :

As per divisibility test for 10, any number whose rightmost digit is 0 is completely
divisible by 2.

So let us look at right most number and decide if number is divisible by 10 or not.

Number Observation [Rightmost digit 0 ] Divisible by 5 or not

1236665 Rightmost Last digit is 5 Number is not divisible by 5
8888860 Rightmost Last digit is 0 Number is not divisible by 5
99999950 Rightmost Last digit is 0 Number is not divisible by 10
9876543 Rightmost Last digit is 3 Number is not divisible by 10

Answer is 8888860, 99999950 is completely divisible by 10

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Divisibility Test for 11:

Calculate sum of digits at odd places (1, 3, 5…from left)

Calculate sum of digits at even places (2, 4, 6…from left)

Now get difference of both:

Sum of odd places digits – Sum of even places digits.

Sample Number: 278354

2 7 8 3 5 4
Odd place Even place Odd place Even place Odd place Even place

Odd places sum = 2 + 8 + 5 = 15

Even places sum = 7 + 3 + 4 = 14

Difference = Odd place sum – Even places sum

= 15 – 14 = 1

As 1 is not divisible by 11 number 278354 is also not divisible by 11.

If this difference is divisible by 11 then number is divisible by 11 [irrespective sign of

difference]

Let us look at some examples to understand:

Number Sun of odd Sum of even Difference Divisible by 11 or not

places digits places digits [ Odd places sum –
even place sum]
5 -5 = 0
451 4 + 1= 5 5 Divisible by 11
0 is divisible by 11
5–5=0
12133 1+1+3=5 2+3=5 Divisible by 11
0 is divisible by 11
4 – 15 = -11
3916 3+1=4 9 + 6 = 15 Divisible by 11
-11 is divisible by 11
15 – 11 = 4
7586 7 + 8 = 15 5 + 6 = 11 Not divisible by 11
4 is not divisible by 11

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Summary of Divisibility Tests

Number Divisibility test

2 Rightmost digit number should be divisible by 2 [ 0 ,2, 4, 6, 8 at rightmost]
3 Sum of all digits of the number should be divisible by 3
4 Last 2 digit number should be divisible by 4
5 Rightmost digit number should be 0 or 5
6 Number should be divisible by 2 and 3
8 Last 3 digit number should be divisible by 8
9 Sum of all digits of the number should be divisible by 9
10 Rightmost digit number should be 0
11 Sum of odd places digit – sum of even places digit should be divisible by 11

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 Aptitude Made Simple
Power Cycle (xn − Unit Place Digit)

Each of the aptitude question exam paper contains 2 0r more questions on identifying
unit place digit for some number(x) to the power of some other number (n).

Let us look at 1 of the example :

What will be unit's place digit for 77123 ?

➔ Do you really feel that we are supposed to multiply 77 number 123 times during
exam?
➔ Obviously Not! We need to work with the way so that without doing that much
multiplication we should be capable of answering.

Power cycle will help us to solve this problem.

Let us take real life example to understand power cycle

Let us assume Sun as number for which index n is to be calculated.

Sun follows below 2 steps:

Step 1: Sunrise
Step 2: Sunset
So let us look at power and respective values for Sun to the power n

Sun1 Sunrise
Sun2 Sunset
Sun3 Sunrise
Sun4 Sunset
Sun5 Sunrise

Looking at above table we can see that Sun follow pattern Sunrise, Sunset.

(Sunrise, Sunset) is Power cycle for Sun

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We will identify power cycles for all numbers 0 to 9 and you would be able to solve any
problem asked in exam easily and post practice orally as well.

If you can remember power cycle values that would be great however even if you are
unable to remember it, we will look at technique to calculate power cycle of number
in less than 1 minute during exam as well and you can solve problem.

Power Cycles for all Numbers (Focus on Unit place digit only)

Number 0 :

Let us calculate values for 01 to 05

Power of 0 Value
01 0
02 0
03 0
04 0
05 0

So as you can observe:

Value of 01 to 05 is 0 only. So Unit place digit is 0 for any power of 0

Power Cycle for 0 : (0)

Problem 1

What will be unit's place digit for 250123 ?

Solution :

Look at the unit place of number 250.

Unit’s place digit is 0.

Power Cycle of 0 : (0)

Answer is unit's place digit for 250123 will be 0

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Problem 2

What will be unit's place digit for 6704123 ?

Solution :

Look at the unit place of number 670.

Unit’s place digit is 0.

Power Cycle of 0 : (0)

Answer is unit's place digit for 6704123 will be 0

Number 1 :

Let us calculate values for 11 to 15

Power of 1 Value
1
1 1
12 1
13 1
14 1
15 1

So as you can observe:

Value of 11 to 15 is 1 only. So Unit place digit is 1 for any power of 1

Power Cycle for 1 : (1)

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Problem 1

What will be unit's place digit for 12153 ?

Solution :

Look at the unit place of number 121.

Unit’s place digit is 1.

Power Cycle of 1 : (1)

Answer is unit's place digit for 12153 will be 1

Problem 2

What will be unit's place digit for 7915643 ?

Solution :

Look at the unit place of number 791.

Unit’s place digit is 1.

Power Cycle of 1 : (1)

Answer is unit's place digit for 7915643 will be 1

Number 2 :

Let us calculate values for 21 to 25

Power of 2 Value
1
2 2
22 4
23 8
24 16
25 32

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So as you can observe:

Unit place digit of 21 to 25 is in order 2, 4, 8, 6 and it will keep repeating as 2, 4, 8, 6

Power Cycle for 2 : (2, 4, 8, 6)

Problem 1

What will be unit's place digit for 233 ?

Solution :

Look at the unit place of number 2.

Unit’s place digit is 2.

Power Cycle of 2 : (2, 4, 8, 6)

There are total 4 values which keep repeating always for power of 2.

Now look at index which is to be identified: 33

As 4 numbers keep on repeating for power cycle of 2, we need to divide 33 by 4 and

identify remainder of it so that we can understand what can be unit place number.

Index to be found 33
= , Quotient = 8 and Remainder = 1
Size of power cycle 4

Remainder Unit Place digit

1 2
2 4
3 8
0 6

You don’t need to remember this table you just need to make sure as you know pattern
of power cycle you have to reach till index number.
Like in this case:
To reach 33 and you have size of 4
4, 8, 12…..32 so 32nd index would be last number in power cycle that is 6

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33rd index would have 1st number in power cycle that is 2

Answer is unit's place digit for 233 will be 2

Problem 2

What will be unit's place digit for 1222438

Solution :

Look at the unit place of number 1222.

Unit’s place digit is 2.

Power Cycle of 2 : (2, 4, 8, 6)

There are total 4 values which keep repeating always for power of 2.

Now look at index which is to be identified: 438

As 4 numbers keep on repeating for power cycle of 2, we need to divide 438 by 4 and
identify remainder of it so that we can understand what can be unit place number.

Index to be found 438

= , Quotient = 109 and Remainder = 2
Size of power cycle 4

Remainder Unit Place digit

1 2
2 4
3 8
0 6

Answer is unit's place digit for 1222438 will be 4

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Number 3 :

Let us calculate values for 31 to 35

Power of 3 Value
1
3 3
32 9
33 27
34 81
35 243

So as you can observe:

Unit place digit of 31 to 35 is in order 3, 9, 7, 1 and it will keep repeating as 3, 9, 7, 1

Power Cycle for 3 : (3, 9, 7, 1)

Problem 1

What will be unit's place digit for 336 ?

Solution :

Look at the unit place of number 3.

Unit’s place digit is 3.

Power Cycle of 3 : (3, 9, 7, 1)

There are total 4 values which keep repeating always for power of 3.

Now look at index which is to be identified: 36

As 4 numbers keep on repeating for power cycle of 3, we need to divide 36 by 4 and

identify remainder of it so that we can understand what can be unit place number.

Index to be found 36
= , Quotient = 9 and Remainder = 0
Size of power cycle 4
Whenever remainder is 0 it is last digit in power cycle.

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 Remainder Unit Place digit
1 3
2 9
3 7
0 1

Answer is unit's place digit for 336 will be 1

Problem 2

What will be unit's place digit for 123498 ? ?

Solution :

Look at the unit place of number 123.

Unit’s place digit is 3.

Power Cycle of 3 : (3, 9, 7, 1)

There are total 4 values which keep repeating always for power of 3.

Now look at index which is to be identified: 498

As 4 numbers keep on repeating for power cycle of 3, we need to divide 498 by 4 and
identify remainder of it so that we can understand what can be unit place number.

Index to be found 498

= , Quotient = 124 and Remainder = 2
Size of power cycle 4

Remainder Unit Place digit

1 3
2 9
3 7
0 1

Answer is unit's place digit for 123498 will be 9

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Number 4 :

Let us calculate values for 41 to 45

Power of 4 Value
1
4 4
42 16
43 64
44 256
45 1024

So as you can observe:

Unit place digit of 41 to 45 is in order 4, 6 and it will keep repeating as 4, 6

Power Cycle for 4 : (4, 6)

Problem 1

What will be unit's place digit for 4360 ?

Solution :

Look at the unit place of number 4.

Unit’s place digit is 4.

Power Cycle of 4 : (4, 6)

There are total 2 values which keep repeating always for power of 4.

Now look at index which is to be identified: 360

As 2 numbers keep on repeating for power cycle of 4, we need to divide 360 by 2 and
identify remainder of it so that we can understand what can be unit place number.

Index to be found 360

= , Quotient = 180 and Remainder = 0
Size of power cycle 2
Whenever remainder is 0 it is last digit in power cycle.

27
 Remainder Unit Place digit
1 4
0 6

Answer is unit's place digit for 4360 will be 6

Problem 2

What will be unit's place digit for 12346987 ?

Solution :

Look at the unit place of number 1234.

Unit’s place digit is 4.

Power Cycle of 4 : (4, 6)

There are total 2 values which keep repeating always for power of 4.

Now look at index which is to be identified: 6987

As 2 numbers keep on repeating for power cycle of 3, we need to divide 6987 by 2 and
identify remainder of it so that we can understand what can be unit place number.

Index to be found 6987

= , Quotient = 3493 and Remainder = 1
Size of power cycle 2

Remainder Unit Place digit

1 4
0 6

Answer is unit's place digit for 12346987 will be 4

28
Number 5:

Let us calculate values for 51 to 55

Power of 1 Value
1
5 5
52 25
53 125
54 625
55 3125

So as you can observe:

Unit place digit of 51 to 55 is 5 only. So Unit place digit is 5 for any power of 5

Power Cycle for 5 : (5)

Problem 1

What will be unit's place digit for 512

Solution :

Look at the unit place of number 5.

Unit’s place digit is 5.

Power Cycle of 5 : (5)

Answer is unit's place digit for 512 will be 5

Problem 2

What will be unit's place digit for 2556 ?

Solution :

Look at the unit place of number 25.

29
Unit’s place digit is 5.

Power Cycle of 5 : (5)

Answer is unit's place digit for 2556 will be 5

Number 6:

Let us calculate values for 61 to 65

Power of 6 Value
1
6 6
62 36
63 216
64 1296
65 7776

So as you can observe:

Unit place digit of 61 to 65 is 6 only. So Unit place digit is 6 for any power of 6

Power Cycle for 6 : (6)

Problem 1

What will be unit's place digit for 56142 ?

Solution :

Look at the unit place of number 56.

Unit’s place digit is 6.

Power Cycle of 6 : (6)

Answer is unit's place digit for 56142 will be 6

30
Problem 2

What will be unit's place digit for 28656 ?

Solution :

Look at the unit place of number 286.

Unit’s place digit is 6.

Power Cycle of 6 : (6)

Answer is unit's place digit for 28656 will be 6

Number 7 :

Let us calculate values for 71 to 75

Power of 7 Value
1
7 7
72 49
73 343
74 2401
75 16807

So as you can observe:

Unit place digit of 71 to 75 is in order 7, 9, 3, 1 and it will keep repeating as 7, 9, 3, 1

Power Cycle for 7 : (7, 9, 3, 1)

31
Problem 1

What will be unit's place digit for 777 ?

Solution :

Look at the unit place of number 7.

Unit’s place digit is 7.

Power Cycle of 7 : (7, 9, 3, 1)

There are total 4 values which keep repeating always for power of 7.

Now look at index which is to be identified: 77

As 4 numbers keep on repeating for power cycle of 7, we need to divide 77 by 4 and

identify remainder of it so that we can understand what can be unit place number.

Index to be found 77
= , Quotient = 19 and Remainder = 1
Size of power cycle 4

Remainder Unit Place digit

1 7
2 9
3 3
0 1

Answer is unit's place digit for 777 will be 7

Problem 2

What will be unit's place digit for 1237496 ?

Solution :

Look at the unit place of number 1237.

Unit’s place digit is 7.

32
Power Cycle of 7 : (7, 9, 3, 1)

There are total 4 values which keep repeating always for power of 7.

Now look at index which is to be identified: 496

As 4 numbers keep on repeating for power cycle of 7, we need to divide 496 by 4 and
identify remainder of it so that we can understand what can be unit place number.

Index to be found 496

= , Quotient = 124 and Remainder = 0
Size of power cycle 4
Whenever remainder is 0 that is last number of power cycle.

Remainder Unit Place digit

1 7
2 9
3 3
0 1

Answer is unit's place digit for 1237496 will be 1

Number 8 :

Let us calculate values for 81 to 85

Power of 8 Value
1
8 8
82 64
83 512
84 4096
85 32768

33
So as you can observe:

Unit place digit of 81 to 85 is in order 8, 4, 2, 6 and it will keep repeating as 8, 4, 2, 6

Power Cycle for 8 : (8, 4, 2, 6)

Problem 1

What will be unit's place digit for 867 ?

Solution :

Look at the unit place of number 8.

Unit’s place digit is 8.

Power Cycle of 7 : (8, 4, 2, 6)

There are total 4 values which keep repeating always for power of 8.

Now look at index which is to be identified: 67

As 4 numbers keep on repeating for power cycle of 8, we need to divide 67 by 4 and

identify remainder of it so that we can understand what can be unit place number.

Index to be found 67
= , Quotient = 14 and Remainder = 3
Size of power cycle 4

Remainder Unit Place digit

1 8
2 4
3 2
0 6

Answer is unit's place digit for 867 will be 2

34
Problem 2

What will be unit's place digit for 1286802 ?

Solution :

Look at the unit place of number 128.

Unit’s place digit is 8.

Power Cycle of 8 : (8, 4, 2, 6)

There are total 4 values which keep repeating always for power of 8.

Now look at index which is to be identified: 6802

As 4 numbers keep on repeating for power cycle of 8, we need to divide 6802 by 4 and
identify remainder of it so that we can understand what can be unit place number.

Index to be found 6802

= , Quotient = 1700 and Remainder = 2
Size of power cycle 4

Remainder Unit Place digit

1 8
2 4
3 2
0 6

Answer is unit's place digit for 1286802 will be 4

35
Number 9 :

Let us calculate values for 91 to 95

Power of 9 Value
1
9 9
92 81
93 729
94 6651
95 59859

So as you can observe:

Unit place digit of 91 to 95 is in order 9, 1 and it will keep repeating as 9, 1

Power Cycle for 9 : (9, 1)

Problem 1

What will be unit's place digit for 999 ?

Solution :

Look at the unit place of number 9.

Unit’s place digit is 9.

Power Cycle of 9 : (9, 1)

There are total 2 values which keep repeating always for power of 9.

Now look at index which is to be identified: 99

As 2 numbers keep on repeating for power cycle of 9, we need to divide 99 by 2 and

identify remainder of it so that we can understand what can be unit place number.

36
 Index to be found 99
= , Quotient = 49 and Remainder = 1
Size of power cycle 2
Remainder Unit Place digit
1 9
0 1

Answer is unit's place digit for 999 will be 9

Problem 2

What will be unit's place digit for 9991000 ?

Solution :

Look at the unit place of number 999.

Unit’s place digit is 9.

Power Cycle of 9 : (9, 1)

There are total 2 values which keep repeating always for power of 9.

Now look at index which is to be identified: 1000

As 2 numbers keep on repeating for power cycle of 9, we need to divide 1000 by 2 and
identify remainder of it so that we can understand what can be unit place number.

Index to be found 1000

= , Quotient = 500 and Remainder = 0
Size of power cycle 2

Remainder Unit Place digit

1 9
0 1

Whenever remainder is 0 it is last digit in power cycle.

Answer is unit's place digit for 9991000 will be 1

37
Summary of Power Cycle (Unit place Digit)

Number Power Cycle Size of power Cycle

0 0 1
1 1 1
2 2, 4, 6, 8 4
3 3, 9, 7, 1 4
4 4, 6 2
5 5 1
6 6 1
7 7, 9, 3, 1 4
8 8, 4, 2,6 4
9 9, 1 2

38
 Number Series
Various competitive examinations ask questions regularly based on number series,
therefore candidates must possess the required knowledge.

Number series can be quickly solved and is a biggest time saver!!! Number

series refers to a sequence of numbers following some pattern.

In our day to day life whenever we come across any problem we think whether we or any
of our friend or family has already faced the problem. Depending on those previous
experience (pattern) and what actions we did to solve it so we can use same thing to
solve our current problems.

What is pattern and what is series?

Let us assume you live on 6th floor and you are going by stairs. So you will go from 0th
floor to 1st floor.1st floor to 2nd floor and subsequently from 5th floor to 6th floor.
So each time we are going 1 floor up.
Each of these floor is pattern and our journey from Ground floor to 6th floor is
Series.

Pre-requisites for solving series problems quickly and orally:

1. Tables 1 to 30
2. Squares 1 to 30
3. Cubes 1 to 10
4. Prime numbers 2 to 100

We will be looking at approaches to solve number series problems:

Addition (+) Squares (n²)

Subtraction (-) Cubes(n³)
Multiplication (*) Odd/Even number
Division (/) Prime Number
Miscellaneous [Combination of 2 or more any of these]

Approach1: Addition
Problem 1 : 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, ?
Solution :
Look at the series and try to identify what is pattern?Series
is in increasing (ascending) order.
How much added in 7 to get 11? -> 4
How much added in 11 to get 15? -> 4
How much added in 15 to get 19? -> 4
How much added in 19 to get 23? -> 4

Pattern: 4 is getting added in number to get next number.

7 11 15 19 23 ?
+4 +4 +4 +4

To find number in place of ? we need to add 4 to 23.

23+4=27.
Answer is 27.

Problem 2 : 8, 12, 17, 23, 30, ?

Solution :
Look at the series and try to identify what is pattern?
All numbers are increasing order.
How much added in 8 to get 12-> 4
How much added in 12 to get 17-> 5
How much added in 17 to get 23 -> 6
How much added in 23 to get 30-> 7

Pattern: 4,5,6,7,…are getting added in number to get next number

8 12 17 23 30 ?
+4 +5 +6 +7

To find number in place of ? we need to add 8 in 30

30+8 = 38
Answer is 38

Approach2: Subtraction
Problem 1 : 45, 35, 25, 15, ?
Solution :
Look at the series and try to identify what is pattern? It
is in decreasing (descending) order.
How much to be subtracted from 45 to get 35 -> 10
How much to be subtracted from 35 to get 25 -> 10
How much to be subtracted from 25 to get 15 -> 10
Pattern: 10 is getting subtracted from number to get next number.

45 35 25 15 ?
-10 -10 -10

To find number in place of ? we need to subtract 10 from 15

15-10 = 5
Answer is 5.

Problem 2 : 72, 63, 54, 45, ?

Solution :
Look at the series and try to identify what is pattern?It
is in decreasing (descending) order.
If look at the numbers carefully and you know table of 9, you can easily figure it out thatall
numbers are from table of 9.
How much to be subtracted from 72 to get 63 -> 9
How much to be subtracted from 63 to get 54 -> 9
How much to be subtracted from 54 to get 45 -> 9

Pattern: 9 is getting subtracted from number to get next number.

72 63 54 45 ?
-9 -9 -9

To find number in place of ? we need to subtract 9 from 45

45-9 = 36
Answer is 36.

Approach3: Multiplication

41
In this approach there is common multiplication factor from 1st term to 2nd term and2nd
term to 3rd term in series till last term.

Problem 1: 4, 8, 16, 32, ?

Solution :
Look at the series and try to identify what is pattern? With
which number 4 is to be multiplied to get 8-> 2 With which
number 8 is to be multiplied to get 16-> 2With which
number 16 is to be multiplied to get 32-> 2

Pattern: Number is multiplied by 2 to get next number.

4 8 16 32 ?
*2 *2 *2

To find number in place of ? we need to multiply 32 by 2.

32*2 = 64
Answer is 64.

Problem 2: 8, 12, 18, 27, ?

Solution :
Look at the series and try to identify what is pattern? As
it is increasing try to see if addition pattern exists.

8 12 18 27 ?
+4 +6 +9

Not able to see any pattern of addition and So we will check for multiplication.So
there is multiplication factor 1.5
Note here multiplication factor can be decimal as well.
Pattern: Number is multiplied by 1.5 to get next number.

8 12 18 27 ?
*1.5 *1.5 *1.5

To find number in place of ? we need to multiply 27 by 1.5

Multiplication by 1.5 means adding half of number to it.
27+ (27/2) = 27+ 13.5 = 40.5
Answer is 40.5

Approach4: Divison
Problem 1: 200, 100, 50, 25, ?
Solution :
Look at the series and try to identify what is pattern?
With which number 200 is to be divided to get 100-> 2
With which number 100 is to be divided to get 50-> 2
With which number 50 is to be divided to get 25-> 2

Pattern: Number is divided by 2 to get next number.

200 100 50 25 ?
/2 /2 /2

To find number in place of ? we need to divide 25 by 2.25/2

= 12.5
Answer is 12.5

Problem 2: 270, 90, 30, ?

Solution :
Look at the series and try to identify what is pattern?
With which number 270 is to be divided to get 90-> 3
With which number 90 is to be divided to get 30-> 3
Pattern: Number is divided by 3 to get next number.

270 90 30 ?
/3 /3 /3

To find number in place of ? we need to divide 30 by 3.

Answer is 10

Approach 5: Squares
If you have squares learned from 1 to 30 it would help you and speed up yourcalculation
in each aptitude topic.

Problem 1: 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, ?

Solution :
Look at the series and try to identify what is pattern?
You can see 1 number is added and its square is calculated.

Pattern: 1 is added to current number and its square is calculated to get next number.

9 16 25 36 49 ?
3² (3+1) ² (4+1) ² (5+1) ² (6+1) ²
3² 4² 5² 6² 7²

To find number in place of ? we need to add 1 in 7 and calculate square of it.(7+1) ²

= 8²= 64
Answer is 64

Problem 2: 121, 100, 81, 64,?

Solution :

Look at the series and try to identify what is pattern?

Pattern: 1 is reduced to current number and its square is calculated to get next number.

121 100 81 64 ?
11² (11-1)² (10-1)² (9-1)²
11² 10² 9² 8²

To find number in place of ? we need to reduce 1 from 8 and calculate square of it.(8-
1) ²= 7²= 49
Answer is 49

Approach 6: Cubes
If you have cubes learned from 1 to 10 it would help you and speed up your calculationin
each aptitude topic.

Problem 1: 1, 8, 27, 64, ?

Solution :
Look at the series and try to identify what is pattern?

Pattern: 1 is added to current number and its cube is calculated to get next number.

1 8 27 64 ?
1³ (1+1)³ (2+1)³ (3+1)³
1³ 2³ 3³ 4³

To find number in place of ? we need to add 1 to 4 and calculate cube of it.(4+1)³=

5³= 125

Answer is 125

Problem 2: 125, 64, 27, 8, ?

Solution :

Look at the series and try to identify what is pattern?

Pattern: 1 is reduced from current number and its cube is calculated to get next number.

125 64 27 8 ?
5³ (5-1)³ (4-1)³ (3-1)³
5³ 4³ 3³ 2³

To find number in place of ? we need to subtract 1 from 2 and calculate cube of it.(2-
1)³=1³= 1
Answer is 1

Approach7: Prime number

Problem 1: 7, 13, 19, 29, ?
Solution :

Looking at all terms we can figure out that all are prime number.

Pattern: After current number consecutive 1st prime number is ignored and 2nd prime
number is taken as next number in series

Prime number(n) 7 13 19 29 ?
n+1 Prime no 11 17 23 31
n+2 Prime no 13 19 29 37

To find number in place of ? we need to find 2nd consecutive prime number after 29.1st
Prime number after 29 : 31
2nd Prime number after 29 : 37
Answer is 37

Problem 2: 61, 59, 53, 47, ?

Solution :

Looking at all terms we can figure out that all are prime number.

Pattern: After current number previous consecutive 1st prime number is taken as next
number in series

Prime number(n) 61 59 53 47 ?
n-1 Prime no 59 53 47 43

To find number in place of ? we need to find 1st previous consecutive prime numberbefore
47.
Previous prime number of 47 : 43
Answer is 43

Approach8: Odd/Even number

Problem 1 : 23, 25, 27, 29, 31,?
Solution :
Looking at all terms we can figure out that all are odd numbers. This
can be solve with approach of addition as well as odd number.
Consecutive odd number of 23 ->25
Consecutive odd number of 25 ->27
Consecutive odd number of 27 ->29
Consecutive odd number of 29 ->31
To find number in place of ? we need to find consecutive odd number after 31.Answer

is 33

Problem 2: 60, 45, 58, 43, 56, 41, ?

Solution:

Sometimes it may happen that pattern is not in continuous numbers but in alternate
numbers.

Pattern: Even numbers are decreasing on 1st , 3rd and 5th term and odd numbers are
decreasing in 2nd,4th and 6th position

Even n Even n-1 Even n-2

60 45 58 43 56 41 ?
Odd n Odd n-1 Odd n-2

To find number in place of ? we need to find previous consecutive even number before56.

Answer is 54

Miscellaneous:
This approach contains combination of 2 or more approaches that we discussed earlier.

Problem 1: 4 ,-8, 16, -32

,64,?
Solution:
Pattern: Number is multiplied by -2 to get next number.

4 -8 16 -32 64 -128
*-2 *-2 *-2 *-2 *-2

Answer is -128

Problem 2: 16, 33, 65, 131, 261, ?

Pattern: 1st number multiplied by 2 and 1 added. 2nd number multiplied by 2 and 1 is
subtracted.

Solution

16 33 65 131 261 523

(16*2)+1 (33*2)-1 (65*2)+1 (131*2)-1 (261*2)+1

Answer is 523

Problem 3: 165, 195, 255, 285, 345, ?

Pattern: 30 added in 1st number to get 2nd number and 60 gets added to get 3rd number.
Subsequently 30 and 60 are added to get next numbers in series.

Solution :
165 195 255 285 345 375
+30 +60 +30 +60 +30

Answer is 375

Problem 4:
7,26,63,124,215,342,?
Pattern: 1 number is added to current number and cube of it is calculated and then 1 is
reduced from it.

Solution :
7 26 63 124 215 342 511
2³-1 ( 2+1)³-1 ( 3+1)³-1 ( 4+1)³-1 ( 5+1)³-1 ( 6+1)³-1 ( 7+1)³-1
2³-1 3³-1 4³-1 5³-1 6³-1 7³-1 8³-1

Answer is 511

Problem 5: 8,7,11,12,14,17,17,22,?
Solution :

Pattern: Alternate number series with add 3 and 5 in both sub-series.8,11,14,17,20

7,12,17,22.

8 +3 =11 +3 =14 +3 =17 +3

8 7 11 12 14 17 17 22 20
7 +5 =12 +5 =17 +5 =22

Answer is 20

Problem 6: 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, ?
Solution :

Pattern: If you look at all numbers, all are prime numbers and consecutive prime
numbers.

After 41 next prime number -> 43

Answer is 43

Problem 7: 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, 42, 56,?

Solution :
Pattern: Number is getting added in each number is in sequence 4,6,8,10,12,14,16

2 6 12 20 30 42 56 72
+4 +6 +8 +10 +12 +14 +16

Answer is 72

Problem 8: 80, 99, 120, 143, ?

Solution:

Pattern: Number is increased by 1 and its square is calculated and 1 is reduced from it.

80 99 120 143 168

9²-1 (9+1)²-1 (10+1)²-1 (11+1)²-1 (12+1)²-1
9²-1 10²-1 11²-1 12²-1 13²-1

Answer is 168
 Average
Various competitive examinations ask questions regularly based on Average. Average
is one of the the important aspect which we see in each of our observation.

Why average?

When you plan to take bike/car you will see how much average that car will be giving,
even you go for interview or placement you will be asked for average percentage of
graduation degree.

When we know average, we get high level idea. Basically to make us capable of getting
overall idea looking at data, average questions are asked in exams.

Important formulae:

Sum of All Numbers

1) Average =
Number Count

2) Average speed when we travel from Source place A to B and come back
from B to A [Assuming distance will be equal as source and destination A, B]

2𝑥𝑦
𝑥+𝑦

Where:

x speed from Source(A) to Destination (B)

y speed from Destination(B) to Source (A)

51
Problem 1

David obtained 76, 65, 82, 67, 85 marks out of 100 in English, Maths, Physics,
Chemistry and Biology. What is average of his marks?

Solution :

Total of of All Marks

Average =
Number CountNumber of Subjects

76+65+82+67+85
=
5
375
= = 75
5
Answer is 75 marks

Problem 2

A Student was asked to find arithmetic mean of numbers 3, 11, 7, 9, 15, 13, 8, 19, 7, 21,
14, x. He find mean to be 12. What should be number in place of x.

Solution:

Average is 12 and numbers count is also 12.

Sum of All Numbers

Average =
Number Count
13 +11+7+9+15+13+8+19+7+21+14+X
12 =
12
137+x
12 =
12
137 + x = 144

x= 144 – 137 = 7

Answer is 7

52
Problem
53
What is Average of 50 natural numbers ?

Solution :

Sum of 1 to 50 (n natural numbers)

n∗(n+1)
Sum of 1st n natural numbers =
2
50∗ (50+1)
=
2
50∗ (50+1)
=
2
= 25* 51 = 1275

Sum of All Numbers

Average =
Number Count

1275 255
Average = =
50 10
= 25.5

Simple Tricks

If you observe properly when you are identifying average of consecutive number:

1st number + Last number

=
2
1 + 50
=
2
= 25.5

Answer is 25.5

53
Problem
54
Average of weight if A, B, C is 45 kg. If average weight of A and B is 40 kg. Average
weight of B and C is 43 kg. What is weight of B?

Solution :

Average weight of A, B and C is 45

Sum of All weights

Average =
Person Count

Sum of All weights

45 =
3
Total of weights of A +B + C = 45 * 3 = 135

A and B average weight is 40

So A + B = 40 * 2 = 80

B and C average weight is 43

So B + C = 43 * 2 = 86

To find value of B we should first get value of either C or A

A + B = (A+B+C) - C

80 = 135 - C

C = 55 kg

To get value of B we have to solve

B + C = 86

B + 55 = 86

B= 31 kg

Answer is 31 kg

54
Problem
55
Average of 50 numbers is 30. If 35 and 50 are removed from list what will be average of
remaining numbers?

Solution :

As average of 50 numbers is 30

So Total of all numbers would be

50 * 30 = 1500

As 35 and 40 discarded total would we reduced by

35 + 40=75

New Total would be: 1500 – 75 = 1425

As 2 numbers removed, numbers count will be 28

New Total
New Average =
New number Count
1424
=
28
= 29.68

Answer is 29.68

55
Problem
56
Average of 11 numbers is 10.9. If average of 1st 6 numberd is 10.5 and that of last 6
numbers is 11.4. Find out middle number in series.

Solution :

Sum of All Numbers

Average =
Number Count

Sum of All Numbers

10.9 =
11

Total of all numbers = 10.9 * 11 = 119.9

1st 6 numbers average is 10.5

Total of 1st 6 numbers = 10.5 * 6 = 63

Last 6 numbers average is 11.4

Total of last 6 numbers = 11.4 * 6 = 68.4

Total of 12 numbers = Total of 1st 6 numbers + Total of last 6 numbers – Middle number

This is because as you can see middle number is common in both places and added
twice.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1st 6 numbers
Last 6 numbers

119.9 = 63 + 68.4 – Middle number

Middle number = 131.4 – 119.9 = 11.5

Answer is 11.5

56
Problem
57
Average of 36 students in group 14 years. When teachers age is added to it average
increases by 1. What is teacher's age?

Solution :

Sum of All Weights

Average weight =
Number of Students

Sum of all weights = 36 * 14 = 504

Assume teacher’s weight x.

Once teacher’s age is added average is increased by 1.

New average = 15

New Person count = 37

Student + Teacher weight = New average * New count

504 + x = 15 * 37

x = 555 – 504 = 51

Answer is Teacher’s age is 51 years

57
Problem
58
In 50 Over ODI match, in 1st 10 overs of cricket game run rate was only 3.2 What
should be run rate in remaining overs to reach target of 282?

Solution :

In 10 overs run rate was 3.2 runs

So total score after 10 overs = 10 * 3.2 = 32

Total target = 282 runs

Pending runs after 10 over = 282 – 32 = 250

Remaining overs = 50 – 10 = 40

Remaining Runs
Required run rate =
Remaining Overs

250
=
40
= 6.25

Answer is Required run rate is 6.25

58
Problem 9

Grocer has sale Rs 6435, Rs 6927, Rs 6855, Rs 7230, Rs 6562 for 5 consecutive
months. How much should be in 6th month to have average sale is 6500?

Solution :

In order to get average sale for 6 month 6500 Rs.

Total of sales of 5 months = 6500 * 6 = 39000 Rs

Total of initial 5 months = 6435 + 6927 + 6855 + 7230 + 6562

= 34009

6th Month sales should be = Total sales – 1st 5 month sales

= 39000 – 34009

= 4991

Answer is 6th month sale should be 4991 Rs

59
Problem 60

Motorist travel 150 km away at average of 30 km/hr and returns at speed of 50 km/hr

His average speed is?

Solution :

Please don’t confuse here with distance as it is not required at all.

Average speed when we travel from Source place A to B and come back from B to A
[Assuming distance will be equal as source and destination A, B]

2𝑥𝑦
=
𝑥+𝑦
Where:

x speed from Source(A) to Destination (B)

y speed from Destination(B) to Source (A)

2 ∗ 30 ∗ 50
=
30 + 50

3000
=
80
= 37.5

Answer is Average speed is 37.5 km/hr

60
Problem 61

A cricketer has certain average of 10 innings in 11th inning he scored 108 runs thereby
increasing average by 6 runs. His new average??

Solution :

We have last inning’s score as 108 and total number of innings 11.

Let us assume x is original average

So new average is x + 6

Total of 1st 10 innings + 108 = 11 * New average

10 * x + 108 = 11 (x + 6)

10x + 108 = 11x + 66

x = 108 – 66 = 42

Old average is 42

New average = x + 6 = 42 + 6 = 48

Answer is New average is 48

61
Problem12

Average weight of 8 person is increases by 2.5 kg when new person comes in place of
one of them weighs 65 kg. What might be weight of new number?

Solution :

Average weight of 8 person increased by 2.5 kg.

So Original total weight would increase by 8 * 2.5 = 20 Kg

In order to get total increase by 20 Kg, new person’s weight should be more than 20
from old person

New person weight = old person weight + 20

New person weight = 65 + 20 = 85

Answer is new person’s weight is 85 Kg

62
Problem 63

Average of 10 number is 7 if each number is multiplied by 12 then average of new

number is

Solution :

Let us look at small example before we solve this:

Average of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 will be 3

Let us multiply each number by 10

Average of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 will be 30 [ 3 * 10 = 30 as all number multiplied by 10]

So you can observe if you multiply all number by common constant

Original average of 10 numbers is 7

If we multiply all numbers by 12, average would also will increase by 12

So new average = 7 * 12 = 84

Answer is 84

63
Problem 64

Average of 35 student is 16 years. Average of 21 students is 14 years

What is average age of remaining 14 students?

Solution :

35 student age average 16 years.

So total of 35 student ages = 35 * 16 = 460

21 students age average is 14 years

So total of 14 student ages = 21 * 14 = 294

We have to find average of pending 14 students

Total of ages of 35 students= Total of ages of 21 students +Total of ages of 14 students

460 = 294 + Total of Remaining 14 student ages

Total of remaining 14 student ages = 460 – 294 = 166

Total of remaining 14 student ages

Average of 14 student ages =
14

166
=
14
= 19

Answer is average of remaining 14 students is 19 Years

64
 Problems on Numbers

Various competitive examinations ask questions regularly based on Problems on

Numbers.

Many students face challenges in understanding and solving problems as they are not
able to covert problem statements from words into equation of numbers.

Let us take real life example and will try to understand concept of Problem of numbers.

Real life example for Problems on Numbers:

Assume you have 1000 Rs with you and your friend has some amount of Rs. Total
money you and your friend has is 2000 Rs. What is amount your friend have?

You will feel this thing very simple 1000 + 1000 = 2000
So your friend has 2000 Rs.

We just need to solve similar problems but before solving we just need to convert
problem statement given in words to equation.

Here we can say equation as:

Money you have + Money friend have = 2000
Assume your friend has x Rs with him/her.

1000 + x = 2000
x = 1000

So basically, if we are able to convert problem statement into equation we have solved
80% of the problem. We will practice initially for this before solving problem.

65
Assume original number as x and we will convert problem statement into equation.

Statement Re-presentation in equation

Reciprocal of number 1/x
Number is doubled 2x
Number is trebled 3x
Half of the number x/2
1/5th of the number x/5
Number increased by 20 x + 20
20 added to the number x +20
10 subtracted from number x -10
Number multiplied by 12 12x
Number divided by 10 x/10
Square of number x^2
3 consecutive natural numbers x, x+1, x+2
4 consecutive odd numbers x, x+2, x+4, x+6
3 consecutive even numbers x, x+2, x+4
Sum of squares of 3 consecutive natural x^2 + (x+1)^2 + (x+2)^2
numbers

Practice these similar statements and most of the time in numbers problem, you will
either see 1 or more number of statement combination.

First step in problem would be convert problem statement into equation and then solve
it.

Some places it might be easy to substitute answers given in option and check whether
our equation satisfies it or not.

We will solve problems now.

66
Problem 67
:
The sum of rational number and its reciprocal is 13/6. Find the number.

Solution :

Let us assume number as x

1
Reciprocal of number =
x

1 13
x+ =
x 6

x 2+ 1 13
=
x 6

6x2 + 6 = 13x
6x2 -13x + 6 = 0

Note: I will create 1 separate document on solving quadratic equations

6x2 -9x - 4x + 6 = 0
3x(2x-3) -2(2x-3) = 0
(3x-2) (2x-3) = 0

So either (3x-2) = 0 or (2x-3) = 0

2 3
x= or x=
3 2

Answer is number is 2/3 or 3/2

67
Problem 68
:
The difference of two numbers is 11 and one-fifth of their sum is 9. Find the numbers?

Solution :

Let us assume number as x and y

Difference of 2 numbers = 11
x - y = 11 (Equation 1)

1 (x + y) = 9
5

x + y = 45 (Equation 2)

Adding 2 equations:

x - y = 11 (Equation 1)
x + y = 45 (Equation 2)

2x = 56

x = 28

Put value of x in equation 1

x - y = 11
28 – y = 11
y = 17

Answer is the numbers are 28 and 17

68
Problem 69
:
The sum of two numbers is 15 and sum of their squares is 113. Find the numbers?

Solution :

Let us assume number as x and y

Sum of number is 15

x + y = 15 (Equation 1)

Sum of squares is 113

x2 + y2 = 113 (Equation 2)

We need to represent y in form of x so that we can get equation to solve.

As x +y = 15 means y = 15 - x
Put this value of y in Equation 2

x2 + (15 − x)2 = 113 use (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2

x2 + 225 − 30x + x2 = 113
2x2 − 30x + 112 = 0
2x2 − 16x − 14x + 112 = 0
2x(x − 8) − 14(x − 8) = 0
(2x-14) (x-8) =0

So 2x – 14 = 0 or x – 8 = 0

2x =14 or x = 8
x=7

When x =7 then y = 15 -7 =8 and vice versa [you can cross check your answer by
putting these values in Equation1 and Equation 2)

Answer is numbers are 7 and 8 or 8 and 7

69
Problem 70
:
The average of 4 consecutive even numbers is 27. Find the largest of these numbers.

Solution :

As you can see numbers are consecutive even.

Let us assume 1st smallest number x so next numbers would be x+2 , x+4 and x+6

Average of 4 number is 27

So total of number would be 4 * 27 =108

x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) + (x + 6) = 108

4x + 12 = 108
4x = 96
x = 24

So smallest number is 24

Largest number = x+ 6 = 24 + 6 = 30

Answer is largest number is 30

70
Problem 71
:
Sum of squares of three consecutive odd number is 2531. Find the numbers.

Solution :

As you can see numbers are consecutive odd.

Let us assume 1st smallest number x so next numbers would be x+2 , x+4

Sum of squares of these three numbers = 2531

x2 + (x + 2)2 + (x + 4)2 = 2531 use (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

x2 + x2 + 4x + 4 + x2 + 8x + 16= 2531

3x2 + 12x + 20 = 2531

3x2 + 12x − 2511 = 0
Divide by 3 throughout
x2 + 4x − 837 = 0
x2 + 31x − 27x − 837 = 0
x(x + 31) – 27(x + 31) = 0
(x + 31)(x - 27) = 0

x = 27 or x = -31

Take positive number

Smallest number = x = 27
Next number = x + 2 = 27 + 2 =29
Last number = x + 4 = 27 + 4 = 31

Answer is numbers are 27, 29 and 31

71
Problem 72
:
The difference between a number and its three-fifth is 50. What is the number?

Solution :

Let us assume number as x

Difference between number and its 3/5th is 50.

3
x - x = 50
5

x (1- 3 ) = 50
5

2x = 50
5
50 ∗ 5
x= = 125
2

Answer is number is 125

72
Problem 73
:
If one-third of one fourth of a number is 15. Then three-tenth of number is?

Solution :

Let us assume number as x

one-third of one fourth of a number = 15

1
1 ∗ ∗ x = 15
3 4
x
= 15
12

x = 180

Three tenth of number:

3
= ∗ 180 = 3 * 18 = 54
10

Answer is three-tenth of number is 54

Problem 8:

A number is doubled and 9 is added. If the resultant is trebled, it becomes 75. What is
that number?

Solution :

Let us assume number as x

Number is doubled and 9 added = 2x + 9

Resultant is trebled = 3 * (2x + 9) = 6x + 27 = 75

6x + 27 =75

6x = 48

x=8

Answer is number is 8

73
Problem 9:

When 24 is subtracted from a number, it reduces to its four-seventh. What is the sum of
digits of that number?

Solution :

Let us assume number as x.

24 subtracted from number : x – 24

4
4/7th of number: x
7

4
x – 24 = x
7

x - 4 x = 24
7
x (1 - 4 ) = 24
7

x * 3 = 24
7

24 ∗7
x=
3
= 8 * 7 = 56

The number is 56
Sum of digits of 56= 5 + 6 = 11

Answer is sum of digits of number is 11

74
Problem 75:

Find number which when multiplied by 15 is increased by 196.

Solution :

Let us assume number as x.

Number is multiplied by 15 : 15x

It is increased by 196.

This means :

Number multiplied by 15 – number = 196

15x – x = 196
14x = 196
x = 14

Answer is number is 14

75
Problem 76:

A number whose 5th part increased by 4 is equal to its fourth part diminished by 10, is?
number which when multiplied by 15 is increased by 196.

Solution :

Let us assume number as x.

x
5th part of number:
5

x
5th part Increased by 4: + 4 -------------------- Equation1
5

x
4th part of number :
4

x
4th part of number diminished by 10 : - 10 -------------------Equation2
4

As per problem statement both equation1 and equation2 are equal

x + 4 = x - 10
5 4
x x
- = 4 + 10
4 5

1
x ( 1 − ) = 14
4 5

x ( 1 ) = 14
20

x = 14 * 20 = 280

Answer is number is 280

76
Problem 77:

The sum of two numbers is 25 and their difference is 13. Find their product.

Solution :

Let us assume numbers are x and y.

Sum of numbers is 25: x + y = 25 ------------------------Eqaution1

Difference of numbers is 13: x – y = 13 ------------------------- Equation2

Add Equation1 and Equation2

x + y = 25
+ x – y = 13

2x = 38
x = 19
Put value of x in Equation1

x + y = 25
19 + y = 25
y=6

Numbers are 19 and 6

Product of numbers: 19 * 6 = 114

Answer is product of numbers is 114

77
Problem 78

Three numbers are in ratio 4 : 5 : 6 and their average is 25. Largest number is?

Solution :

Numbers are in proportion 4 : 5 : 6 so largest number would be 3rd (with 6 in ratio)

Let us assume common multiple of ratio as x.

So our numbers are 4x : 5x : 6x

Average of number is 25 means their sum is 25 * 3 = 75

4x + 5x + 6x = 75
15x = 75
x = 5 [Common multiple is 5]

Largest number = 6x = 6 * 5 = 30

Answer is largest number is 30

78
Problem 79

Find positive integer which when increased by 17 is equal to 60 times the reciprocal of
the number.

Solution :

Let us assume number as x.

1
Reciprocal of number :
x

Integer increased by 17 : x + 17 -----------------------------------Equation 1

1 ------------------------
60 times of reciprocal: 60 * = 60 Equation 2
x x

As per problem statement Equation1 and Equation2 are equal

60
x + 17 =
x

x ( x+17) = 60
x2 + 17x − 60= 0
x2 + 20x − 3x − 60= 0
x(x + 20) – 3(x + 20) = 0
(x - 3) (x + 20) = 0
x – 3 = 0 or x + 20 = 0
x=3 or x = -20

As per problem statement, we need positive integer.

So x = 3

Answer is number is 3

79
Problem 80

The sum of four consecutive even integers is 1284. The greatest of them is ?

Solution :

Let us assume smallest number as x.

As next consecutive even would be x + 2, x + 4, x + 6.

Sum of 4 consecutive digit is 1284

x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) + (x + 6) = 1284
4x + 12 = 1284
4x = 1272
x = 318

Smallest number is 318.

Largest number : x + 6 = 318 + 6 = 324

Answer is largest number is 324

80
Problem 81

What is the sum of consecutive even numbers, the difference of whose square is 84?

Solution :

Let us assume smallest number as x.

Next even number would be x + 2

Difference of square is 84

(x + 2)2 − x2 = 84 use (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

x2 + 4x + 4 − x2 = 84
4x + 4 = 84
4x = 80
x = 20

Smaller number = x = 20
Next number = x + 2 = 20 + 2 = 22
Numbers are 20 and 22.

Sum of numbers = 20 + 22 = 42

Answer is sum of number is 42

81
 Problems on Ages

Various competitive examinations ask questions regularly based on Problems on Ages.

Many students face challenges in understanding and solving problems as they are not
able to covert problem statements from words into equation of ages and ratio.

Let us take real life example and will try to understand concept of Problem of Ages.

Real life example for Problems on Ages:

Let us assume Today your age is half of your father’s age.

➔ If your father age is 50 years then your age would be 50/2 = 25 years
➔ If your father’s age is 60 years then your age would be 60/2 = 30 years
➔ If your father age is 100 years, your age would be 100/2 = 50 years.

Ratio of Father’s age to your age today is 2:1

Problems would be based on Today’s [Present] age, Past age or future age.

82
If we are able to convert problem statement into equation we have solved 80% of the
problem. We will practice initially for this before solving problem.

Assume your Present age is x years and we will understand meaning of different
statements and its respective value.

Statement Meaning in form of equation

Age after 10 years x + 10
Age after 5 years x+5
Age 10 years ago x - 10
Age 25 years ago x – 25
5 years Hence x+5
10 years Hence x + 10
Age 5 years back x–5
Age 15 years back x – 15
3 times of today’s age 3x

Assume:
Age of A : 20 Years
Age of B : 25 Years

As B’s age is more than A,

B will be referred as Elder and A will be referred as Younger

Practice these similar statements and most of the time in numbers problem, you will
either see 1 or more number of statement combination.

First step in problem would be convert problem statement into equation and then solve
it.

We will solve problems now.

83
Problem 84
:
The ages of two persons differ by 16 years. If 6 years ago, elder one by 3 times as old
as younger one, find their present ages.

Solution :

Difference of present age for 2 Persons : 16 Years

6 Years ago, Elder age = 3 * younger age
Present ages = ?

Let us assume age of Person1 as x years

As difference between Person1 and Person2 is 16 years

Person2 age = Person1 age – 16

Person2 age = x – 16

So Person1 is elder and Person2 is Younger.

6 Years ago:
Person1 age = x - 6
Person2 age = (x – 16 ) – 6 = x - 22

It is given that 6 Years ago, Elder age = 3 * younger age

x – 6 = 3 (x – 22)
x – 6 = 3x – 66
2x = 60
x = 30

Person1 Present age = x = 30 Years

Person2 Present age = x – 16 = 30 – 16 = 14 Years.

Note: You can cross-check your answer.

Like present ages 30 and 14. So 6 years before, ages would be 24 and 8.
So elder was 3 times of younger. So our answer is correct.

Answer is Present ages of Persons are 30 Years and 14 Years

84
Problem 85
:
The product of ages of ages of Ankit and Nikita is 240. If twice age of Nikita is more
than Ankit' s age by 4 years, what is Nikita's age?

Solution :

Age of Ankit * Age of Nikita = 240

2 * age of Nikita = Age of Ankit + 4
Nikita Age = ?

Let us assume age of Nikita is x years and age of Ankit is y years.

As it is given: 2 * age of Nikita = Age of Ankit + 4

2x = y + 4
y = 2x – 4

Age of Ankit * Age of Nikita = 240

y * x = 240
(2x – 4) x = 240
2x2 -4x - 240 = 0
x2 - 2x - 120 = 0
x2 - 12x + 10x - 120 = 0
x(x – 12) + 10(x – 12) = 0
(x + 10)(x – 12) = 0
So x + 10 = 0 or x – 12 = 0
x = -10 or x = 12
we need to ignore -10 and consider x = 12

Nikita present age = 12 years

Answer is Nikita’s age is 12 Years

85
Problem 3:

Rohit was 4 times as old as his son 8 years ago. After 8 years, Rohit will be twice as old
as his son. What are their present ages?

Solution :

8 Years ago : Rohit’s age = 4 * Son’s age

After 8 year: Rohit’s age = 2 * Son’s age

Let us assume Present age of Rohit as x years and present age of his son y years

8 Years ago:

Rohit’s age = x + 8 years

Son’s age = y + 8

Looking at given : 8 Years ago : Rohit’s age = 4 * Son’s age

x – 8 = 4 * (y – 8)

x – 8 = 4y – 32

x – 4y = - 24 Equation1

After 8 Years:

Rohit’s age = x + 8 years

Son’s age = y + 8

Looking at given : After 8 year: Rohit’s age = 2 * Son’s age

x + 8 = 2 * (y + 8)

x + 8 = 2y + 16

x – 2y = 8 Equation2

x – 4y = - 24 ---------------- Equation1

- x – 2y = 8 -------------------- Equation2

- + -

-2y = -32

86
-2y = -32
y = 16 [Present age of Son]

Put value of y in Equation1

x – 4y = - 24
x – (4 * 16) = -24
x – 64 = -24
x = 40 [Present age of Rohit].

Answer is Present age of Rohit is 40 Years and Present age of son is 16 years

Problem 4:

One year ago, the ratio of Gaurav’s and Sachin’s age was 6: 7respectively. Four years
hence, this ratio would become 7 : 8. How old is Sachin?

Solution :

1 Year ago Gaurav Age : Sachin age = 6 : 7

4 Years hence, Gaurav Age : Sachin age = 7 : 8
Sachin’s Age = ?

Let us assume Gaurav’s present age as x years and present age of Sachin as y years.

1 Year ago:
Gaurav’s age = x – 1 years
Sachin’s age = y – 1 years
As per Given: 1 Year ago Gaurav Age : Sachin age = 6 : 7

x–1 6
=
y–1 7

7(x -1 ) = 6 (y -1)

7x – 7 = 6y – 6

7x – 6y = 1 Equation1

87
Four years hence:
Gaurav’s age = x + 4 years
Sachin’s age = y + 4 years
As per Given: 4 Years hence, Gaurav Age : Sachin age = 7 : 8

x+4 7
=
y+4 8

8x + 32 = 7y + 28
8x – 7y = - 4 Equation2

We can not solve Equation1 and Equation2 directly as nothing is common to cancel

We will multiply Equation1 by 8 and Equation2 by 7

Equation1 : 7x – 6y = 1 [Multiply by 8 both sides]

56x – 48y = 8 ------------------ Equation3

Equation2 : 8x – 7y = -4 [Multiply by 7 both sides]

56x – 49y = -28 -------------------Equation4

56x – 48y = 8
- 56x – 49y = - 28
- + +

y = 36

Answer is Sachin’s present age is 36 years

88
Problem 89
:
At present, the ratio between ages of Arun and Deepak is 4 : 3. After 6 years, Arun’s
age will be 26 years. What is age of Deepak as present?

Solution :

Present age of Arun : Present age of Deepak = 4 : 3

After 6 years Arun age = 26 Years
Deepak’s Present age = ?

After 6 years Arun’s age will be 26 years.

So at Present Arun’s age = 26 – 6 = 20 years

Given that Present age ratio Arun : Deepak = 4 : 3

Present age of Arun 4

=
Present age of Deepak 3

20 4
=
Present age of Deepak 3

Cross multiply to get answer

20 ∗3 60
Present age of Deepak = = = 15 Years
4 4

Answer is Deepak’s Present age is 15 years.

89
Problem 90
:
Hitesh is 40 years old and Ronnie is 60 years old. How many years ago was their ratio
3:5?

a) 5 years b)10 years c)20 years d)37 years

Solution :

In such kind of scenario it is always better to go with options rather than solving
question.
How many years ago ratio was 3 : 5?
Hitesh present age = 40 years
Ronnie present age = 60 years

Option a: 5 years
5 years ago Hitesh age = 40 – 5 = 35
5 years ago Ronnie age = 60 – 5 = 55
35 : 55 = 7 : 11 [ So a is not answer]

Option b: 10 years
10 years ago Hitesh age = 40 – 10 = 30
10 years ago Ronnie age = 60 – 10 = 50
30 : 50 = 3 : 5 [ As it is matching with our expectation as 3: 5 ,so it is correct answer]

Answer is 10 Years ago ratio of Hitesh and Ronnie’s age was 3 : 5

90
Problem 91
:
A man is 24 years older than his son. In two years, his age will be twice age of his son.
The present ages of Son is?

Solution :

Man present age = Son’s present age + 24

After 2 years, Man’s age = 2 * son’s age
Present age son =?

Let us assume present age of son is x years.

Man’s Present age = x +24

After 2 years:
Son age = x + 2
Man age = 2 (x + 2) = 2x + 4 --------------- Equation1

However Man’s age after 2 years will be (x + 24) + 2= x +26 ------------ Equation2

Equation1 and Equation2 both are equal and nothing but man’s age after 2 years

2x + 4 = x + 26
x = 22 [Present age of son]

Answer is Present age of Son is 22 years

91
Problem 92
:
The total age of A and B is 12 years more than total age of B and C. C is how many
years younger than A?

Solution :

A age + B age = B age + C age + 12

C how many years younger = ?

Assume A age : A years, B: B years and C : C years

It is given that:

A + B = B + C + 12

A = C + 12

This means C is 12 years younger than A.

Answer is C is 12 years younger than A

92
Problem 93
:
The sum of ages of father and his son is 45 Years. Five years ago, the product of their
ages was 34 years. The ages of son and father are respectively

Solution :

Present Father age + Son age = 45 years

5 years ago product of ages = 34

Present age of Father’s age and Son’s age = ?

Here we can take 2nd part to solve problem quickly.

5 years ago product of ages = 34

As to get product 34 there are only two options:

1) 17 * 2
2) 34 * 1

Let us take option 1 :

5 years ago Father’s age 17 and Son age 2

So present age Father’s age = 17 + 5 = 22

Present age Son = 2 + 5 = 7

Total of 22 and 7 is not 45

Option 2

5 years ago Father’s age 34 and Son age 1

So present age Father’s age = 34 + 5 = 39

Present age Son = 1 + 5 = 6

Total of 39 and 6 is 45

Answer is Present age of Father 39 Years and Son age is 6 years.

93
 Work and Time
Various competitive examinations ask questions regularly based on Work and Time.
Work and Time is one of the highest rated topic by Paper setter for any competitive
exam and it is lowest rated/most challenging topic from students point of view.

Why Work and Time???

Consider simple work of taking 20 printouts from your computer.

You may require 10 minutes to do this work. However, if same work to be done by your
parents they may require 20 minutes to do it. If you ask same work to grandparents they
may need 30 minutes to do same.
Consider simple work of writing letter manually on paper and post it to your friend.
Here you can observe that your grandparents can do this work in 10 minutes [as they
are used to with writing and posting letters]. However, as you are not very familiar or
used to write letter manually and post it by visiting post office you may need 30 minutes
to do same work.

Here you can observe that every-one is different in terms of efficiency and time required
to do work. It also depends on area of expertise to that specific work for that person.

This is something really important in real time world while allocating people for work,
doing estimates of any project etc. Therefore it is very important for us to solve Work
and Time problems and apply them in our day to day work.

Simple Method to solve Work and Time:

We will be using simple LCM method to solve Work and Time problems. This is different
from conventional method which we generally study in our academics.

If we calculate LCM of numbers, we are almost 70% completion of problem.

94
Let us look at simple LCM examples first before looking at actual problems:

Example 1: Calculate LCM of 20, 30,10

Method 1: Divisional Method

This is conventional method and we will keep dividing numbers till we get either 1 or all
prime numbers.

2 20 30 10
5 10 15 5
2 3 1

LCM = 2 * 5 * 2* 3* 1= 60

Method 2: Orally by table method.

Find greatest number from list for which LCM is to be identified.

Now look at table of this number and keep checking whether that number is divisible by
other numbers in list.

Here largest number is 30. So we will write tables of 30 and table of 20, 10 as well.

We will write 30 table till we get the number which is completely divisible by 10 and 20

20 30 10
40 60 20
60 30
40
50
60

As you can see 30 is divisible by 10 but not by 20.

However 60 is divisible by 10 and 20 both.

So 60 is LCM [you can do this calculation orally in fraction of seconds if tables are
learned 1 to 30].

95
Example 2: Calculate LCM of 25, 50

Method 1: Divisional Method

This is conventional method and we will keep dividing numbers till we get either 1 or all
prime numbers.

5 25 50
5 5 10
1 2

LCM = 5 * 5 * 2 * 1 * 2= 50

Method 2: Orally by table method.

Find greatest number from list for which LCM is to be identified.

Now look at table of this number and keep checking whether that number is divisible by
other numbers in list.

Here largest number is 50. So we will write tables of 50 and table of 25 as well.

We will write 50 table till we get the number which is completely divisible by 25.

25 50
50

As you can see 50 is divisible by 25

So 50 is LCM

96
Types of Problems:

Type Given To Find

A do in x days
Together A & B will do in how much time
Type 1 B do in y days

A+B do in x days
Type 2 B alone will do in how much time
A do in y days

A do in x days
How much time will be required to
Type 3 B do in y days
complete work
If they work alternate days

A do in x days
How much work pending / How much
Type 4 A leaves job on 3rd day and B
work is done.
worked alone

97
Type1:

Problem 1:

A does a work in 10 days and B does work in 15 days. In how many days they together
can complete work?

Solution :

Let us assume Work -> Eating mangoes.

A takes 10 days to eat certain number of mangoes.

B takes 15 days to eat certain number of mangoes.

Calculate LCM of 10,15 -> LCM of 10 and 15 is 30.

Person Total Mango Number of days 1 day speed

A 30 10 30/10 = 3 Mango
B 30 15 30/15 = 2 Mango

So A eats 3 Mango in 1 day and B eats 2 Mango in 1 day.

In order to do complete work [30 Mangos]:

1 day Speed of A + B = 3 + 2 = 5

Time required to complete work = 30/5 =6 Days

Answer is 6 Days

98
Problem 2:

A does a work in 10 hours. B does same work in 30 hours. C completes same work in
60 hours. How much time required to complete work if A, B and C worked together?

Solution :

Let us assume Work -> Eating mangoes.

A takes 10 hours to eat certain number of mangoes.

B takes 30 hours to eat certain number of mangoes.

C takes 60 hours to eat certain number of mangoes.

Calculate LCM of 10, 30, 60 -> LCM of 10, 30,60 is 60.

Person Total Mango Number of hours 1 Hour speed

A 60 10 60/10 = 6 Mango
B 60 30 60/30 = 2 Mango
C 60 60 60/60= 1 Mango
A+B+C 60 60/9 6+2+1= 9 Mango

A+B+C will require 60/9 hours to complete work.

6
60/9 = 6
9

6
Answer is 6 Hours
9

99
Type2:

Problem 1:

The man can do a work in 5 days. With help of his son he can do that work in 3 days.
How much time his son will take alone to complete work.

Solution :

Calculate LCM of 5, 3 -> LCM of 5, 3 is 15.

Person Total Mango Number of days 1 day speed

Man 15 5 15/5 = 3 Mango
Man+Son 15 3 15/3 = 5 Mango
Son 15 ? 5-3 =2 Mango

The speed of Man alone = 3 Mango in 1 day

The speed of Man +Son = 5 Mango in 1 day.

Speed of Son alone = (Speed of Man +Son) – (Speed of Man alone)

= 5 – 3 =2 Mango

Number of days son alone will require = Total mango / 1 Day speed

=15/2 = 7.5 days

Answer is 7.5 days

100
Problem 2:

A & B together completes a work in 6 days. B alone can do same work in 24 days. How
much A will take alone to complete work.

Solution :

Calculate LCM of 6, 24 -> LCM of 6, 24 is 24.

Person Total Mango Number of days 1 day speed

A+B 24 6 24/6 = 4 Mango
B 24 24 24/24 = 1 Mango
A 24 ? 4-1 = 3 Mango

The speed of A + B = 5 Mango in 1 day.

The speed of B alone = 1 Mango in 1 day

Speed of A alone = (Speed of A + B) – (Speed of B alone)

= 4 – 1 = 3 Mango

Number of days A alone will require = Total mango / 1 Day speed

=24/3 = 8 days

Answer is 8 days

101
Type3:

Problem 1:

A completes work in 9 days and B completes same work in 12 days. If they work on
alternate days, how much time they will require to finish work.

Solution :

Calculate LCM of 9, 12 -> LCM of 9, 12 is 36.

Person Total Mango Number of days 1 day speed

A 36 9 36/9 = 4 Mango
B 36 12 36/12 = 3 Mango

A speed is 4 Mango per day

B speed is 3 Mango per day.

As A and B are working on Alternate days:

Total Mango to finish : 36

Day Mango eaten Pending Mango(36-eaten)

1 [A will work] 4 32
2 [B will work] 4+3 = 7 29
3 [A will work[ 7+4 =11 25
4 [B will work] 11+3 =14 22

Looking at this we can understand that in 2 days 7 Mango eaten.

As we need to complete 36 Mango.

36 is not completely divisible by 7 so we need to find number less than and nearest to
36 and should be completely divisible by 7.

To complete 35:

2 days - 7 Mango

?days - 35 Mango

Cross multiply to get answer

102
2 * 35 = 7 * ?

? = 70/7 = 10

35 Mango completed in 10 days and 1 still pending [as 36 -35 =1]

On 11th day 1 mango pending and A will be working.

So A will require ¼ time eat same [as in 1 day he eats 4].

Total days required = 10 + ¼

1
Answer is 10 Days
4

Problem 2:

A completes work in 20 days and B completes same work in 30 days. If they work on
alternate days, how much time they will require to finish work.

Solution :

Calculate LCM of 20,30 -> LCM of 20, 30 is 60.

Person Total Mango Number of days 1 day speed

A 60 20 60/20 = 3 Mango
B 60 30 60/30 = 2 Mango

A speed is 3 Mango per day

B speed is 2 Mango per day.

As A and B are working on Alternate days:

Total Mango to finish 60.

Day Mango eaten Pending Mango(36-eaten)

1 [A will work] 3 57
2 [B will work] 3+2 = 5 55

Looking at this we can understand that in 2 days 5 Mango eaten.

As we need to complete 60 Mango.

103
To complete 60:

2 days - 5 Mango

? days - 60 Mango

Cross multiply to get answer.

2 * 60 = 5 * ?

? = 120/5 = 24 days will be required.

Answer is 24 days

104
Type4:

Problem 1:

A completes work in 15 days and B completes same work in 10 days.They started

working together but after 2 days work, B left the job and A continued alone to complete
work. In how much day pending work will be completed?

Solution :

Calculate LCM of 15, 10 -> LCM of 15, 10 is 30.

Person Total Mango Number of days 1 day speed

A 30 15 30/15 = 2 Mango
B 30 10 30/10 = 3 Mango

A speed is 2 Mango per day

B speed is 3 Mango per day.

A+B speed for 1 day is 5 Mango.

A +B worked together for 2 days.

Number of mangoes eaten in this time = 2 * 5 =10

Pending work [mango] = Total Mango – Completed work [mango]

Pending = 30 – 10 = 20

A as alone, To complete pending work : 20 mango

1 day - 2 Mango

? days - 20 Mango

Cross multiply to get answer.

1 * 20 = 2 * ?

? = 20/2 = 10 days

To complete pending work by A alone 10 days will be required.

Answer is 10 days

105
Problem 2:

A completes work in 18 days and B completes same work in 15 days.They started

working together but after 5 days work, B left the job and A continued alone to complete
work. How much work pending and in how much days pending work will be completed?

Solution :

Calculate LCM of 18, 15 -> LCM of 18, 15 is 90.

Person Total Mango Number of days 1 day speed

A 90 18 90/18 = 5 Mango
B 90 15 90/15 = 6 Mango

A speed is 5 Mango per day

B speed is 6 Mango per day.

A+B speed for 1 day is 11 Mango.

A +B worked together for 5 days.

Number of mangoes eaten in this time = 11 * 5 = 55

Pending work [mango] = Total Mango – Completed work [mango]

Pending = 90 – 55 = 35 Mango

Pending Work in terms of total work = 35/90 = 7/18

A as alone, To complete pending work : 35 mango

1 day - 5 Mango

? days - 35 Mango

Cross multiply to get answer.

1 * 35 = 5 * ?

? = 35/5 = 7 days

Answer is Pending work 7/18 and 7 days will be required to complete pending
work

106
 Pipes and Cisterns
Various competitive examinations ask questions regularly based on Pipes and Cisterns.

If you have gone through my Work and Time document then solving Pipes and Cistern
would definitely very easy for you to solve.

I would recommend you to go through work and time topic document once, before
reading this. Work and Time, Pipes and Cisterns topics are almost similar to each other
only the difference is that in Pipes and Cisterns, we need to look at negative work as
well.

What are Pipes and Cisterns???

Let us look at 1 real life example to understand concept of Pipes and Cisterns.

Consider you have water storage tank of 1000 Liters on your terrace at 3rd floor.
You utilize same water in your Kitchen, daily activities etc. through different pipes
Assume you get water supply from Corporation at ground floor and you don’t have
facility of electric motor to transfer that water to Terrace tank.
So you fill water in bucket and go upstairs to fill tank. During this activity some water
gets wasted due to leakage in bucket.
Someday magic happened and you got new Pipe in Tank itself which gets water from
Corporation directly but your Tank also starts leaking at terrace itself.

Now let us summarize things in terms of Pipes and Cisterns Problem

Terrace water Tank: Tank / Cisterns

Magic Pipe : Inlet Pipe/Tap
Water supply in Bath, Kitchen etc: Outlet Pipe/Tap
Bucket/Tank leakage: Leakage in Tank

107
Simple Method to solve Pipes and Cisterns:

We will be using simple LCM method to solve Work and Time problems. This is different
from conventional method which we generally study in our academics.

If we calculate LCM of numbers, we are almost 70% completion of problem.

Let us look at simple LCM examples first before looking at actual problems:

Example 1: Calculate LCM of 20, 30,10

Method 1: Divisional Method

This is conventional method and we will keep dividing numbers till we get either 1 or all
prime numbers.

2 20 30 10
5 10 15 5
2 3 1

LCM = 2 * 5 * 2* 3* 1= 60

Method 2: Orally by table method.

Find greatest number from list for which LCM is to be identified.

Now look at table of this number and keep checking whether that number is divisible by
other numbers in list.

Here largest number is 30. So we will write tables of 30 and table of 20, 10 as well.

We will write 30 table till we get the number which is completely divisible by 10 and 20

20 30 10
40 60 20
60 30
40
50
60

As you can see 30 is divisible by 10 but not by 20.

However 60 is divisible by 10 and 20 both.

So 60 is LCM [you can do this calculation orally in fraction of seconds if tables are
learned 1 to 30]

108
Example 2: Calculate LCM of 25, 50

Method 1: Divisional Method

This is conventional method and we will keep dividing numbers till we get either 1 or all
prime numbers.

5 25 50
5 5 10
1 2

LCM = 5 * 5 * 2 * 1 * 2= 50

Method 2: Orally by table method.

Find greatest number from list for which LCM is to be identified.

Now look at table of this number and keep checking whether that number is divisible by
other numbers in list.

Here largest number is 50. So we will write tables of 50 and table of 25 as well.

We will write 50 table till we get the number which is completely divisible by 25.

25 50
50

As you can see 50 is divisible by 25

So 50 is LCM

109
Types of Problems:

Type Given To Find

Pipe A fills tank in x hours Together A & B will fill tank in how much
Type 1 Pipe B fills tanks n y hours time

Pipe A fills tank in x hours Together A & B will fill tank in how much
Type 2
Pipe B empties tank n y hours time tank will be filled

Pipe A fills tank in x hours How much time will be required to empty
Type 3
Due to leak it takes more time tank completely

Type 4 Miscellaneous

110
Type1:

Problem 1:

Pipe A fills tank in 10 hours and Pipe B fills tank in 15 hours. In how much time tank will
fill completely if both pipes are opened together?

Solution :

Pipe A takes 10 hours to fill tank.

Pipe B takes 15 hours to fill tank

First we will try to calculate what is capacity of tank in liters: which is nothing but LCM.

Calculate LCM of 10,15 -> LCM of 10 and 15 is 30.

Pipe Tank Capacity Time to fill tank(hours) Speed for 1hour

A 30 10 30/10 = 3 liters
B 30 15 30/15 = 2 liters

So A fills 3 liters in 1 hour and 2 liters in 1 hour.

In order to fill complete tank [30 Liters]:

1 hr Speed for Pipe A + B = 3 + 2 = 5

Time required to fill complete tank = 30 / 5 =6 Hours

Answer is 6 Hours

111
Problem
112:
Pipe A fills tank in 10 hours. Pipe B fills tank in 30 hours. Pipe C fills tank in 60 hours.
How much time required to fill tank completely if A, B and C worked together?

Solution :

Pipe A takes 10 hours to fill tank.

Pipe B takes 30 hours to fill tank.

Pipe C takes 60 hours to fill tank.

Calculate LCM of 10, 30, 60 -> LCM of 10, 30,60 is 60.

Total tank capacity : 60 Liters

Pipe Tank Capacity Time to fill 1 Hour speed

tank(hours)
A 60 10 60/10 = 6
B 60 30 60/30 = 2
C 60 60 60/60= 1
A+B+C 60 60/9 6+2+1= 9

A+B+C will require 60/9 hours to fill tank completely

6
60/9 = 6
9

6
Answer is 6 Hours
9

112
Problem
113:
Pipe A fills tank in 20 minutes and Pipe B fills tank in 30 minutes. In how much time tank
will fill completely if both pipes are opened together?

Solution :

Pipe A takes 20 hours to fill tank.

Pipe B takes 30 hours to fill tank

Calculate LCM of 20, 30 -> LCM of 20 and 30 is 60.

Tank capacity :

Pipe Tank Capacity Time to fill tank(minutes) Speed for 1minute

A 60 20 60/20 = 3
B 60 30 60/30 = 2
A+B 60 60/5 =12 3+2=5

Answer is 12 Minutes

113
Type2:

Problem 1:

A Cistern can be filled by tap in 4 hours while it can be emptied by another tap in 9
hours. If both the taps are opened simultaneously then after how much time will cistern
get filled?

Solution :

Pipe A takes 4 hours to fill tank.

Pipe B takes 9 hours to fill tank

We need to use minus sign in spped of B as it is outlet pipe.

Calculate LCM of 4, 9 -> LCM of 4, 9 is 36.

So Cistern capacity is 36 Liters.

Pipe Cistern Capacity Time to 1 hour speed

fill/empty(hours)
A 36 4 36/4 = 9
B 36 9 36/9 = -4
A+B 36 ? 9 + (-4) =5

As you can see 1st pipe is filling tank and 2nd pipe is outlet pipe so we are using minus
sign for 2nd pipe

In 1 hr total speed is 5

To fill complete tank that is 36 Litres.

36 1
= 7
5 5
1/5 means 60/5 = 12 Minutes

Answer is 7.2 Hours or 7 Hours 12 minutes

114
Problem 2:

Two pipes can fill tank in 10 hours and 12 hours respectively, while 3rd pipe empties the
full tank in 20 hours. If all three pipes are operated simultaneously then in how much
time tank will be filled completely?

Solution :

Pipe A takes 10 hours to fill tank.

Pipe B takes 12 hours to fill tank

Pipe C takes 20 hours to fill tank

We need to use minus sign in speed of C as it is outlet pipe.

Calculate LCM of 10, 12 , 20 -> LCM of 10, 12, 20 is 60.

So Tank capacity is 60 Liters.

Pipe Cistern Capacity Time to fill/empty(in 1 hour speed

hours)
A 60 10 60/10 = 6
B 60 12 60/12 = 5
C 60 20 60/20 = -3
A+B+C 60 ? 6 + 5 + (-3) = 8

As C pipe empties pies we have used minus sign

In 1 hr if all opened together : 8 liters water would be filled.

In order to fill complete tank that is 60Liters:

1
60
=
15 = 7
8 2 2
½ means 60/2 = 30 minutes

Answer is 7.5 Hours or 7 Hours 30 minutes

115
Type 3:

Problem 1:
1
An electric pump can fill tank in 3 hours. Because of leak in the tank, it took 3 hours to
2
fill tank. If tank is full, how much time it wil leak take to empty it.

Solution:

Pipe A takes 3 hours to fill tank.

1 7
Pipe A with leakage (Assume leakage as B) takes 3 hours = hours
2 2

Here we need to find how much time leakage will require to empty completely filled
pipe.
7
Let us calculate LCM of 3 and
2

As it sometimes become challenging to find LCM of fraction, let us see simple method

Multiply both number for which LCM to be find.

After that multiplication contains fraction multiply same with denominator to get natural
number
7 21
3* =
2 2

Here we have denominator and we cant take it as LCM.

So
21
∗ 2 = 21
2
7
LCM of 3 and is 21
2

Now let us use same method what we used earlier:

Please note that B is leakage pipe so it will have minus sign

116
 Pipe Cistern Capacity Time to fill/empty(in 1 hour speed
hours)
A 21 3 21/3 = 7
A+B 21 7/2 21/(7/2) = 6
B 21 21 7 – 6 = -1

Speed of A : 7

Speed of A with Leakage B : 6

So speed of Leakage B is 1.

In order to empty filled pipe leakage will need 21 /1 = 21 Hours

Answer is 21 Hours

117
Problem 2:

A pump can fill tank with water in 2 hours. Because of leak, it took
1
2 hours to fill the tank. The leak can drain all water in tank in how much time?
3

Solution:

Pipe A takes 2 hours to fill tank.

1 7
Pipe A with leakage (Assume leakage as 2) takes 2 hours = hours
3 3

Here we need to find how much time leakage will require to empty completely filled
pipe.
7
Let us calculate LCM of 2 and
3

As it sometimes become challenging to find LCM of fraction, let us see simple method

Multiply both number for which LCM to be find.

After that multiplication contains fraction multiply same with denominator to get natural
number
7 14
2* =
3 3

Here we have denominator and we cant take it as LCM.

So
14
∗ 3 = 14
3
7
LCM of 2 and is 14
3

Now let us use same method what we used earlier:

Please note that B is leakage pipe so it will have minus sign

118
 Pipe Cistern Capacity Time to fill/empty 1 hr speed
A 14 2 14/2 = 7
A+B 14 7/3 14/(7/3) = 6
B 14 14 7 – 6 = -1

Speed of A : 7

Speed of A with Leakage B : 6

So speed of Leakage B is 1.

In order to empty filled pipe leakage will need 14 /1 = 14 Hours

Answer is 14 Hours

119
Type 4:

Problem 1:

Two pipes A and B can fill a tank in 6 hours and 4 hours respectively. If they are opened
on alternate hours and if Pipe A is opened first, in how many hours tank will be full?

Solution:

Pipe A takes 6 hours to fill tank.

Pipe B takes 4 hours to fill tank

Calculate LCM of 6, 4 -> LCM of 6 and 4 is 12.

Tank capacity :

Pipe Tank Capacity Time to fill tank(hours) Speed for 1hour

A 12 6 12/6 = 2
B 12 4 12/4 = 3

We have calculated 1 hour speed of pipe A and B. However we cant use it directly to
solve problem as pipes are opened alternatative starting form A

Hour Tank filled (in liters) Tank remaining (in liters)

1 [Pipe A will be open] 2 10
2 [Pipe B will be open] 2+3 = 5 7
3 [Pipe A will be open [ 5+2 = 7 5
4 [Pipe B will be open] 7+3 =10 2

In 4 hours, 10 Liters will be filled and 2 Liters is remaining.

And now Pipe A will open and Pipe A speed is 2 liters per hour.

In order to fill 2 liters by pipe A:

2 =1
2

4 + 1 = 5 Hours

Answer is 5 Hours

120
Problem 2:

Two pipes A and B can fill tank in 15 hours and 20 hours respectively while third pipe C
can empty full tank in 25 hours. All 3 pipes are opened in beginning. After 10 hours , C
is closed. In how much time will tank be full?

Solution :

Pipe A takes 15 hours to fill tank.

Pipe B takes 20 hours to fill tank

Pipe C takes 25 hours to empty full tank

We need to use minus sign in speed of C as it is outlet pipe.

Calculate LCM of 15, 20,25 -> LCM of 15, 20, 25 is 300

Tank capacity is 300 Liters

Pipe Tank Capacity Time to fill/empty(in 1 hour speed

hours)
A 300 15 300/15 = 20
B 300 20 300/20 = 15
C 300 25 300/25 = -12
A+B+C 20 + 15 + (-12) = 23
A+B 20 + 15 = 35

All 3 pipes initially opened:

Speed during this time 23

For 10 hours all pipes opened:

In 1 hour speed of all 3 pipes together is 23

So in 10 hours: 23 * 10 =230 Liters filled

Post 10 hours pending tank :

300 -230 = 70 Liters

Now C pipe is closed so only A and B is opened.

Speed of A+B is 35

121
In order to complete pending 70 Liters:
70
=2
35

Total time = 10 + 2 = 12 Hours

Answer is 12 Hours

122
Problem 3:

Two pipes A and B can fill a tank in 24 min and 32 min respectively. If both pipes are
opened simultaneously after how much time B should be closed so that tank full in 18
minutes.

Solution:

Pipe A takes 24 minutes to fill tank.

Pipe B takes 32 minutes to fill tank

We need to complete tank in 18 minutes by closing B after some interval.

Calculate LCM of 24, 32, -> LCM of 24, 32 is 96

Tank capacity is 96 Liters

Pipe Tank Capacity Time to fill/empty( 1 minute speed

minutes)
A 96 24 96/24 = 4
B 96 32 96/32 = 3
A+B 4+3=7

A+B speed is 7

Let us assume A and B both were opened for 18 minutes.

In 18 minutes:

18 * 7 = 126 liters of water would be filled.

However our tank is of 96 Liters only.

In order to find when B should be closed we need to see what extra water filled by Pipe
B.

Extra water by B = 126 – 96 = 30 Liters.

As B speed is 3 it will take ( 30/3 = 10) 10 minutes to do this extra water so we need to
close B 10 minutes before 18 minutes.

So 18 – 10 = 8 minutes

Answer is we should close B after 8 minutes so tank will be filled in 18 minutes.

123
 Partnership

Various competitive examinations ask questions regularly based on Partnership.

Many students face challenges in understanding and solving problems as they face
challenge while working in Ratio and proportion.

Let us take real life example and will try to understand first what is partnership and how
we need to find ratio and proportion. Once you understand concept clearly, you can
solve Partnership problems easily.

What is Partnership?

Partnership is something where more than 1 person effort is needed to complete goal.
Imagine world cup match India v/s Australia and you have target of 300 Runs. Without
doing multiple good partnership, can we win the game?
Obviously not!!!

Let us use same example to understand Partnership concept.

124
We will look at scorecards for multiple cricket matches where Sachin and Sehwag did
opening partnership for India and we will award them some amount as rewards for runs
they did during partnership.

Reward
Partnership Sachin’s Sehwag’s Sehwag‘s
Match per Sachin’s reward
(runs) contribution contribution Reward
run(Rs)
1 100 65 35 1 65 *1= 65 35*1 =35
2 200 110 90 1 110*1=110 90*1=90
3 160 100 60 10 100*10=1000 60*10= 600
4 300 160 140 20 160*20=3200 140*20 =2800
5 90 50 40 100 50*100=5000 40*100=4000
6 80 60 20 1000 60*1000=60000 20*1000=20000
7 50 25 25 500 25*500=12500 25*500=12500

Looking at table:
1) Individual person gets reward/ profit based on individual contribution
2) Total reward is divided based on efforts/contribution done by individual person

Now we try to find out ratio of efforts and subsequently ratio of rewards.

What is ratio?

Let us assume Today your age is half of your father’s age.

➔ If your father age is 50 years then your age would be 50/2 = 25 years
➔ If your father’s age is 60 years then your age would be 60/2 = 30 years
➔ If your father age is 100 years, your age would be 100/2 = 50 years.

Let us represent same in ratio:

FatherFs age 50 60 100 2 it is nothing but 2:1

= = = =
FourFs age 25 30 50 1

Ratio of Father’s age to your’s age today is 2:1

125
We will refer same table of Partnership of Sachin and Sehwag and we will calculate
ratio of their contribution and accordingly ratio of their rewards

Sachin’s Sehwag’s Ratio of Contribution Ratio of Rewards

Match
contribution contribution Sachin : Sehwag Sachin : Sehwag

1 65 35 65/35 = 13 : 7 65/35 = 13 : 7
2 110 90 110/90 = 11 : 9 110/90 = 11 : 9
3 100 60 100/60 = 5 : 3 1000/600 = 5 : 3
4 160 140 160/140 = 8 : 7 3200/2800 = 8 : 7
5 50 40 50/40 = 5 : 4 5000/4000 = 5 : 4
6 60 20 60/20 = 3 : 1 60000/2000 = 3 : 1
7 25 25 25/25 = 1 : 1 12500/12500 = 1 : 1

As you can observe in table, ratio of contribution is always same as ratio of Rewards.

Now we will co-relate terms to Partnership problems.

Summary:
Real life example(Sachin -Sehwag partnership) Meaning in Partnership problems
Contribution in Partnership Investment
Ratio of contribution(Runs) Ratio of Investment
Reward Profit
Individual reward Individual share of Profit.

126
Types of Problems:

Type Given To Find

Investment amount for 2 or
Ratio of Profit
Type 1 more persons (A, B, C)

Investment amount 2 or more

Type 2 persons (A, B, C) for same Individual Profit share
time period and Total Profit

Investment amount 2 or more

Type 3 persons (A, B, C) for different Individual Profit share
time period and Total Profit

Investment amount 2 or more

Type 4 persons (A, B, C) and Total Profit / Individual Profit share
Individual Profit for 1 person

Type 5 Miscellaneous

127
Type1:

Problem 1:

P and Q started a business investing 85000 Rs and 15000 Rs respectively. In what ratio
the profit earned after 2 years be divided between P and Q respectively?

Solution :

Investment of P = 85000 Rs

Investment of Q = 15000 Rs

Ratio of Profit of P : Q= ?

Here, individual investment of P and Q is given.

Investment of P
Ratio of Profit for P : Q =
Investment of Q
85000 85 17
= = =
15000 15 3

Answer is Ratio of Profit for P :Q is 17 : 3

128
Problem 2:

A, B and C started a business by investing 120000 Rs, 135000 Rs and 150000 Rs

respectively. Find out ratio of Profit for A, B, C respectively.

Solution :

Investment of A = 120000 Rs

Investment of B = 135000 Rs

Investment of C = 150000 Rs

Ratio of Profit of A : B : C= ?

Here, individual investment of A, B and C is given

Ratio of Profit for A : B : C = Investment of A : Investment of B : Investment of C

= 12000 : 135000 : 150000

We need to simplify them so that we can find answer.

120000 : 135000 : 150000

120 : 135 : 150 [cancelled all 3 zeroes]

8 : 9 : 10 [ if you know table of 15 you can see all of them divisible by 15]

Answer is Ratio of Profit for A :B : C is 8 : 9 : 10

129
Type2:

Problem 1:

Sanjay and Deepak started a business investing 22500 Rs and 35000 Rs respectively.
Out of total profit of 13800 Rs, Deepak share is?

Solution :

Investment of Sanjay = 22500 Rs

Investment of Deepak = 35000 Rs

Total profit : 13800 Rs

Deepak share : ?

Here, individual investment of Sanjay and Deepak are given:

Investment of Sanjay
Ratio of Profit for Sanjay : Deepak =
Investment of Deepak
22500 225 9
= = =
35000 350 14

Ratio of Profit for Sanjay : Deepak is 9 : 14

This means that if Sanjay gets 9 Rs profit then Deepak will get 14 Rs

So total profit = 9 + 14 = 23 Rs

It is given that profit is 13800. So we need to cross multiply to get answer we need to
find share of Deepak:

Deepak share Total share

14 23

? 13800

14 ∗ 13800 14 ∗600
Deepak share = = = 8400
23 1
Answer is Deepak’s share of Profit is 8400 Rs

130
Problem
131:
A , B, C enter into a partnership investing 35000 Rs, 45000 Rs and 55000 Rs
respectively. The respective shares of A, B and C in annual profit of 40500 Rs are?

Solution :

Investment of A = 35000 Rs

Investment of B = 45000 Rs

Investment of C = 55000 Rs

Annual profit = 40500 Rs

Individual Profit of A , B and C = ?

Ratio of Profit for A : B : C = Investment of A : Investment of B : Investment of C

= 35000 : 45000 : 55000

= 35 : 45 : 55

= 7 : 9 : 11

This means if A gets Profit 7 Rs then B will get 9 Rs, C will get 11 Rs

So total 7 + 9 + 11 = 27 Rs

To identify common factor of multiplication [ assume x]:

27x = 40500

40500 13500
x= = = 1500 [ common multiplication factor to get actual profit ]
27 9

A : B : C = 7 : 9 : 11
.
A’s Profit = 7 * 1500 = 10500 Rs
B’s Profit = 9 * 1500 = 13500 Rs
C’s Profit = 11 * 1500 = 16500 Rs

Answer is A, B, C profits are 10500 Rs, 13500 Rs and 16500 Rs

131
Problem
132:
A , B, C enter into a partnership investing 120000 Rs, 135000 Rs and 150000 Rs
respectively. Find the share of each out of annual profit of Rs 56700

Solution :

Investment of A = 120000 Rs

Investment of B = 135000 Rs

Investment of C = 150000 Rs

Annual profit = 56700 Rs

Individual Profit of A , B and C = ?

Ratio of Profit for A : B : C = Investment of A : Investment of B : Investment of C

= 120000 : 135000 : 150000

= 120 : 135 : 150

= 8 : 9 : 10

This means if A gets Profit 8 Rs then B will get 9 Rs, C will get 10 Rs

So total 8 + 9 + 10 = 27 Rs

To identify common factor of multiplication [ assume x]:

27x = 56700

56700 6300
x= = = 2100 [ common multiplication factor to get actual profit ]
27 3

A : B : C = 8 : 9 : 10
.
A’s Profit = 8 * 2100 = 16800 Rs
B’s Profit = 9 * 2100 = 18900 Rs
C’s Profit = 10 * 2100 = 21000 Rs

Answer is A, B, C profits are 16800 Rs, 18900 Rs and 21000 Rs

132
Type 3

Problem 1:
A , B, C starts a business each investing 20000 Rs,. After 5 months A withdrew 5000
Rs, B withdrew 4000 Rs and C invests 6000 Rs more. At end of year, total profit of
69900 Rs was recorded. Find the share of each.

Solution :

Investment of A = 20000 Rs [ post 5 month withdraw 5000]

Investment of B = 20000 Rs [post 5 month withdraw 4000]

Investment of C = 20000 Rs [post 5 month invests 6000 more]

Annual profit = 69900 Rs

Individual Profit of A , B and C = ?

As you can see here contribution from start of business to end of year [Profit time], we
need to calculate investment yearly based on intermediate withdraw / more investment].

As time is 1 year [12 months]:

A withdraw 5000 Rs after 5 months , so for last 7 month investment to be reduced

A’s investment in year = (20000 * 12 ) – (5000 * 7)

= 240000 – 35000 = 205000 Rs

B’s investment in year = (20000 * 12 ) – (4000 * 7)

= 240000 – 28000 = 212000 Rs

C’s investment in year = (20000 * 12 ) + (6000 * 7)

= 240000 + 42000 = 282000 Rs

As you can see for withdraw we will use minus sign (-) and for more investment (+)

Ratio of Profit for A : B : C = Investment of A : Investment of B : Investment of C

= 205000 : 212000 : 282000

= 205 :212: 282

133
If A gets Profit 205 Rs then B will get 212 Rs and C will get 282 Rs

Total profit = 205 + 212 + 282 = 699

To identify common factor of multiplication [ assume x]:

699x = 69900

x= 100 [ Common factor is 100]

Ratio of Profit for A : B : C = 205 :212: 282

A’s profit = 205 * 100 = 20500 Rs

B’s profit = 212 * 100 = 21200 Rs
C’s profit = 282 * 100 = 28200 Rs

Answer is A, B, C profits are 20500 Rs, 21200 Rs and 28200 Rs

Problem 2
Reema and Sayali are partners in business. Reema invests 35000 Rs for 8 months and
Sayali invests 42000 Rs for 10 months. Out of profit 31570 Rs. Reema’s share is ?

Solution :

Investment of Reema = 35000 Rs [For 8 months]

Investment of Sayali = 42000 Rs [For 10 months]

Profit = 31570 Rs

Individual Profit of Reema = ?

As you can see here contribution is for different time period, we need to find actual
investment done by Reema and Sayali.

Investment of Reema = 35000 for 8 months

= 35000 * 8 = 280000 Rs

Investment of Sayali = 42000 for 10 months

134
 = 42000 * 10 = 420000 Rs

Ratio of Profit for Reema : Sayali = Investment of Reema : Investment of Sayali

= 280000 : 420000
= 28 :42

=2:3

If Reema gets 2 Rs Profit then Sayali will get 3 Rs.

So total is 5 Rs Profit.

Reema share Total share

2 5

? 31570

2 ∗ 31570 2 ∗ 6314
Reema share = = = 12628 Rs
5 1
Answer is Reema’s share of Profit is 12628 Rs

135
Type 4

Problem 1

Four milkmen rented a pasture. A grazed 24 cows for 3 months, B 10 cows for 5
months, C 35 cows for 4 months and D 21 cows for 3 months. If A’s share of rent is 720
Rs, find total rent?

Solution

A’s usage of place : 24 cows for 3 months

B’s usage of place : 10 cows for 5 months

C’s usage of place : 35 cows for 4 months

D’s usage of place : 21 cows for 3 months

A’s share of rent : 720 Rs

Total rent: ?

We will calculate individual contribution of investment first:

A’s usage = 24 cows for 3 month

= 24 * 3 = 72

B’s usage = 10 cows for 5 month

=10 * 5 = 50

C’s usage = 35 cows for 4 month

= 35 * 4 = 140

D’s usage = 21 cows for 3 month

= 21 * 3 = 63

They will pay rent as per area they will be using.

Ratio of Rent = Ratio of area of usage A : B: C: D

= 72 : 50 : 140 : 63

136
When A will pay 72 Rs rent, then B will pay 50 Rs, C will pay 140 Rs and D will pay 63
Rs
So total 72 + 50 + 140 + 63 = 325 Rs

A’s rent Total rent

72 325

720 ?

720 ∗ 325 10 ∗325

Total rent = = = 3250
72 1

Answer is Total rent is 3250 Rs

137
Problem 2

A, B and C started shop by investing 27000 Rs, 72000 Rs and 81000 Rs respectively.
At end of year profit was distributed among them. If C’s profit is 36000 Rs, then what is
total profit?

Solution

A’s investment : 27000 Rs

B’s investment : 72000 Rs

C’s investment : 81000 Rs

C’s share of profit : 36000 Rs

Total profit : ?

Ratio of Profit for A : B : C = Investment of A : Investment of B : Investment of C

= 27000 : 72000 : 81000

= 27 : 72 : 81

=3:8:9

This means if A gets Profit 3 Rs then B will get 8 Rs, C will get 9 Rs

So total 3 + 8 + 9 = 20 Rs

C’s Profit Total profit

9 20

36000 ?

20 ∗ 36000 20 ∗400
Total Profit = = = 8000
9 1

Answer is Total profit is 8000 Rs

138
Type 5

Problem 1

X and Y invested in a business. They earned some profit which they divided in ratio of
2: 3. If X invested 4000 Rs, the amount invested by Y is?

Solution

Profit ratio of X: Y = 2: 3

X’s Investment : 40000 Rs

Y’s Investment: ?

We know that profit ratio is same as Investment ratio. So here profit ratio is given and
we need to find out Original investment

X Profit X Investment
=
Y Profit Y Investment

2 40000
=
3 Y Investment

Cross multiplying:

40000 ∗3
Y’s investment = = 20000 * 3 = 60000
2

Answer is Y’s investment is 60000 Rs

139
Problem 2
A invested 76000 Rs in business. After few months, B joined him with 57000 Rs. At the
end of year, total profit was divided between them in the ratio of 2 : 1. After how many
months did B join?

Solution

A’s investment throughout year = 76000 Rs

B’s investment after some time = 57000 Rs

Profit ratio A : B = 2 : 1

After how much time B should have joined = ?

We need to first calculate exact investment for year for both A and B.

For A : it is simple as it was for throughout year (12 months)

A’s investment = 76000 * 12 = 912000 Rs

Let us assume B enters after x months, so total investment for B will be:

(12 –x ) * 57000

A Profit A Investment
=
B Profit B Investment

2 91200
=
1 (12–X) ∗ 57000

2 * 57000 * (12 – x) = 912000

912000 912 48
12 – x = = = =8
2 ∗ 57000 2 ∗ 57 2∗3

12 – x = 8
x= 4

Answer is B joined after 4 months

140
 Time and Distance

Various competitive examinations ask questions regularly based on Time and Distance.

Many students face challenges in understanding and solving problems. This is thing
which we really use a lot while driving bike, car or travelling from one city to other etc.

Most of people would say remember formula and then you can solve problems.
However, we are able to remember limited amount of formulae only. So we will focus on
concept with real life examples and once we are good with concept, we can reproduce/
generate formula at any point of time [even you forget during exam].

Real life example for Problems on Time and Distance:

Let us assume you are driving bike at 40 km/hr

➔ In 1 hour you will go 40 km distance.
➔ In 2 hours you will go 40 + 40 = 80 Km distance
➔ In 3 hours you will go 40 + 40 + 40 = 120 Km distance.

As you can observe, as number of hours increasing, covered distance is increasing by

your speed of bike.

So, if someone asks you how much distance you cover in 5 hours?

You will say:

If I drive bike at speed of 40 km/hr then I will cover 40 * 5 = 200 Km
If I drive back at speed of 50 km/hr then I will cover 50 * 5 = 250 Km

We can simply write as :

Distance = Speed * Time

141
As you are able to understand formula, you never need to mug it up. Instead just try to
remember concept, automatically you will able to recall:

Distance = Speed * Time

As per requirement, you can derive other 2 formulae:

Distance
Speed =
Time

Distance
Time =
Speed

With this simple understanding our most of the problems for Time and Distance will be
solved.

Now we need to look at some addition terms

Term Symbol
Meter m
Second s
Hour hr
Kilometer km
Kilometer per hour km/hr or kmph

Term Meaning
1 hour 60 minutes
1 minute 60 seconds
1 hour 3600 seconds
1 kilometer 1000 meters
Kilometer per hour Km/hr or kmph

142
Salman and Shahrukh were fighting with each other who can run faster and drive
bicycle faster.
Salman was saying he can run at speed of 18 km/hr and he can drive bicycle at speed
of 36 km/hr.
Shahrukh said he can run at speed of 5 m/s and drive bicycle at 10m/s.
Deepika was listening to them and she thought of stopping this fight.

She came and said, lets sort this out step by step and she will decide who is faster
among Salman and Shahrukh.

Part 1: Running Speed

Deepika asked Salman what is your running speed?

Salman said 18 km/hr.
Deepika said:
1 km means 1000 m and 1 hr means 60 mins that is 60*60 = 3600 seconds
So km/hr means 1000/3600= 10/36 = 5/18 m/s

18* 5/18 = 5 m/s

18 km nothing but 5 m/s which is nothing but speed of Shahrukh.

So at Running speed of Salman and Shahrukh both same.

Part 2: Bicycle Speed

Deepika asked Salman what is your spped when you ride bicycle?
Salman said 36 km/hr.
Deepika said:
1 km means 1000 m and 1 hr means 60 mins that is 60*60 = 3600 seconds
So km/hr means 1000/3600 = 10/36 = 5/18 m/s

36* 5/18 = 10 m/s

36 km/hr is nothing but 5 m/s which is same as Bicycle speed of Shahrukh.

So at Bicycle ride speed of Salman and Shahrukh both same.

With this conversation we can figure out

143
Conversion Table 1: Try to remember

Speed in Km/hr Speed in m/s

18 5
36 10
54 15
72 20
90 25

You can keep in mind 18 km/hr = 5 m/s or 5 m/s = 18 km/hr and then convert

OR

You can convert with normal formula

1 km/hr = 1000/3600 = 5 /18 m/s

So if you multiply any km/hr speed by 5/18 you will get speed in m/s

For m/s to km/ hr just reverse multiplication factor that is 18/5

1 m/s = 18 / 5 km/hr = 3.6 km/hr

So 1 m = 3.6 km/hr

2 m = 3.6 * 2 = 7.2 km/hr , 5 m/s = 5 * 3.6 = 18 km/hr

Conversion Table 2: Try to remember

Speed in m/s Speed in Km/hr

1 3.6
2 7.2
5 18
10 36
20 72

Note:

It would be based on problem you need to see you feel multiplying by 18/5 is easy or
multiplying by 3.6 is easy.

Conversion formulae:
Km/hr -> m/s [ Multiply by 5/18]
m/s -> Km/hr [ Multiply by 18/5 or Multiply by 3.6]

144
Problem
145:
How many minutes does Aditya take to cover a distance of 400 m , if he runs at a speed
of 20 km/hr?

Solution :

Speed in km/hr = 20 km/hr

Time for 400 m distance = ?

As you can see here, we are supposed to find time for 400 m. However, speed given in
km/hr.
So before solving this we need to find speed in m/s

5 100
20 km/hr = 20 * = m/s
18 18

Now we need to find time required to cover 400 m

Distance
Time =
Speed
400
Time = = 400 ∗ 18 = 4 * 18 = 72 = 1 min 12 sec = 1 1 mins
100/18 100 5

[note 12 sec = 12/60 = 1/5 mins]

1
Answer is To Cover distance of 400 meters, Aditya will need 1 mins
5

145
Problem
146:
A cyclist covers a distance of 750 m in 2 min 30 sec. What is the speed in km/hr of the
cyclist?

Solution :

750 m distance in 2 min 30 sec.

Speed in km/hr = ?
2 min 30 sec = (2 * 60 ) + 30 = 150 sec

Distance
Speed =
Time
750
Speed = = 5 m/s
150

Speed in m/s is 5 m/s.

From Coversion-Table 1 we know that 18 km = 5 m/s

Or

Just convert m/s to km/hr

18
5* = 18 km/hr
5

Answer is Speed in km/hr is 18 km/hr

146
Problem
147:
A person crosses a 600 m long street in 5 minutes. What is speed in km/hr?

Solution :

600 m distance in 5 minutes.

Speed in km/hr = ?

5 minutes = 5 * 60 = 300 s
Distance
Speed =
Time
600
Speed = = 2 m/s
300

Speed in m/s is 2 m/s.

From Conversion-Table 2 we know that 1 m/s = 3. 6 km/hr

So 2 m/s = 2* 3.6 = 7.2 Km/hr

Or

Just convert m/s to km/hr

18 36
2* = = 7.2 km/hr
5 5

Answer is Speed of person in km/hr is 18 km/hr

147
Problem
148:
A car is running at 108 kmph. What distance will it cover in 15 seconds?

Solution :

Speed of Car in km/hr = 108 kmph

Distance covered in 15 s = ?

As we can see here speed is given in km/hr and distance covered in 15 seconds is
asked.
So we will first convert km/hr to m/s and then we can solve further.

From Conversion-Table 1 we know that 18km/hr = 5 m/s

36 km/hr = 10 m/s etc…

Quick Method to convert:

Km/hr m/s
18 5
108 ?

If we cross multiply,

18 * ? = 5 * 108

108 ∗ 5
Speed in m/s = = 6 * 5 = 30
18
Conventional Method to convert:

If you want to follow conventional method for coversion

5
108 * = 30 m/s
18

As speed of Car is 30 m/s, in 15 seconds:

It will cover 30 * 15 = 450 m distance

Answer is Car will cover 450 m distance in 15 seconds

148
Problem
149:
Which of the following train is the fastest?
a) 25 m/s b)1500 m/min c)90 km/hr d)None of these

Solution :

Whenever we have to compare 2 or more different speed, distance etc., It is always

preferable to convert them into single unit either km/hr or m/s

Here we have 1 with m/s , m/min and km/hr

We will convert all of them into m/s

a) 25 m/s -> 25 m/s [ no conversion needed]

b) 1500 m/min

1 min = 60 seconds
So it covers 1500 m in 60 seconds
Speed in m/s = 1500/60 = 500/20 = 25 m/s

Converted speed 25 m/s

c) 90 km/hr

We know that 18 km/hr is 5 m/s

18 5
90 ?

Either you can cross multiply and get answer or

18 5
90 [=18 * 5]-------5 * 5 = 25
Converted speed 25 m/s

As you can see after conversion, speed is same in all a, b and c option

Answer is None of these as all speeds are equal

149
2 Person / Trains cross Concept:

Before solving this problem we will understand this concept with some real life example.

Imagine distance between your home and your friend’s home 10 km

Your Home Your Friend’s Home

10 km

Now both of you side to meet on exact mid location today.

Your Home Your Friend’s Home

5 km 5km

Mid Point (Centre location)

So you need to travel 5 km and your friend also need to travel so that you can meet.

Your travel + Your friend’s travel = 5 + 5 = 10 km [Total distance]

Next day again you decide to meet but you did not had bike so you can travel only 2 km.
But your friend has bike so he said come 2km from your house and I will meet you there

Your Home Your Friend’s Home

2km 8 Km

So distance traveled by you = 2km

Your friend needs to travel = 8km

150
Your travel + your friend’s travel = total distance = 10km

Trick:
You need to remember when we are looking for meeting 2 things travelling towards
each other then we need to remember:
The point they will meet each other.
Dist Traveled by 1st + Distance traveled by 2nd = Total distance

In our case 5 + 5 = 10 and 2 + 8 = 10 etc.

151
Problem 6:

A and B are two stations 390 km apart. A train starts from A at 10 am and travel towards
B at 65 kmph. Another train starts from B at 11 am and travels towards A at 35 kmph. At
what time do they meet?

Solution :

Distance between 2 stations = 390 Km

A train started from A at 10 am

Speed of Train A = 65 km/hr

B Train started from B at 11 am

Speed of train B = 35 km/hr

Time when they meet = ?

A B

Train A Train B

[65 km/hr] [35 km/hr]

10 am 11 am

Let us assume that they meet each after x hours of 10 am.

We know that at meet point:

Dist Traveled by 1st + Distance traveled by 2nd = Total distance

In x hours Train A will cover 65 * x = 65 x Km

As Train B started 1 hour after 10 am so it will be x-1 hours travel for B

Distance traveled by B would be 35 * (x-1) = 35 x - 35

Dist Traveled by Train A + Distance traveled by Train B = Total distance

65x + 35x – 35 = 390

100x = 425

152
x = 4.25 Hours which is nothing but 4 hours and ¼ hrs

x = 4 hours 15 mins

So Time of Meet = 10 am + 4 Hours 15 mins = 2 pm 15 mins

Answer is Both trains will meet at 2 :15 pm

Problem 7:

A train M leaves Meerut at 5 am and reaches Delhi at 9 am. Another train leaves Delhi
at 7 am and reaches Meerut at 10:30 am. At what time do the 2 trains cross each other?

Solution :

Train M from Meerut [5 am ] to Delhi [9 am] -> 4 hours journey

Train D from Delhi [7 am ] to Meerut [10.30 am] -> 3.5 hours journey

Time when they cross = ?

Here as you can see we don’t know distance as well as we don’t know speed of trains.

Our distance will be constant but speed will vary as both of train requires different time.

Let us try to take some common number as distance which is divisible by 3.5 and 4

Convert decimal to nprmal number and then take common number so calculation would
be easy

3. 5 * 10 = 35 and 35 * 4 = 140

140 is divisible by 3.5 as well as 4.

So Let us assume distance = 140 km

Speed of Train M
Distance 140
Speed = = = 35 km/hr
Time 4

Speed of Train D
Distance 140 1400 200
Speed = = = = = 40 km/hr
Time 3.5 35 5

153
Let us assume that they meet each after x hours of 5 am.

We know that at meet point:

Dist Traveled by 1st + Distance traveled by 2nd = Total distance

In x hours Train M will cover 35 * x = 35 x Km

As Train D started 2 hour after 5 am so it will be x-2 hours travel for Train D

Distance traveled by D would be 40 * (x-2) = 40 x - 80

Dist Traveled by Train M + Distance traveled by Train D = Total distance

35x + 40x – 80 = 140

75x = 220
220 44 14
x= = =2
75 15 15

2 hours and 14/15 hours

14
∗ 60 = 56 mins
15
x = 2 hours 56 Mins

After 2 hours and 56 Mins train will meet

5 am + 2 hours 56 mins = 7 Hours 56 mins

Answer is Both trains will cross each other at 7:56 am

154
Problem 8:

A truck covers a distance of 550 meters in 1 minute whereas bus covers a distance of
33 kms in 45 mins. Ratio of their speed is ?

Solution :

Truck cover 550 m in 1 minute

Bus cover 33 km in 45 mins

As you can see both speed are given in different units, we need to convert them to
same unit to find ratio

Let us convert both of them into m/s

Truck: 550 m in 1 minute

1 minute = 60 sec

Truck Speed in m/s = 550 / 60 = 55/6 m/s

Bus : 33 km in 45 mins

First let us cobnvert it into km/hr and then m/s. As 1 hour = 60 mins

Km Mins

33 45

? 60

Cross multiply to get Km/hr speed

33 * 60 = 45 * km/hr speed
33 ∗ 60
Bus km/hr speed = = 33 ∗ 4
= 44 km/hr
45 3

In order to convert km/hr -> m/s , multiply by 5/18

5 22 ∗ 5 110
Bus m/s speed = 44 * = = m/s
18 9 9

155
Ratio of Truck speed : Bus speed

55 / 6 : 110 /9
55/6 55 9 55 ∗ 9 9 9 3
= * = = = =
110/9 6 110 6 ∗ 110 6∗2 12 4

Answer is Ratio of Speed of Truck to Bus is 3 : 4

Problem 9:

Three persons are walking from a Place A to another place B. Their speed are in ratio
4:3:5. The time ratio to reach by these persons will be?

Solution :

Speed ratio : 4 : 3: 5

Time ratio: ?

Let us solve this problem by 2 methods 1) Concept 2) Formula

Method 1: Concept oriented

In order to find time ratio we should know how much time individual person need.

We have speed given. SO we will take LCM and assume it as our distance

So once we get distance and speed we can calculate time and subsequently their ratio

LCM for 4, 3 , 5 is 60

Distance 60

Assume person A:B:C speed ratio is 4: 3: 5

So A will need = 60/ 4 = 15 units [min/hr anything]

B will need = 60 / 3 = 20 units [mins/hr anything]

C will need = 60 / 5 = 12 units [mins/hrs anything]

Answer is Ratio of Time for A:B:C = 15 : 20 : 12

156
Method 2: Formula

If ratio of Speed is given and Ratio of time to be identified or vice versa,

Reverse given ratio and take ratio of it

For current Speed ratio = 4: 3: 5

1
Time ratio = : 1 :1
4 3 5

Now multiply by LCM at all numerators

= 15 : 20 : 12

Answer is Ratio of Time for A:B:C = 15 : 20 : 12

157
Problem 10:

Excluding stoppages, speed of bus is 54 km/hr and including stoppages, it is 45km/hr.

For how many minutes does bus stop per hour?

Solution :

Excluding stoppage speed = 54 km/hr

Considering stoppage speed = 45 km/hr

As we can see difference of distance covered when stoppage and not stoppages is

= 54 – 45 = 9 km

In order to cover 9 km:

Mins km

60 54

? 9

Cross multiply

60∗ 9
9 km time = = 60 = 10 mins
54 6

Answer is Stoppage time is 10 mins per hour

158
 Problems on Trains

Various competitive examinations ask questions regularly based on Trains.

In order to understand concept better way, please refer Time and Distance document
before going through this document.

Recap of Time and Distance document:

Distance = Speed * Time

Distance
Speed =
Time

Distance
Time =
Speed

Term Symbol
Meter m
Second s
Hour hr
Kilometer km
Kilometer per hour km/hr or kmph

159
 Term Meaning
1 hour 60 minutes
1 minute 60 seconds
1 hour 3600 seconds
1 kilometer 1000 meters
Kilometer per hour Km/hr or kmph

Conversion Table 1: Try to remember

Speed in Km/hr Speed in m/s

18 5
36 10
54 15
72 20
90 25

Conversion Table 2: Try to remember

Speed in m/s Speed in Km/hr

1 3.6
2 7.2
5 18
10 36
20 72

Conversion formulae:
Km/hr -> m/s [ Multiply by 5/18]
m/s -> Km/hr [ Multiply by 18/5 or Multiply by 3.6]

160
Types of Problems:

Type Given To Find

Speed of Train, Time to cover
Type 1(Pole
distance, Length of Train 3rd value
Tree, Man
(Any 2 values Given)
standing)
Type
Length of Bridge, Length of Train,
2(Bridge
Time to cover Bridge, Speed of 4th value
Platform
Train (Any 3 values Given)
etc.)

Type 3 2 Trains same direction Speed/ Length of any Train

Type 4 2 Trains opposite direction Speed/ Length of any Train

We will understand concept of each Type of problem before actually solving

specific Type of Problem

Type 1: Pole, Tree, Man standing [Stationary]

Let say you go to beach and take 1 bucket water out of it. How much water reduced
from sea? It is almost negligible right?

In similar way:

Imagine you are driving a Train . Now if you have to overtake standing person or pass
tree. What could be length of person or tree with respect to your Train? Do you agree it
is negligible in front of your Train.

So here you can conclude the distance cover by train to overtake person, tree or
pole is same as length of Train.

161
Problem 1:

A train 100 m long is running at speed of 30km/hr. Find the time taken by it to pass
man standing near the railway station.

Solution :

Train length = 100 m

5 25
Speed of Train= 30 km/hr = 30 * = m/s
18 3

Time To pass Man standing = ?

As we know in order to pass man, train has to cover distance as her length

Distance
Time =
Speed
100 100∗3 300
Time = = = = 60 = 12
25/3 25 25 5

Answer is Time taken by Train to pass man standing near railway station is 12
seconds

Problem 2:

In what time will train 100 meters long cross an electric pole if its speed be 144 km/hr?

Solution :

Train length = 100 m

5
Speed of Train= 30 km/hr = 144 * = 8 * 5 = 40 m/s
18

Time To pass Man standing = ?

As we know in order to pass electric pole, train has to cover distance as her length

Distance
Time =
Speed

100
Time = =50 = 5 = 2.5
40 20 2

162
Answer is Time taken by Train to cross electric pole is 2.5 seconds

Problem 3:

A train 280 m long running with speed of 63 km/hr will pass tree in?
Solution :

Train length = 280 m

5
Speed of Train= 63 km/hr = 63 * = 7 * 5 = 35 m/s
18 2 2

Time To pass Tree = ?

As we know in order to pass tree, train has to cover distance as her length

Distance
Time =
Speed

280 280 ∗ 2 560

Time = = = = 80 = 16
35/2 35 35 5

Answer is Time taken by Train to pass tree is 16 seconds

Problem 4:

A train 132 m long passes electric pole in 6 seconds. Find the speed of train in km/hr.
Solution :

Train length = 132 m

Time to cross pole = 6 seconds
Speed of Train= ?

As we know in order to pass electric pole, train has to cover distance as her length

And this distance is travelled by Train in 6 seconds

163
 Distance
Speed =
Time
132
Speed = = 22 m/s
6

18
=22 * = 396 = 79.2 km/hr
5 5

Answer is Speed of Train is 79.2 km/hr

Type 2: Bridge Platform etc.

Let us look at other real time example.

You are driving train at Kolkata and you are passing via Howrah Bridge. Can you say
that Bridge length is negligible as compared to Train length?

Obviously not. If your train length is 500 m, Bridge could be 200 m or 800 m or
sometimes platform or tunnel like 1kmor 2km.
On order to cover platform or bridge, So when your train start at platform and your last
boggie of train cross end of platform then you can say you completely crossed platform

So in these problems:
Distance covered by train to pass bridge or platform = Length of Train + Length
of platform

Problem 1:

A train moving at a speed of 132 km/hr. If length of the train is 110 meters, how long it
will take to cross a railway platform 165 m long?

Solution :
5 5
Speed of Train = 132 km/hr = 132 * = 66 * = 22 * 5 = 110 m/s
18 9 3 3

Length of Train = 110 m

Railway platform length = 165m

In order to cross railway platform Train has to cover its distance + Length of Platform

164
Distance to cover = 110 m + 165 m = 275 m

Distance
Time =
Speed
275 275∗3 55 ∗ 3 5∗3 15
Time = = = = = = 7.5
110/3 110 22 2 2

Answer is Train will cross platform of 165m length in 7.5 seconds

Problem 2:

How long does a train 110 meters long running at speed of 72 km/hr take to cross a
bridge of 132 meters in length?

Solution :
5
Speed of Train = 72 km/hr = 72 * = 4 * 5 = 20 m/s
18

Length of Train = 110 m

Bridge length = 132m

In order to Bridge Train has to cover its distance + Length of Bridge

Distance to cover = 110 m + 132 m = 242 m

Distance
Time =
Speed
242
Time = = 121 = 12.1
20 10

Answer is Train will cross Bridge of 132 m length in 12.1 seconds

165
Problem 3:

A goods train running at speed of 72 km/hr and crosses 250 m long platform in 26
seconds. What is length of goods train?

Solution :
5
Speed of Train = 72 km/hr = 72 * = 4 * 5 = 20 m/s
18

Platform length = 250 m and it is crossed by Goods Train in 26 seconds

Length of Train = ?

In order to cross platform Train has to cover its length + Length of Platform
Let us assume Train length as x meters
Distance covered = x + 250

X + 250 meters distance covered in 26 seconds.

As Train speed is 20 m/s :

In 26 seconds it will cover Distance = Speed * Time
= 20 * 26 = 520 m

We know that distance covered in 26 seconds is x + 250

So x + 250 = 520
x = 520 – 250 = 270 m

Answer is Length of Goods Train is 270 m

Problem 4:

A train 800 meters long running at speed of 78 km/hr. If it crosses a tunnel in 1 minute
then length of tunnel in meters is?
Solution :
5 5 65
Speed of Train = 78 km/hr = 78 * = 13 * = m/s
18 3 3

Length of Train = 800 m

166
Crosses Tunnel in 1 minute [60 seconds]

In order to cross Tunnel, Train has to cover its length + Length of Tunnel
Let us assume Tunnel length as x meters
Distance covered = 800 + x

800 + x meters distance covered in 60 seconds.

65
As Train speed is m/s
3
In 60 seconds it will cover Distance = Speed * Time
65
= * 60 = 65 * 20 = 1300 m
3

We know that distance covered in 60 seconds is 800 + x

So 800 + x = 1300
x = 1300 – 800 = 500 m

Answer is Length of Tunnel is 500 m

Relative Speed Concept:

Imagine, have you ever seating in train and observing other train going for same
direction or from opposite direction?

You would have always seen from window of train that who is coming from opposite
side is travelling faster than our train.
And if you see other train which is going at same direction as your train, you will feel
next train slow even though its speed greater than you.

Why it happens? It is because of relative speed.

When 2 trains travels in opposite direction they cross other very fast and when they are
in same direction, crossing happens very slowly.

167
When Train traveling from opposite direction,
Relative speed = Speed of Train1 + Speed of Train2

When both Trains are travelling in same direction,

Relative speed = Difference of 2 Trains speeds
If Speed of Train2 > Speed of Train1 then -> Speed of Train2 – Speed of Train1
If Speed of Train1 > Speed of Train2 then -> Speed of Train1 – Speed of Train2

Type 3: 2 Trains same direction

Problem 1:

Two trains 100 meters and 120 meters long are running in the same direction with
speed of 72km/hr and 54 km/hr. In how much time 1st train will cross second?
Solution :

Train1 Length = 100 m

Train2 Length = 120 m
5
Train 1 Speed = 72 km/hr = 72 * = 4 * 5 = 20 m/s
18
5
Train 2 Speed = 54 km/hr = 54 * = 3 * 5 = 15 m/s
18
Train1 and Train2 travelling in same direction
How much time Train1 will cross Train2 = ?

As we know train travelling in same direction ,

Relative Speed for Train1 = Train1 Speed – Train2

= 20 – 15 = 5 m/s

For Train1, In order to cross Train 2, it has cover Train1 Length + Train2 Length

Distance to be covered = 100 + 120 = 220 m

Distance
Time =
Speed
220
Time = = 44 seconds
5

168
Answer is Train1 will cross Train2 in 44 seconds

Problem 2:

Two trains of equal length running on parallel lines in the same direction at 46 km/hr
and 36 km/hr. The faster train passes slower train in 36 seconds.
The length of each train is?
Solution :

Train1 Length = Train2 Length

5 23 ∗ 5 115
Train 1 Speed = 46 km/hr =46 * = = m/s
18 9 9
5 18 ∗ 5 90
Train 2 Speed = 36 km/hr =36 * = = m/s
18 9 9
As Train1 Speed > Train2 speed [46 > 36] . Hence Train1 is faster
Train2 is slower
Faster train [Train1] passes slower Train[Train2] in 36 seconds
Length of Trains =?

Let us assume Length of Trains as x meters

Train1 Length = Train2 Length = x meters

For Train1, in order to pass Train2 need to cover = Length of Train1 + Length of Train2
Distance to be covered by Train1 to pass Train2 = x + x = 2x meters

Relative speed = Speed of Train1 – Speed of Train1

115
= − 90 = 25 m/s
9 9 9

Train1 Passed Train2 in 36 seconds

Distance = Speed * Time
25
= * 36 = 25 * 4 = 100 m
9

We know that distance covered is 2x

So 2x = 100 m
x = 50 m

Answer is Length of Train1 and Train2 is 50 m

169
Type 4: 2 Trains opposite direction

Problem 1:

A Train 108 m lon moving at speed of 50 km/hr crosses a train 112 m long coming from
opposite direction in 6 seconds. The speed of Second Train is?

Solution:

Train1 Length = 108 m

Train2 Length = 112 m
5 25 ∗ 5 125
Train 1 Speed = 50 km/hr = 50 * = = m/s
18 9 9
Train1 and Train2 travelling in opposite direction
Train1 pass Train2 in 6 seconds
Train 2 Speed = ?

Let us assume speed of Train2 as x m/s

As we know train travelling in opposite direction ,

Relative Speed for Train1 = Train1 Speed + Train2

125
= + x m/s
9

For Train1, In order to cross Train 2, it has cover Train1 Length + Train2 Length

Distance to be covered = 108 + 112 = 220 m

This distance is covered in 6 seconds

Distance
Speed =
Time
220
Speed = m/s
6

125
We know that Relative speed is + x m/s
9

125 220
So +x=
9 6

170
 220 125
x= -
6 9

(220∗ 3)–(125 ∗ 2 ) 660–250 410

= 18
= 18
= 18
m/s
18
410 ∗ = 82 km/hr
18 5

Answer is Train2 speed is 82 km/hr

Problem 2:

Two trains each 100 m long, moving in opposite directions, crosses each other in 8
seconds. If one is moving as twice as fast as other, then speed of Faster train is?

Solution:

Let us Assume Train1 is faster and Train2 slower

Train1 Length = 100 m

Train2 Length = 100 m
Travelling in opposite direction.
Train1 crosses Train2 in 8seconds.
Speed of Fast Train (Train1) =?

Let us assume speed of Train2 x m/s

As Faster train speed = 2 * Speed of slower Train
Speed of Train1 = 2 * Speed of Train2 = 2x m/s

Train1 to pass Train2 it needs to cover distance = Length of Train1 + Length of Train2
= 100 + 100 = 200 m

As we know train travelling in opposite direction ,

Relative Speed for Train1 = Train1 Speed + Train2 Speed

= 2x + x = 3x m/s

Train1 has crossed Train2 in 8 seconds.

Distance = Speed * Time
= 3x * 8 = 24x

171
We know that distance is = 200 m

24x =200
200 100
x= = m/s
24 12

Faster Train(Train1 speed) = 2x = 2 * 100 = 200 m/s

12 12

18
200 ∗ = 40∗3 = 60 km/hr
12 5 2

Answer is Speed of Faster train is 60 km/hr

172
 Boats and Streams

Various competitive examinations ask questions regularly based on Boats and Streams.

Many students face challenges in understanding and solving Boats and Stream
problems.

Mainly we face challenge to solve Boats and Stream problems, as we never

experienced much in boat travelling or rowing with/against flow of water etc. Therefore
we get confused when we see terms like downstream, upstream, Speed of
stream/current, still water etc.

Let us take real life example and will try to understand Boats and stream. Once you
understand concept clearly you need not to take much effort to remember formula and
even if you forget it during exam, with help of known concept you can generate formula
as and when required.

173
Real life example to understand concept of Boats and Streams:.

Consider you have enrolled for 1 of the marathon for 1st time. Marathon means you
need to complete 42km running. As you are participating for 1st time in marathon, you
started doing practice in one of playground nearby your home.
Playground is completely plain surface with-out any upward or downward slope in it.
After practicing for couple of month you achieved speed of running on this plain play-
ground as 10 km/hr.

On Marathon day, you saw the Marathon track:

1st half : Start from Point A and reach to Point B [ 21 Km slope downwards]
2nd Half: Same route return from point B to Point A. [21 km slope upwards]

Marathon start/end 1st Half: Down-wards : Speed increased

A 10 + 5 = 15 km/hr

2nd Half: Up-wards : Speed decreased

B
10 - 5 = 5 km/hr

As you see in image, 1st half there is complete slope downwards. So obviously you get
some boost for your speed and let us assume that boost is 5km/hr.
While returning whatever extra boost you got in 1st half is reduced as you were coming
upwards of slope and naturally your speed would reduce by 5 km/hr.

Let us summarize in terms of Boats and Stream

Real life example Term Speed (km/hr)

Speed on playground Speed in still water 10
Boost you got during slope Speed of stream / Current 5
Speed Downwards slope(A to B) Speed at Downstream / with stream 10 + 5 = 15
Speed Upwards slope(B to A) Speed at Upstream/against stream 10 – 5 = 5

So Downstream speed will always greater than Upstream speed.

174
Let us practice of calculating Upstream, Downstream speed and then will look at
formulae and different types of problem.

Speed at
Speed at
Speed of Upstream/against
Speed in still Downstream /
Sr. No Stream/ direction of
water(km/hr) with direction of
Current(km/hr) stream(km/hr)
stream(km/hr)
1 10 3 10 + 3 = 13 10 - 3 = 7
2 14 4 14 + 4 = 18 14 – 4 = 10
3 18 5 18 + 5 = 23 18 -5 = 13
4 16 2 16 + 2 = 18 16 – 2 = 14
5 21 6 21 + 6 = 27 21 – 6 = 15
6 15 5 15 + 5 = 20 15 – 5 = 10

Observe this table and respective values carefully and we can get below formulae:

1) Speed at Downstream = Speed in Still water + Speed of Stream

2) Speed at Upstream = Speed in Still water – Speed of Stream

Downstream speed+ Upstream speed

3) Speed in Still water =
2

Downstream speed – Upstream speed

4) Speed of stream =
2

Distance Distance
5) Speed = and Time =
Time Speed

175
Types of Problems:

Type Given To Find

Speed in still water

Speed at Upstream and Downstream
Type 1 Speed of Stream/Current

Speed at Upstream and

Type 2 Speed in still water or speed of current
downstream

Upstream, Downstream
Type 3 Speed in still water or speed of current
distances and time required

Type 4 Miscellaneous

176
Type1:

Problem 1:

Speed of boat in still water is 20 km/hr and rate of stream is 4 km/hr. What is speed of
boat during downstream and upstream?

Solution :

Speed in still water = 20 km/hr

Speed of stream = 4 km/hr

Downstream speed = ?

Upstream speed = ?

Formula:

Speed at Downstream = Speed in Still water + Speed of Stream

= 20 + 4
= 24 km/hr

Speed at Upstream = Speed in Still water – Speed of Stream

= 20 – 4
= 16 km/hr

Answer is Speed at Downstream is 24 km/hr and speed at upstream is 16 km/hr

177
Problem 2:

Speed of boat in still water is 15 km/hr and speed of stream is 1.5 km/hr. What is speed
of boat during downstream and upstream?

Solution :

Speed in still water = 15 km/hr

Speed of stream = 1.5 km/hr

Downstream speed = ?

Upstream speed = ?

Formula:

Speed at Downstream = Speed in Still water + Speed of Stream

= 15 + 1.5
= 16.5 km/hr

Speed at Upstream = Speed in Still water – Speed of Stream

= 15 – 1.5
= 13.5 km/hr

Answer is Speed at Downstream is 16.5 km/hr and speed at upstream is 13.5

km/hr

178
Type2:

Problem 1:

Speed of boat at Upstream is 7 km/hr and speed of boat at downstream is 10 km/hr.

Find speed of boat in still water and rate of stream

Solution :

Speed at Upstream = 7 km/hr

Speed at Downstream = 10 km/hr

Speed in still water = ?

Speed of stream = ?

Formula:

Downstream speed+ Upstream speed

Speed in Still water =
2
10+ 7 17
= =
2 2

= 8.5 km/hr

Downstream speed – Upstream speed

Speed of stream =
2
10 – 7 3
= =
2 2

= 1.5 km/hr

Answer is Speed in still water is 8.5 km/hr and Speed of stream is 1.5 km/hr

179
Problem
180:
In one hour, a boat goes 11 km along the stream and 5 km against the stream.Find
speed of boat in still water and rate of stream

Solution :

Speed at Upstream [against stream] = 5 km/hr

Speed at Downstream [along stream] = 11 km/hr

Speed in still water = ?

Speed of stream= ?

Formula:

Downstream speed+ Upstream speed

Speed in Still water =
2
11+ 5 16
= =
2 2

= 8 km/hr

11 – 5
Speed of stream =
2
6
=
2

= 3 km/hr

Answer is Speed in still water is 8 km/hr and Speed of stream is 3 km/hr

180
Problem
181:
A man can row upstream at 8 km/hr and downstream at 13km/hr. Find speed of boat in
still water and rate of stream

Solution :

Speed at Upstream = 8 km/hr

Speed at Downstream = 13 km/hr

Speed in still water = ?

Speed of stream= ?

Formula:

Downstream speed+ Upstream speed

Speed in Still water =
2
13+ 8 21
= =
2 2

= 10.5 km/hr

13 –8
Speed of stream =
2
5
=
2

= 2.5 km/hr

Answer is Speed in still water is 10.5 km/hr and Speed of stream is 2.5 km/hr

181
Type 3:

Problem 1:

A man takes 3 hours 45 minutes to row a boat 15 km downstream of river and 2 hours
and 30 minutes to cover 5 km upstream. Find speed of the river current in km/hr.

Solution :

1 hour is 60 minutes so divide by 60 whenever time is given in minutes

45 3
Time taken to go 15 km downstream = 3 hours 45 minutes = 3 =3
60 4

= 15 hours
4
30 1
Time taken to go 5 km Upstream = 2 hours 30 minutes = 2 =2
60 2

= 5 hours
2

Speed of river current = ?

We need to find downstream and upstream speed first to identify speed of river current.

Formula:

Distance
Speed =
Time
15
For Downstream speed = 15 = 4 km/hr
(4)
5
For Upstream speed = 5 = 2 km/hr
()
2

Now we have Upstream and downstream speed both available so we can easily find out
speed of current

182
 Downstream speed – Upstream speed
Speed of stream =
2
4– 2 2
Speed of stream = = = 1 km/hr
2 2

Answer is speed of river Current is 1 km/hr

Problem 2:

A man rows downstream 32 km and 14 km upstream. If he takes 6 hours to cover each

distance, velocity (speed) of current is?

Solution:

Time taken to go 32 km downstream = 6 hours

Time taken to go 14 km Upstream = 6 hours

Speed of river current = ?

We need to find downstream and upstream speed first to identify speed of river current.

Formula:

Distance
Speed =
Time
32 16
For Downstream speed = = km/hr
6 3
14 7
For Upstream speed = = km/hr
6 3
Now we have Upstream and downstream speed both available so we can easily find out
speed of current

Downstream speed – Upstream speed

Speed of stream =
2
16 7 9
– 3
3 3 3
Speed of stream = = = = 1.5 km/hr
2 2 2

Answer is Speed of Stream is 1.5 km/hr

183
Problem 3:

A motorboat covers certain distance downstream in 1 hour, while it comes back in

1
1 hours. If speed of stream is 3 km/hr, what is speed of boat in still water?
2

Solution :

Let us assume speed in still water x km/hr.

Downstream speed = Speed in still water + speed of current = (x + 3) km/hr

Upstream speed = Speed in still water - speed of current = (x -3 ) km/hr

Distance is constant during upstream and downstream.

Downstream 1 hr distance = Upstream 1.5 hr distance

Distance = Speed * time

During downstream distance: (x + 3 ) * 1 = x + 3

3
During upstream distance = (x – 3) *
2

We need to solve below to get answer

3
x + 3 = (x – 3) *
2
3X–9
x+3=
2

2x + 6 = 3x – 9

X = 6 +9 =15

Answer is speed in still water is 15 km/hr

184
Type 4:

Problem 1:

A motorboat whose speed is 15 km/hr in still water goes 30 km downstream and comes
back in total 4 hours 30 minutes. The speed of stream in km/hr is?

Solution :

Speed in still water = 15 km/hr

30 1
Downstream 30 km + Upstream 30 km Time = 4 hours 30 minutes = 4 =4
60 2

=9 hours
2

Speed of stream = ?

Let us assume speed of stream x

Downstream speed = Speed in still water + Speed of current = (15 + x) km/hr

Upstream speed = Speed in still water - Speed of current = (15 - x) km/hr

Formula:

Distance
Time =
Speed

30
Downstream Time =
15 + x
30
Upstream Time =
15 – x
30 30 9
+ =
15 + x 15 − x 2
450 − 30x + 450 + 30x 9
=
225 − x2 2

185
 900 9
=
225 − x2 2

1800 = 2025 – 9x2

9x2 = 2025 − 1800 = 225

225
x2 = = 25
9
Square of 5 is 25

So x = 5

Answer is speed of stream is 5 km/hr

Problem 2:

A man can row 5 km/hr in still water. If the velocity of current is 1 km/hr and it takes him
1 hour to row a place and come back, how far is the place?

Solution :

Speed in still water = 5 km/hr

Speed of current = 1 km/hr

Man rows to some place and returns back in 1 hour.

First we calculate speed of Downstream and upstream:

Downstream speed = Speed in still water + speed of current

= 5 + 1 = 6 km/hr

Upstream speed = Speed in still water + speed of current

= 5 - 1 = 4 km/hr

186
Let us assume total distance is 2x means x distance downstream and x distance back.

Distance
Time =
Speed
X
Downstream Time =
6
X
Upstream Time =
4
x x
+ =1
6 4

4X+6X
=1
24

10x = 24

x = 2.4 km

Answer is place is 2.4 km far

Problem 3:
1
A man can row 7 km/hr in still water. If river running at 1.5 km/hr, it takes him 50
2
minutes to row to a place and back, how far off is the place?

Solution :
1
Speed in still water = 7 km/hr or 7.5 km/hr
2

Speed of current = 1.5 km/hr

As person going and coming back in 50 minutes:

50 5
Downstream + Upstream time = 50 minutes = = hours
60 6

187
Downstream speed = speed in still water + Speed of current

= 7.5 + 1.5

= 9 km/hr

Upstream speed = speed in still water - Speed of current

= 7.5 - 1.5

= 6 km/hr

Let us assume total distance is 2x means x distance downstream and x distance back.

Distance
Time =
Speed
X
Downstream Time =
9
X
Upstream Time =
6
X X 5
+ =
9 6 6
6X+9X 5
=
54 6
15X 5
=
54 6

Cross multiply:

90x = 54* 5

90x = 270

x=3

Answer is distance is at 3 km far

188
Problem 4:

In stream running at 2 km/hr, motorboat goes 6 km upstream and back again to starting
point 33 minutes. Find the speed of motorboat in still water.

Solution:

Speed of stream = 2 km/hr

33 11
Upstream + Downstream time = 33 minutes = =
60 20

1 side distance is 6 km.

Let us assume speed in still water x km/hr

Downstream speed = speed in still water + Speed of current

=x+2

Upstream speed = speed in still water - Speed of current

= x -2

Distance
Time =
Speed

6
Upstream Time =
x–2
6
Downstream Time =
x+2
6 6 11
+ =
x−2 x+2 20
6X+12+6X–12 11
=
x2– 4 20
12X 11
=
x2– 4 20

189
240x = 11x2 – 44

11x2 - 240x – 44 = 0

( 44 * 11 = 484 242 and 2 are factors)

11x2 − 242x + 2x − 44 = 0

(x-22)(11x +2) = 0

x = 22

190
 Simple Interest
Simple Interest is one of the most common topics across all competitive and academic
exams.

Why you want Interest?

Let us assume one of your friend comes to you and ask for money of 10000 Rs. He will
be giving you money back after 5 years.

Are you really interested in giving money to him if he is just going to return you same
amount 10000 Rs only after 5 years?

Obviously not !!!. You would be definitely expecting some amount more than that you
given him. This extra amount which you are expecting from friend is Interest.

We will be focusing on Simple Interest only for now and once you get comfortable with
simple interest we will look for Compound Interest.

Terms/ Terminologies in Simple Interest Calculation:

Terms Symbol Meaning

Principal P Original amount given to / taken from someone.
Number of Years N Number of years for which amount given
Rate of Interest R Rate of Interest in %
Simple Interest I or SI Simple Interest (Extra amount over original amount)
Amount A Original Amount + Simple Interest

191
Formulae:

Only 2 formulae are sufficient to solve any problem of Simple Interest.

It is just the way to use the formulae looking at given values matters.

Formula 1:
P∗N∗R
Simple Interest =
100
Formula 2:

A = P + SI

Let us understand this with simple example

Sample Example

If you given 10000 Rs money to your friend at rate of 10% per year with simple interest
for 5 Years.How much money your friend should return you after 5 years?

Solution:
P = 10000 Rs

R = 10 %

N = 5 Years

P∗N∗R
Simple Interest =
100

10000 ∗ 5 ∗ 10
Simple Interest =
100
= 100 * 50

= 5000

You would get 5000 Rs interest from your friend.

192
To calculate total amount:

A = P + SI

= 10000 + 5000

= 15000

Answer is your friend should return 15000 Rs to you after 5 years

We will look at type of problems asked in Simple Interest and then we will solve
problems for each type.

Note:

Principal P
Number of Years N
Rate of Interest R
Simple Interest I or SI
Amount A

Type Given To find

Type 1 Out of P, N, R, I, any 3 values are given 4th value?

Type 2 Out of P, N, R, I, A any 3 values given 4th or 5th value?

Interest / Amount given for 2 different time

Type 3 Rate of interest?
periods (eg. 3 years and 5 years)

Principal split in 2 parts and given on 2 Original spited values of

Type 4
different Interest rates Principal?

Type 5 Amount gets x times in n years Rate of interest?

193
Type 1:

Problem 1:

Find Simple Interest on 8000 Rs at 5% per annum for 4 years?

Solution :

P = 8000 Rs

R=5%

N = 4 Years

Simple Interest = P∗N∗R

100

Simple Interest = 8000 ∗ 5 ∗ 4

100
= 80 * 5 * 4

= 80 * 20

= 1600

Answer is Simple Interest is 1600 Rs

194
Problem
195:
Find Simple Interest on 7500 Rs at 10% per annum for 2 Years 4 Months?

Solution :

P = 7500 Rs

R = 10 %

N = 2 Years 4 months
4 1 7
=2 =2 Years = Years
12 3 3

P∗N∗R
Simple Interest =
100
7500 ∗ 7 ∗ 10
Simple Interest =
100 ∗ 3
= 25 * 70

= 1750

Answer is Simple Interest is 1750 Rs

195
Problem
196:
A sum fetched a total simple interest of 4016.25 Rs at rate of 9% in 5 years.

What is the sum?

Solution :

SI = 4016.25 Rs

R=9%

N = 5 Years

P=?

P∗N∗R
Simple Interest =
100

P∗5∗9
4016.25 =
100
4016.25 ∗ 100
P =
5∗9
4016.25 ∗ 20
=
9
= 446.25 * 20

= 8925.00

= 8925

Answer is Sum is 8925 Rs.

196
Problem
197:
Anil has given amount of 10000 Rs to Sunil at the rate of 10% Simple Interest. After
how much duration Sunil has to return money so that Anil will get Interest of 5000Rs?

Solution

P = 10000 Rs

SI = 5000 Rs

R = 10%

N=?

10000 ∗ N ∗ 10
5000 =
100
5000 ∗100
N =
10000 ∗10
=5

Answer is 5 Years

197
Type 2:

Problem 1

A sum of 12,500 Rs amounts to 15,500 Rs in 4 years at the rate of simple interest. What
is rate of Interest?

Solution :

P = 12500 Rs

A = 15500 Rs

N = 4 years

R=?

As you can see here, we have to find rate of interest.

In order to find rate of Interest we need to first find the Simple interest.

A = P + SI

15500 = 12500 + SI

SI = 3000

As per Simple Interest formula,

P∗N∗R
Simple Interest = 100
12500 ∗ 4 ∗ R
3000 =
100
3000 ∗ 100
R =
12500 ∗ 4
3000∗ 4
=
500 ∗ 4
=6

Answer is Rate of Interest is 6%

198
Problem 2

Reema took loan of 1200 Rs with Simple Interest for as many as years as the rate of
Interest. If she paid 432 Rs as Interest at the end of loan period, what was rate of
Interest?

Solution:

P = 1200 Rs

SI = 432 Rs

N = R = Let us assume it as x

R=?

Simple Interest = P∗N∗R

100

1200 ∗ X ∗ X
432 =
100
432 ∗ 100
x2 =
1200

= 36

x2 = 36

x=6
Answer is Rate of Interest is 6%

199
Problem 3:

The Simple Interest on sum of money will be 600 after 10 years. If the principal is
trebled (# times) after 5 years, what will be total interest

Solution:

Before solving this question we will see the pattern for simple Interest with
Simple Example

P = 100 Rs, R = 10% and we will find Interest till 5 years with Simple Interest

Number of years (N) Total Interest Amount

1 10 Rs 100 + 10 = 110
2 20 Rs 100 + 20 = 120
3 30 Rs 100 + 30 = 130
4 40 Rs 100 + 40 = 140
5 50 Rs 100 + 50 = 150

If you look at interest of 5 years:

10, 20, 30, 40, 50

➔ Consistently increasing by 10 Rs.

So In Simple Interest as long as Principal and Rate of Interest is constant

Amount of Interest at any 1 year is constant value.

Let us solve problem now.

SI for 10 years = 600 Rs

If Principal trebled after 5 years Total Interest = ??

As 10 years interest is 600 Rs,

600
One Year Interest = = 60
10
One Year Interest is 60 Rs.

200
10 Years Interest = Interest of 1st 5 Years + Interest of last 5 years after Trebled
Principal

As Principal is trebled after 5 years, Interest would also get trebled after 5 years.

[60 * 3 per month]

1st 5 Year Interest Last 5 Year Interest Total Interest

60 * 5 = 300 60 * 3* 5 = 900 300 + 900 = 1200

Answer is Total interest after 10th year is 1200 Rs

Type 3:

Problem 1 :

A certain sum of money amounts to 1008 Rs in 2 Years and 1164 Rs in 3.5

years. Find Sum and rate of Interest?

Solution :

A (after 2 years) = 1008

A (after 3.5 years) = 1164

P=?

R=?

1.5 years Interest = 1164 – 1008 = 156 Rs

We will find 1 year interest

156 1560
One year interest = =
1.5 15
= 104

One year Interest is 104

A = P + SI

Amount after 2 years = 1008

201
P = 1008 – (2 * 104)

P = 1008 – 208 = 800

Sum is 800

Now we will have to find rate of Interest (R)

SI for 2 years = 2 * 104 = 208

P = 800

N=2

R=?

P∗N∗R
Simple Interest =
100
800 ∗ 2 ∗ R
208 =
100
208 ∗ 100
R=
800 ∗ 2
208
=
16
= 13

Rate of Interest is 13%

Answer is Sum is 800 Rs and Rate of Interest is 13%

202
Problem 2

A certain sum of money at Simple interest amounts to 1012 in 2.5 years and to 1067.20
in 4 years. The rate of interest per annum is?

Solution:

A (after 2.5 years) = 1012

A (after 4 years) = 1067.20

P=?

R=?

1.5 years Interest = 1067.20 – 1012 = 55.20 Rs

We will find 1 year interest

55.20 5520
One year interest = =
1.5 150
= 36.8

One year Interest is 36.8

A = P + SI

Amount after 4 years = 1067.20

P = 1067.20 – (4 * 36.8)

P = 1067.20 – 147.20 = 920

Sum is 920 Rs

Now we will have to find rate of Interest (R)

SI for 4 years = 4 * 36.8 = 147.2

P = 928

N=4

R=?

203
 P∗N∗R
Simple Interest =
100
920 ∗ 4 ∗ R
147.2 =
100
147.20 ∗ 100 14720 1472 368 16
R= = = = =
920 ∗ 4 920 ∗ 4 92 ∗ 4 92 4
=4

Rate of Interest is 4%

Answer is Sum is 920 Rs and Rate of Interest is 4%

Type 4

Problem 1:

A Sum of 1550 Rs is lent out into 2 parts .1 of part at 8% and another at 6%.If the
annual income is 106 Rs, find the money at each rate?

Solution:

Here we have 2 Principals, 2 different rate of Interest and Total interest is given.

Let us assume 1 part of Principal (P1) as x.

Other part of Principal(P2) = 1550 –x

R1 = 8%

R2 = 6%

SI = 106

We know total interest but not individual interest.

Total Interest = Interest of Part1 (x) + Interest of Part 2 (1550-x)

P∗N∗R
Simple Interest =
100

204
 X∗1∗8 (1550– X) ∗ 1 ∗ 6
106 = +
100 100
8X+9300–6X
106 =
100
10600 = 2x+9300

2x = 1300

x = 650

Principal 1 (P1) which is at 8% = 650 Rs

P2 = 1550 – x = 1550 – 650 = 900

Answer is Sum given at 8% is 650 Rs and Sum given at 6% is 900

Type 5:

Problem 1:

At what rate percent per annum will a sum of money double in 16 Years?

Solution:

Similar kind of question can be asked with triple, 8 time of sum etc.

Here we need to understand how much interest we should get to make amount
double.

Assume if Principal is P.

To get sum 2P we will 2P – P = P Simple Interest

So, P = P

SI = P

N = 16

R=?

205
 P∗N∗R
Simple Interest =
100
P ∗ 16 ∗ R
P=
100
100 50 25 1
R= = = =6
16 8 4 4
1
Answer is To get Sum double in 16 years Rate of Interest should be 6 %
4
Problem 2:

In how many years a sum of money will be double itself at 12 % per annum?

Solution :

Similar kind of question can be asked with triple, 8 time of sum etc.

Here we need to understand how much interest we should get to make amount
double.

Assume if Principal is P.

To get sum 2P we will 2P – P = P Simple Interest

So, P = P

SI = P

R = 12%

N=?

P ∗ 12 ∗ N
P=
100
100
=
50 = 25 1
N=
12 6 3
= 8 3 = 8 Year + 4 months [1/3 means 4 Months]

Answer is to get Sum double with 12 % annum will be 8 Year and 4 Months

206
 Compound Interest
Compound Interest is one of the most common topics across all competitive and
academic exams. Many people face challenges while solving Compound Interest.

Most of student thinks that Simple interest is Simple and Compound Interest id difficult.

If you know Simple Interest you already know compound interest. There is only minute
difference you need to understand and you will feel it easy.

Terms/ Terminologies in Simple Interest Calculation:

Terms Symbol Meaning

Principal P Original amount given to / taken from someone.
Number of Years N Number of years for which amount given
Rate of Interest R Rate of Interest in %
Simple Interest I or SI Simple Interest (Extra amount over original amount)
Amount A Original Amount + Simple Interest
Compound Interest I or CI Compound Interest(Extra amount over Original amount)

What is difference in Simple Interest and Compound Interest?

Let us assume you took 100 Rs from your friend at rate of 10%. (Simple Interest)

Simple Interest after 1 year : 10 Rs [Amount will become 110, Principal: 100]

Simple Interest after 2 years: 10 + 10 = 20 Rs [Amount will become 120, Principal: 100]

Simple Interest after 3 years: 10 + 10 +10 = 30 Rs [Amount will become 130, Principal:
100]

As you can see Interest is always constant for each year.

This is because only Original Principal is always considered while calculating Simple
Interest on any year.

207
 Let us assume you took 100 Rs from your friend at rate of 10%. (Compound
Interest)

Simple Interest after 1 year : 10 Rs [Amount will become 110, Principal: 110]

[Please note here Principal is Revised to Amount]

Simple Interest for 2nd year =

P∗N∗R 110 ∗ 1 ∗10

=
100 100

= 11 Rs

Simple Interest after 2nd year: 11 + 10 = 21 Rs [Amount will become 121, Principal:
121]

Simple Interest for 3rd year =

P∗N∗R 121 ∗ 1 ∗10

=
100 100

= 12.1 Rs

Simple Interest after 2nd year: 11 + 10 + 12.1= 33.1 Rs [Amount will become 133.1,
Principal: 133.1]

So basically in order to find compound interest we find simple interest only and
we just keep Principal updating with Amount.

Now same example we will solve directly with formula for Compound Interest

R
A = P [1+ ]^n
100

208
A = 100 [1+ 10 ] ^ 3 = 100 * 1.13
100

= 100 * 1.21 * 1.1

= 121 * 1.1

A= 133.1

Compound Interest = Amount – Principal

= 133.1 – 100

= 33.1

Compound Interest will be 33.1 Rs and Amount will be 133.1 Rs

So by chance, during exam if you forget Compound Interest formula and you need to
calculate Compound Interest for 2 or 3 years, you can use Simple Interest formula 2 or
3 times to get you answer.

209
Formulae:

Formula 1:
P∗N∗R
Simple Interest =
100
Formula 2:

A = P + SI

Formula 3:

Compound Interest

R
A = P [1+ ]^n
100
Formula 4:

Compound Interest (CI) = A - P

210
We will look at type of problems asked on Compound Interest and then we will solve
problems for each type.

Note:

Principal P
Number of Years N
Rate of Interest R
Simple Interest I or SI
Amount A
Compound Interest I or SI

Type Given To find

Type 1 P, N, R given and interest compound annually CI or A?
P, N, R given and interest half yearly/
Type 2 CI or A?
Quarterly

Type 3 Any 3 values out of 5 [P, N, R, CI, A] given Any of other 2?

Type 4 Amount given for 2 different period Original Sum/Principal?

Simple Interest / compound interest or

Type 5 P or R or SI or CI?
difference between them given

211
Type 1:

Problem 1:

Find Compound Interest on 7500 Rs at 4% per annum for 2 years, compounded

annually?

Solution :

P = 7500 Rs

R=4%

N = 2 Years

A = P [1+ R ]^n
100

A = 7500 [1+ 4 ]^2

100

100+ 4
=7500 * [ ]^2
100
104
= 7500 * [ ]^2
100
26 26
= 7500 * *
25 25
300∗26∗26
=
25
= 12 * 676 = 8112

Amount = 8112 Rs

212
CI = A - P

CI = 8112 – 7500

= 612 Rs

Answer is Compound Interest 612 Rs and Amount will be 8112 Rs

Problem 2:

Amrut invested amount of 8000 Rs on fixed deposit scheme for 2 years at compound
interest rate 5 p.c.p.a. How much Compound Interest and total amount Amrut will get at
maturity of fixed deposit?

P = 8000 Rs

R=5%

N = 2 Years

A = P [1+ R ]^n
100

A = 8000 [1+ 5 ]^2

100

100+ 5
=8000 * [ ]^2
100
105
= 8000 * [ ]^2
100
21 21
= 8000 * *
20 20
400∗21∗21
=
20

213
 = 20 * 441 = 8820

Amount = 8820 Rs

CI = A - P

CI = 8820 – 8000

= 820 Rs

Answer is Compound Interest 820 Rs and Amount will be 8820 Rs

Problem 3:

What will be Compound Interest and Total amount on sum of 25000 Rs after 3 years at
rate of 12 p.c.p. a.

Solution :

P = 25000 Rs

R = 12 %

N = 3 Years

A = P [1+ R ]^n
100

A = 25000 [1+ 12 ]^3

100

100+ 12
=25000 * [ ]^3
100

214
 112
= 25000 * [ ]^2
100
28 28 28
= 25000 * * *
25 25 25
1000∗28∗28∗28 40∗28∗28∗28
= =
25 ∗ 25 25
8∗ 28∗784
=
5

= 1.6 * 21952 = 35123.2

Amount = 35123.2 Rs

CI = A - P

CI = 35123.2 – 25000

= 10123.2 Rs

Answer is Compound Interest 10123.2 Rs and Amount will be 35123.2 Rs

215
Type 2:

Problem 1

Find compound Interest on 10000 Rs in 2 years at 4% per annum, the interest being
compounded half yearly.

Solution :

Before going at actual solution of this problem we will understand difference of

compound interest calculated annually, half yearly and Quarterly

Number of Times in year Interest

Compound Interest Months in Year calculated
Annually (12 Months) 12 12 /12 = 1Times
Half yearly Annually
12 12/6 = 2 Times
(6 Months)

Quarterly (3 Months) 12 12/3 = 4 Times

We will use same formula for Compound Interest only small changes will happen
according to half yearly, quarterly etc.

Original formula for Compound Interest (Annually):

A = P [1+ R ]^n
100
R
As you can imagine R means
1

And n means n * 1

So for Half yearly we use 2 instead of 1 and for Quarterly we will use 4 instead of 1

[ Refer to above table]

216
Formula for Compound Interest (Annually):

A = P [1+ R ] ^n
100

Formula for Compound Interest (Half Yearly):

A = P [1+ R/2] ^ 2n
100

Formula for Compound Interest (Quarterly):

A = P [1+ R/4] ^ 4n
100

Now we will solve Problem.

P = 10000 Rs

N = 2 years

R = 4% [ Note: Half Yearly interest calculated]

As you can see here, we have to find Compound interest and calculated half yearly.

A = P [1+ R/2] ^ 2n
100

= 10000 [1+ 4/2 ] ^ (2*2)

100

2 ] ^ (4 )
= 10000 [1+
100
102
= 10000 * [ ]^4
100
102 102 102 102
= 10000 * ∗ ∗ ∗
100 100 100 100
102∗ 102 ∗ 102∗102
=
100 ∗ 100

217
Let us do some trick here to solve 102 * 102 *102 * 102

102 * 102 means multiply 102 by 100 and then add 102 * 2

102 * 102 = (102 * 100) + (102 * 2)

= 10200 + 204

= 10404

[ I will create separate document to calculate Square in 1 step and orally as well]

So 102 * 102 * 102 * 102 = 10404 * 10404

Let us calculate this square

(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

= (10400 + 4)2

= 104002 + (2 * 10400 * 4) + 42
= 108160000 + 83200 + 16

= 108243216
102∗ 102 ∗ 102∗102 108243216
A= ==
100 ∗ 100 10000

Amount = 10824.32 Rs

CI = A – P

= 10824.32 – 10000

CI = 824.32 Rs

Answer is Compound Interest 824.32 Rs and Amount will be 10824.32 Rs

218
Problem 2

Find compound interest on 16000 Rs at 20% per annum for 9 months. Compound
interest is calculated quarterly.

Solution:

P = 16000 Rs

R = 20 % [Calculated quarterly that is 4 times in year]

9 3
N = 9 months = = Years
12 4
CI = ?

A = P [1+ R/4] ^ 4n
100
20/4
A = 16000 [1+ ] ^4* ¾
100
5
= 16000 [1+ ]^ 3
100

= 16000 [105] ^ 3
100

105 105 105

= 16000 * ∗ ∗
100 100 100
16 ∗ 105 ∗ 105 ∗ 105
=
1000
16 ∗ 21 ∗ 21 ∗ 105 16 ∗ 21 ∗ 21 ∗ 105 16 ∗ 21 ∗ 21 ∗ 21
= = =
40 40 8

= 2 * 21 * 441
= 42 * 441 = 18522

A =18522 Rs

219
CI = A- P

= 18522 – 16000

= 2522

Answer is Compound Interest 2522 Rs and Amount will be 18522 Rs

220
Type 3:

Problem 1:

If 500 Rs amounts to 583.20 Rs in 2 years compounded annually, find the rate of

Interest per annum.

Solution:

P = 500 Rs

N = 2 Years

A = 583.20 Rs

R=?

A = P [1+ R ]^n
100

583.20 = 500 [1+ R ]^2

100
11664 R
= [1+ ]^2
10000 100

Get square root on both sides

108 = [1+ R ]
100 100

108 100+ R
=
100 100

100 + R = 108

R = 8%

Answer is Rate of Interest is 8% per annum

221
Problem 2:

In how many years will sum of 800 Rs at 10% annum compounded semi annually
become 926.10 Rs?

Solution:

P = 800 Rs

R = 10% [ Semi/ half yearly]

A = 926.10

N=?

As Compound Interest is Half Yearly:

R/2
A = P [1+ ] ^ 2n
100
10/2
926.10 = 800 [1+ ] ^ 2n
100

926.10 = 800 [1+ 5

] ^ 2n
100
9261 21
=[ ] ^ 2n
8000 20

As you can see 8000 is perfect cube of 20 and 9261 is also perfect cube of 21

[ 21 ] ^ 3 = [ 21 ] ^ 2n
20 20

2n = 3

N = 3/2

Answer is 1.5 years

222
Problem 3:

Compound interest on 30000 Rs at 7% per annum is 4347 Rs. The period in years?

Solution:

P = 30000

R = 7%

CI = 4347 Rs

N =?

As compound Interest given we will find Amount first.

CI = A- P

4347 = A – 30000

A = 34347 Rs
R
A = P [1+ ]^n
100

34347 = 30000 [1+ 7 ]^n

100

34347 107
=[ ]^n
30000 100
11449 107
=[ ]^n
10000 100

1002 = 10000

1072 = 11449

n =2 Years

Answer is 2 Years

223
Type 4

Problem 1:

A sum of money amounts to 6690 after 3 years and to 1000 Rs after 6 years on
compound Interest. Find the sum.

Solution
A = 6690 ( when N is 3 years)

A = 10000 (when A is 6 years)

P=?

We have 2 different amounts given So we will get 2 equations with this and then we can
solve them.

A = P [1+ R ]^n
100

When N = 3
R
6690 = P [1+ ] ^3 [Equation 1]
100

When N = 6
R
10000 = P [1+ ]^6 [Equation 2]
100

We will divide Equation2 by Equation 1

[ index formula a^m = am–n ]

a^n

10035 R
= [1+ ]^3
6690 100

3345 R
= [1+ ]^3
2230 100

224
669 R ]^3
= [1+
446 100

[1+ R ]^3= 3
100 2

Putting this value in Equation 1

3
6690 = P *
2
6690∗2
P= = 2230* 2
3

= 4460 Rs

Answer is Sum is 4460 Rs

Problem 2:

A sum of money invested at compound interest amounts to Rs 800 in 3 years and to

840 Rs in 4 Years. The rate of interest is ?

Solution:

We have already discussed earlier that Compound Interest is similar to Simple Interest
only Principal gets updated after every year.

Here we have amount after 3 years : 800 Rs

While calculating Interest on 4th year it is same as good as simple interest on Principal
after 3 years

225
Simple Interest on 4th year = 4th year amount – 3rd Year amount

= 840 – 800

= 40 Rs

Simple Interest = P∗N∗R

100

800 ∗ 1 ∗ R
40 =
100
40 ∗ 100
R= =5
800
Answer is Rate of Interest is 5%

Type 5:

Problem 1:

If the simple interest of a sum of money at 5% per annum for 3 year is 1200 Rs. Find
the compound Interest on same sum for same period at same rate.

Solution:

SI = 1200 Rs

N = 3 years

R = 5%

CI = ?

As we have simple interest given we will first find Principal so that we can find
compound Interest

P∗N∗R
Simple Interest =
100

226
 P∗3∗5
1200 =
100
15 P = 120000
120000
P=
15
P = 8000 Rs

A = P [1+ R ]^n
100

A = 8000 [1+ 5 ]^3

100

A = 8000 [105] ^ 3
100

= 8000 * 105 ∗ 105 * 105

100 100 100
8∗105∗105∗105 8∗21∗21∗105 21∗21∗105
= = =
1000 40 5

= 21 * 21 * 21

= 9261 Rs

CI = A – P

=9261 – 8000

Compound Interest =1261 Rs

Answer is Compound Interest is 1261 Rs

227
Problem 2

Difference between Compound Interest and Simple Interest on an amount of 15000 Rs

for 2 years is 96Rs. What is rate of Interest?

Solution:

When you take any similar period and similar rate of interest and Principal:

1st Year Compound interest and simple Interest will be always same if compounded
annually.

2nd year onwards compound interest will be always greater than what you achieved in 2
years with simple Interest.

Here we have given difference between Compound Interest and Simple Interest.

15000 ∗ 2 ∗ R
Simple Interest =
100

Simple Interest = 300 R

For Compound Interest:

R
A = P [1+ ]^n
100

A = 15000 [1+ R ]^2

100

= 15000 [100+ R] ^ 2
100

10000+ R2+ 200R

= 15000 [ ]
10000
3
A = * [10000 + R^2+200R]
2

228
 30000+ 3R2+ 600R
A=
2

CI = A – P

30000+ 3R2+ 600R

= - 15000
2

30000+ 3R2+ 600R–30000

=
2
3R2+ 600R
CI =
2

CI – SI = 96
2
3R + 600R
[ 2 ] - 300R = 96
2
3R + 600R−600R
[ 2
] = 96
3R2
= 96
2
192
R2 =
3

R2 = 64
R=8

Answer is Rate of Interest is 8%

229
 Clocks
Various competitive examinations ask questions regularly based on Clocks. Clock is
one of the most integral part of our day to day life.

Assume you have any exam or you are going to watch movie or cricket match every
thing happens and depends on Clock.

If you don’t follow it, you will miss your bus, train or flight or probably an academic year
to if you don’t reach on time.

Why Clocks problems are different?

We every time look at clock to see what time it is, how much time we have before we
leave home etc. However we never come across problems in real life where someone
ask us what is current angle in minute hand and hand hour hand? What will happen if
your clock loses 5 minutes every hour.

Therefore, the way of us looking normally at Clock is way different than what is asked in
exam.

Let us try to understand which things we should know before we actually solve
problems on clocks.

Important formulae:

1) To find angle between minute and hour hand at any time (hh:mm)

30h – 5.5 m

h- hour in timing

m –minute s in timing

Post calculation ignore minus sign if it comes

2) Remember fraction 12/11

230
Types of Problems:

Type To find Things to remember

What will be angle between minute hand Angle = 30h - 5.5m
and hour hand at hh:mm h – hour, m – minutes
Type 1
Ignore sign after solving

Between 2 and 3 at what time minute hand

Type 2 0 degree angle
and hour hand will coincide

Between 3 and 4 at what time minute hand

Type 3 and hour hand will be opposite to each 180 degree angle
other.

Between 5 and 6 at what time minute hand

Type 4 90 degree angle
and hour hand will be Right angle

Type 5 Static questions

231
Angle Measurement in Clock

Have look at clock and try to remember minutes along with actual digits (1 to 12).
When you see circle you can easily remember it as 360 degrees.

We have total 12 numbers and it is equally spaced. (360/12 = 30 degrees)

Angle between each consecutive digit on clock is 30 degrees.

We have 5 lines between 2 consecutive numbers and so 30/5=6

Angle between each consecutive minute line is 6 degrees.

232
Look at below 3 tables for reference and once you see you really don’t need to refer it
later and will be able to solve problems easily.

Angle between Angle in degrees Angle between Angle in degrees

12 and 1 30*1 = 30 6 and 7 30*1 = 30
1 and 2 30*1 = 30 7 and 8 30*1 = 30
2 and 3 30*1 = 30 8 and 9 30*1 = 30
3 and 4 30*1 = 30 9 and 10 30*1 = 30
4 and 5 30*1 = 30 10 and 11 30*1 = 30
5 and 6 30*1 = 30 11 and 12 30*1 = 30

Right Angle: (90 degrees)

Angle between Angle in degrees Angle between Angle in degrees

12 and 3 30*3 = 90 6 and 9 30*3 = 90
1 and 4 30*3 = 90 7 and 10 30*3 = 90
2 and 5 30*3 = 90 8 and 11 30*3 = 90
3 and 6 30*3 = 90 9 and 12 30*3 = 90
4 and 7 30*3 = 90 10 and 1 30*3 = 90
5 and 8 30*3 = 90 11 and 2 30*3 = 90

Opposite to each other : 180 degress

Angle between Angle in degrees Angle between Angle in degrees

12 and 6 30*6 = 180 6 and 12 30*6 = 180
1 and 7 30*6 = 180 7 and 1 30*6 = 180
2 and 8 30*6 = 180 8 and 2 30*6 = 180
3 and 9 30*6 = 180 9 and 3 30*6 = 180
4 and 10 30*6 = 180 10 and 4 30*6 = 180
5 and 11 30*6 = 180 11 and 5 30*6 = 180

233
Type
234:
Problem 1:

What will be angle between minute and hr hand at 2:30

Solution :

We have to remember simple formula whenever we have to calculate angle between minute n
hr hand
For hh:mm = 30h – 5.5m [ where h is hours and m is minutes]
= 30h - 5.5m
= 30 * 2 - (5.5*30)
= 60 - 165
= -105 degress

Ignore minus sign

Answer is 105 degrees

Problem 2:

What will be angle between minute and hr hand at 8:20

Solution :

We have to remember simple formula whenever we have to calculate angle between minute n
hr hand.
For hh:mm = 30h – 5.5m [ where h is hours and m is minutes]

= 30h - 5.5m
= 30 * 8 - (5.5 * 20)
= 240 - 110
= 130 degrees

Answer is 130 degrees

234
Type
235:
Problem 1:

At what time between 4 to 5 minute and hour hand will coincide each other?

Solution :

As we have to find between 4 and 5, imagine it is 4 o’clock time.

Let us make hour hand constant on 4.

In order to make minute and hour hand coincide minute hand has to travel from 12 to 4.
This is nothing but -> 4 * 5 = 20 minutes

Now recall fraction number 12/11 which will help to solve maximum clock problems

= 20* 12/11
= 240/11= 21 9/11
9
= 21
11

9
= 4 hr + 21 min
11

9
Answer is 4 hr 21 mins
11

235
Problem 2:

At what time between 11 to 12 minute and hour hand will coincide each other?

Solution :

As we have to find between 11 and 12, imagine it is 11 o’clock time.

Let us make hour hand constant on 11.

In order to make minute and hour hand coincide minute hand has to travel from 12 to
11.
This is nothing but -> 11 * 5 = 55 minutes

Now recall fraction number 12/11 which will help to solve maximum clock problems

= 55 * 12/11
= 5 * 12
= 60
= 11 hr + 60 mins
= 12 hr

Answer is 12 o’clock

236
Type3:

Problem 1:

At what time between 7 to 8 minute and hour hand will be in straight line but in opposite
direction of each other?

Solution :

As we have to find between 7 and 8, imagine it is 7 o’clock time.

Let us make hour hand constant on 7.

In order to make minute and hour hand opposite of each other:

As hr hand is on 7 and to make in straight line and opposite we need to cover 180
degrees.
Opposite of 7 is 1 [you can refer table that we created earlier for 18- degrees]

So minute hand has to travel from 12 to 1

This is nothing but -> 5 minutes

Now recall fraction number 12/11 which will help to solve maximum clock problems

= 5 * 12/11
= 60/11
5
=5
11

5
= 7 hr + 5 mins
11

5
Answer is 7 hr 5 mins
11

237
Problem 2:

At what time between 8 to 9 , minute and hour hand will be in straight line but in
opposite direction of each other?

Solution :

As we have to find between 8 and 9, imagine it is 8 o’clock time.

Let us make hour hand constant on 8.

In order to make minute and hour hand opposite of each other:

As hr hand is on 8 and to make in straight line and opposite we need to cover 180
degrees.
Opposite of 8 is 2 [you can refer table that we created earlier for 180 degrees]

So minute hand has to travel from 12 to 2

This is nothing but -> 2 * 5 = 10 minutes

Now recall fraction number 12/11 which will help to solve maximum clock problems

= 10 * 12/11
= 120/11
10
= 10
11

10
= 8 hr + 10 mins
11

10
Answer is 8 hr 10 mins
11

238
Type4:

Problem 1:

At what time between 10 to 11, minute and hour hand will be in right angle?

Solution :

As we have to find between 10 and 11, imagine it is 10 o’clock time.

Let us make hour hand constant on 10.

In order to make minute and hour hand at right angle:

As hr hand is on 7 and to make in right angle it need to travel 90 degrees.
TO get 90 degrees to 10 we need to move 3 digits ahead that is 1 [you can refer table
that we created earlier for 90 degrees]

So minute hand has to travel from 12 to 1

This is nothing but -> 5 minutes

Now recall fraction number 12/11 which will help to solve maximum clock problems

= 5 * 12/11
= 60/11
5
=5
11

5
= 10 hr + 5 mins
11

5
Answer is 10 hr 5 mins
11

239
Problem 2:

At what time between 2 to 3 , minute and hour hand will be in straight line but in
opposite direction of each other?

Solution :

As we have to find between 2 and 3, imagine it is 2 o’clock time.

Let us make hour hand constant on 2.

In order to make minute and hour hand at right angle:

As hr hand is on 7 and to make in right angle it need to travel 90 degrees.
To get 90 degrees to 2 we need to move 3 digits ahead that is 5 [you can refer table
that we created earlier for 90 degrees]

So minute hand has to travel from 12 to 5

This is nothing but -> 5 * 5 = 25 minutes

Now recall fraction number 12/11 which will help to solve maximum clock problems

= 25 * 12/11
= 300/11
3
= 27
11

3
= 2 hr + 27 mins
11

3
Answer is 2 hr 27 mins
11

240
Type5:

Problem 1:

How many times do hands (hour and minutes hand) of clock coincide in a day?

Solution:

In 12 hrs

Timings Number of coincide Timings Number of coincide

Only 1 time 5 to 6 1
11 to 1
6 to 7 1
1 to 2 1 7 to 8 1
2 to 3 1 8 to 9 1
3 to 4 1 9 to 10 1
4 to 5 1 10 to 11 1

In 12 hrs: 11 times

In entire day 24 hrs : 22 times

Answer is 22 Times in a day hands of clock coincide

Problem 2:

How many times do hands (hour and minutes hand) of clock are straight?

Solution:

Hands of clock coincides 22 times in day

[Note: Coincide 1 time between 11 to 1 and for rest 1 hr 1 time each]

Hands of clock are in opposite direction 22 times

[Note: Oppoite in direction 1 time only between 5 to 7` and for rest 1 hr 1 time each]

Answer is 44 times in day hands of clock are straight

241
Problem 3:

How many times do hands (hour and minutes hand) of clock are in right angle?

Solution:

[Note: In Right angle 1 time only between 8 to 10` and for rest 1 hr 1 time each]

Answer is 22 Times in a day hands of clock are in right angle

Problem 4:

How many times do hands (hour and minutes hand) of clock are straight line but
opposite in direction?

Solution :

[Note: Opposite and straight 1 time only between 5 to 7 and for rest 1 hr 1 time each]

Answer is 22 times in day hands of clock are in straight and opposite direction.

242
 Calendar
Various competitive examinations ask questions regularly based on Calendar. Calendar
is the thing by which our day starts. If someone asks you what is today’s date and day
you will check your mobile or laptop or sometime watch if it has capability to see date
and day.

How you would feel if you can calculate day of any date of any century irrespective of
it is Past or Present or Future date???

Yes. If you go through below details and examples, able to memorize just 4 to 5
numbers and dates, you can definitely achieve this.

Initial focus would be on understanding calculation of day of Any date and once you get
familiar, you would be able to calculate day orally within 1 minute.

Before proceeding to calculation we should know below terms thoroughly:

1) Leap year and Non-Leap (Normal) year

2) Odd days meaning
3) Which month contains 31 days or 30 days.

243
 1) Leap Year: Look at year and see it is coming under which condition

Condition 1: Any year in which last 2 digits are not 00

➔ If year is completely divisible by 4 then it is Leap Year.

Condition 2: Any year in which last 2 digits are 00

➔ If year is completely divisible by 400 then it is Leap Year.

Parameters Normal Year( NonLeap Year) Leap Year

Number of days 365 366
1 [ when you divide 365 by 7 2 [ when you divide 366 by
Number of Odd days then remainder is 1] 7 then remainder is 2]
Date difference February 28 days only February 29 days

Let us look at few examples and make sure that we can identify Leap year or Non Leap
Year.

Year Divisible by 4 Divisible by 400 Leap / Non-Leap Year

Non Leap/ Normal
2021 No Not required as last 2 digit 21
Year
1976 Yes Not required as last 2 digit 76 Leap Year
Not divisible by 400 and contains Non Leap/ Normal
1900 Yes 00 at last 2 digits Year
1600 Yes Yes and contains last 2 digits 00 Leap Year
2028 Yes Not required as last 2 digit 28 Leap Year

244
 2) Odd days meaning

We know each week contains 7 days.

Each normal year has 1 odd day.

Normal year contains 365 days. If we calculate 365/7

365
, Quotient = 52 and Remainder = 1
7
This means that our normal year has complete 52 weeks and 1 odd day

Normal Year 1 Odd day.

1 Odd day means [getting next day]:

If 10th January 2021 has Monday

➔ Then 10th January 2022 will have Tuesday [Monday + 1 = Tuesday]

If 7th June 2021 has Sunday

➔ Then 7th January 2022 will have Monday [Sunday + 1 = Monday]

Leap year has 2 Odd days and

If 10th January 2020 has Monday

➔ Then 10th January 2021 will have Wednesday.

If 5th June 2020 has Friday

➔ Then 5th June 2021 will have Saturday not Sunday.

Please Note here even though 2020 is leap year it is moving with 1 day only
because this range [ 5th June 2020 to 5th June 2021 does not contain leap year
February part.

If 10th June 2019 has Monday

➔ Then 10th June 2020 will have Wednesday [Monday + 2 = Wednesday]

➔ This is because this range [10th June 2019 to 10th June 2020 contains leap year
February part].

245
 3) Which month contains 31 days or 30 days?

Most of the students get confused which month contains 30 or 31. February
month any one able to remember as it is different from all months. So if you try to
remember 30 days month so we can remember all 12 months days properly.

Simple Trick:
Imagine 4 people which you know [ look for people whom you are close] and
they have their birthday in April, June, September, November and taking 1 from
each moth assume them as they are single family and create 1 picture of it.

Now at any point you look for calendar problem you would know which are 30
days , 28/29 days and remaining all months with 31.

You can try another trick but just remember these 4 months with 30 days.

31 Days Month 30 Days Month Others (28 or 29)

January April February (Leap -29)
March June February (Non-Leap -28)
May September
July November
August
October
December

Steps required for solving Calendar Problems

[ Step 1] – Identify odd days in century

Table 1: Century Odd days

Time period from start of calendar Number of Odd days

100 Years 5
200 Years 3
300 Years 1
400 Years 0

246
Table 2: Yearly Odd days [ Step 2]

Year Number of Odd days

1 Normal Year 1
1 Leap Year 2

Table 3: Year distribution with day number Step3

We have divided entire year into 4 equal part to make calculations simple and orally

Trick written in bracket to memorize you can use your own technique.

Normal year if you remember just 1 day to be reduced if date is post 28 Feb

N th day of the year Normal/Non Leap Year Leap Year

1 1 January [Year start] 1 January
90 31 March [March ending] 30 March
180 29 June 28 June
270 27 September 26 September
360 26 December [Boxing day] 25 December

Let us take 5 different dates and calculate their day in detail and post that in just single
row we will be able to calculate day.

247
Problem 1:

What was the day on 15th August 1947?

Solution:

Let us see how we will split and calculate odd days 1 by 1 to reach till 15th August 1947.
[1947 = 1900 + 46 + Current year day for 15th August]

Step1: Calculate odd days till century [Century means nearest lower or equal
century number]

1900 is nearest century number.

Odd days till 1900:

Year Odd days
0001 to 0400 0 [ as 400 years has 0 odd day]
0401 to 0800 0 [ as 400 years has 0 odd day]
0801 to 1200 0 [ as 400 years has 0 odd day]
1201 to 1600 0 [ as 400 years has 0 odd day]
1600 to 1900 1 [ as 300 years has 1 odd day]

Odd days till 1900 : 1

Step 2: Calculate odd days till end of previous year.

As we are calculating day for 15th August 1947, our previous year would be 1946:

Year Number of Years

1901 to 1946 [ Number of Leap years] 11
1901 to 1946 [ Number of Non Leap 35 [ calculate leap 1st and minus in from
Years] total like 46 -11 = 35

We have 1 odd day for normal year and 2 odd days for Leap year.
Odd days from 1901 to 1946= (35 * 1) + (11* 2)
= 35 + 22 = 57
Week is of 7 days and always it keeps repeating.
So divide by 7 and calculate remainder which will give us odd day count.
57
, Quotient = 8 and Remainder = 1
7

248
Odd days from 1901 to 1946 is 1

Step 3: Calculate odd days in current year till required date

Calculate the day number of 15th August in current year (1947).

Here our day number table will help and it will look very simple to calculate rather that
calculating month-wise. 1947 is normal year as not divisible by 4.

N th day of the year Normal/Non Leap Year

1 1 January [Year start]
90 31 March [March ending]
180 29 June
270 27 September
360 26 December [Boxing day]

Find nearest date to 15th August in this table. Better to go previous date.

29th June is 180 number day

In order to get number from 29th june to 15th August

= 1 [June ends on 30] + 31 [July month] + 15

= 47

As 29th June is 180th day.

180 + 47 = 227

To get odd days :

227
, Quotient = 32 and Remainder = 3
7
Number of odd days from 1st January 1947 to 15th August 1947 : 3

249
Now let us sum up all step output to get our answer

Steps Calculation
Step 1 Odd days Till 1900 1
Step 2 Odd days from 1901 to 1946 1
Step 3 Odd days from 1st Jan to 15th August 1947 3
Answer Total [ final remainder after dividing by 7] 5 - FRIDAY

This is really simple to remember as week starts on Monday.

Answer Day
1 Monday
2 Tuesday
3 Wednesday
4 Thursday
5 Friday
6 Saturday
0 Sunday

Answer is Friday

250
Problem 2:

What was the day on 29th September 2000?

Solution:

Let us see how we will split and calculate odd days 1 by 1 to reach till 29th September
2000. [2000 = 1900 + 99 + Current year day for 29th September]

Step1: Calculate odd days till century [Century means nearest lower or equal
century number]

1900 is nearest century number.

Odd days till 1900:

Year Odd days
0001 to 0400 0 [ as 400 years has 0 odd day]
0401 to 0800 0 [ as 400 years has 0 odd day]
0801 to 1200 0 [ as 400 years has 0 odd day]
1201 to 1600 0 [ as 400 years has 0 odd day]
1600 to 1900 1 [ as 300 years has 1 odd day]

Odd days till 1900 : 1

Step 2: Calculate odd days till end of previous year.

As we are calculating day for 29th September 2000, our previous year would be 1999:

Year Number of Years

1901 to 1999[ Number of Leap years] 24
1901 to 1999 [ Number of Non Leap 75 [ calculate leap 1st and minus in from
Years] total like 99 -24 = 75

We have 1 odd day for normal year and 2 odd days for Leap year.
Odd days from 1901 to 1999= (75 * 1) + (24* 2)
= 75 + 48 = 123
Week is of 7 days and always it keeps repeating.
So divide by 7 and calculate remainder which will give us odd day count.
123
, Quotient =17 and Remainder = 4
7

251
Odd days from 1901 to 1999 is 4

Step 3: Calculate odd days in current year till required date

Calculate the day number of 29th September in current year (2000).

Here our day number table will help and it will look very simple to calculate rather that
calculating month-wise. 2000 is Leap year as divisible by 4 and 400 as well (last 2 digit
00).

N th day of the year Normal/Non Leap Year Leap Year

1 1 January [Year start] 1 January
90 31 March [March ending] 30 March
180 29 June 28 June
270 27 September 26 September
360 26 December [Boxing day] 25 December

Find nearest date to 29th September in this table. Better to go previous date.

26th September is 180 number day

In order to get number from 26th September to 29th September

=3

As 26th September is 270th day.

270 + 3 = 273

To get odd days :

273
, Quotient = 39 and Remainder = 0
7
Number of odd days from 1st January 2000 to 29th September 2000 : 0

252
Now let us sum up all step output to get our answer

Steps Calculation
Step 1 Odd days Till 1900 1
Step 2 Odd days from 1901 to 1999 4
Step 3 Odd days from 1st Jan to 29th September 2000 0
Answer Total [ final remainder after dividing by 7] 5 - Friday

This is really simple to remember as week starts on Monday.

Answer Day
1 Monday
2 Tuesday
3 Wednesday
4 Thursday
5 Friday
6 Saturday
0 Sunday

Answer is Friday

253
Problem 3:

What will be the day on 20th November 2031?

Solution:

Let us see how we will split and calculate odd days 1 by 1 to reach till 20th November
2031. [2031 = 2000 + 30 + Current year day for 20th November]

Step1: Calculate odd days till century [Century means nearest lower or equal
century number]

2000 is nearest century number.

Odd days till 2000:

Year Odd days
0001 to 0400 0 [ as 400 years has 0 odd day]
0401 to 0800 0 [ as 400 years has 0 odd day]
0801 to 1200 0 [ as 400 years has 0 odd day]
1201 to 1600 0 [ as 400 years has 0 odd day]
1600 to 2000 0 [ as 400 years has 1 odd day]

Odd days till 2000 : 0

Step 2: Calculate odd days till end of previous year.

As we are calculating day for 20th November 2031, our previous year would be 2030:

Year Number of Years

2001 to 2030[ Number of Leap years] 7
2001 to 2030 [ Number of Non Leap 23 [ calculate leap 1st and minus in from
Years] total like 30 -7 = 23

We have 1 odd day for normal year and 2 odd days for Leap year.
Odd days from 2001 to 2030= (23 * 1) + (7* 2)
= 23 + 14 = 37
Week is of 7 days and always it keeps repeating.
So divide by 7 and calculate remainder which will give us odd day count.
37
, Quotient = 5 and Remainder = 2
7

254
Odd days from 2001 to 2030 is 2

Step 3: Calculate odd days in current year till required date

Calculate the day number of 20th November in current year (2031).

Here our day number table will help and it will look very simple to calculate rather that
calculating month-wise. 2031 is Normal year as not divisible by 4.

N th day of the year Normal/Non Leap Year

1 1 January [Year start]
90 31 March [March ending]
180 29 June
270 27 September
360 26 December [Boxing day]

Find nearest date to 20th November in this table. Better to go previous date.

27th September is 270 number day

In order to get number from 27th September to 20th Novembe

= 3 [September has 30 days] + 31 [ October 31 day] + 20

= 54

As 27th September is 270th day.

270 + 54 = 324

To get odd days :

324
, Quotient = 46 and Remainder = 2
7
Number of odd days from 1st January 2031 to 20th November 2031 : 2

255
Now let us sum up all step output to get our answer

Steps Calculation
Step 1 Odd days Till 2000 0
Step 2 Odd days from 2001 to 2030 2
Step 3 Odd days from 1st Jan to 20th November 2031 2
Answer Total [ final remainder after dividing by 7] 4 - Thursday

This is really simple to remember as week starts on Monday.

Answer Day
1 Monday
2 Tuesday
3 Wednesday
4 Thursday
5 Friday
6 Saturday
0 Sunday

Answer is Thursday

256
Problem 4:

What will be the day on 18th April 1967?

Solution:

Let us see how we will split and calculate odd days 1 by 1 to reach till 18th April 1967.
[1967 = 1900 + 66 + Current year day for 18th April]

Step1: Calculate odd days till century [Century means nearest lower or equal
century number]

1900 is nearest century number.

Odd days till 1900:

Year Odd days
0001 to 0400 0 [ as 400 years has 0 odd day]
0401 to 0800 0 [ as 400 years has 0 odd day]
0801 to 1200 0 [ as 400 years has 0 odd day]
1201 to 1600 0 [ as 400 years has 0 odd day]
1600 to 1900 1 [ as 300 years has 1 odd day]

Odd days till 1900 : 1

Step 2: Calculate odd days till end of previous year.

As we are calculating day for 18th April 1967, our previous year would be 1966:

Year Number of Years

1901 to 1966[ Number of Leap years] 16
1901 to 1966 [ Number of Non Leap 50 [ calculate leap 1st and minus in from
Years] total like 66 - 16 = 50]

We have 1 odd day for normal year and 2 odd days for Leap year.
Odd days from 1901 to 1966 = (50 * 1) + (16 * 2)
= 50 + 32 = 82
Week is of 7 days and always it keeps repeating.
So divide by 7 and calculate remainder which will give us odd day count.
82
, Quotient = 11 and Remainder = 5
7

257
Odd days from 1901 to 1966 is 5

Step 3: Calculate odd days in current year till required date

Calculate the day number of 19th April in current year (1967).

Here our day number table will help and it will look very simple to calculate rather that
calculating month-wise. 1967 is Normal year as not divisible by 4.

N th day of the year Normal/Non Leap Year

1 1 January [Year start]
90 31 March [March ending]
180 29 June
270 27 September
360 26 December [Boxing day]

Find nearest date to 18th April in this table. Better to go previous date.

31st March is 90th number day

In order to get number from 31st March to 18th April

= 18

As 31t March is 90th day

90 + 18 = 108

To get odd days :

108
, Quotient = 15 and Remainder = 3
7
Number of odd days from 1st January 1967 to 18th April 1967 : 3

258
Now let us sum up all step output to get our answer

Steps Calculation
Step 1 Odd days Till 1900 1
Step 2 Odd days from 1901 to 1966 5
Step 3 Odd days from 1st Jan to 18th April 1967 3
Answer Total [ final remainder after dividing by 7] 9 [9/7 Remainder will 2 –
Tuesday]

This is really simple to remember as week starts on Monday.

Answer Day
1 Monday
2 Tuesday
3 Wednesday
4 Thursday
5 Friday
6 Saturday
0 Sunday

Answer is Tuesday

259
 Multiplication Shortcut Tricks

How much time you will need to calculate answer

1) 99 * 99
2) 786 * 785
3) 76 * 45
4) 689 * 546
5) 38 * 777
6) 88 * 88

Solving any mathematics problems quickly needs calculation of Multiplication, Squares

etc. More time we need to do calculations, more time we will take to solve any math
problem.

What if you can calculate square or multiplications less than 20 seconds and with good
practice orally as well?

We can reduce our problem solving time for each question as 90% of problem need
multiplication whether it is Work and Time , Profit and Loss, Percentage, Compound
Interest or any other topic.

We will see simple tricks to calculate:

Multiplication

1) 2 digit number * 2 digit number

2) 3 digit number * 3 digit number
3) 2 digit number * 3 digit number
4) 3 digit number * 2 number

260
 1) Type 1: 2 digit number * 2 digit number

Problem 1:

68 * 59

Solution:

6 Step 2 8

Step 3 Step 1

* 5 9

Step Description Calculation Answer

Step 1 Multiply rightmost 2 digits 8 * 9 = 72 [write 2 and carry 7] 2
(6 * 9) + (8 * 5) =54 + 40 12
= 94
Multiply diagonal digits
Step 2 94 + Previous carry
and add them.
94 + 7 = 101
[ write 1 and carry 10]
6 * 5 = 30 4012
Step 3 Multiply left most 2 digit 30 + Previous carry
30 + 10= 40

Answer is 4012

261
Problem 2:

94 * 58

Solution:

9 Step 2 4

Step 3 Step 1

* 5 8

Step Description Calculation Answer

4 * 8 = 32 2
Step 1 Multiply rightmost 2 digits [write 2 and carry 3]
(9 * 8) + (4 * 5) = 72 + 20 52
= 92
Multiply diagonal digits
Step 2 92 + Previous carry
and add them.
92 + 3 = 95
[ write 5 and carry 9]
9 * 5 = 45 5452
Step 3 Multiply left most 2 digit 45 + Previous carry
45 + 9= 54

Answer is 5452

262
Problem 3:

78 * 38

Solution:

7 Step 2 8

Step 3 Step 1

* 3 8

Step Description Calculation Answer

8 * 8 = 64 4
Step 1 Multiply rightmost 2 digits
[write 4 and carry 6]
(7 * 8) + (8 * 3) = 56 + 24 64
= 80
Multiply diagonal digits
Step 2 80 + Previous carry
and add them.
80 + 6 = 86
[ write 6 and carry 8]
7 * 3 = 21 2964
Step 3 Multiply left most 2 digit 21 + Previous carry
21 + 8= 29

Answer is 2964

Now will solve next 2 problems orally in single line

263
Problem 4:

45 * 63

Solution:

4 Step 2 5

Step 3 Step 1

* 6 3

28 3 5

(4 * 6) + 4 =28

5 * 3= 15

1 Carry

(4*3) + (5*6) = 42 + 1 =43

4 carry

Answer is 2835

264
Problem 5:

29 * 83

Solution:

2 Step 2 9

Step 3 Step 1

* 8 3

2407

(2 * 8) + 8 =24

9 * 3= 27

2 Carry

(2*3) + (9*8) = 78 + 2= 80

8 carry

Answer is 2407

265
Type 2: 3 digit number * 3 digit number

Problem 1:

123* 456

Solution:

[Right-Most 2 digit] [Diagonally right 2] [Extreme diagonal n middle 2 digits]

Step 1: Step 2: Step 3:

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

4 5 6 4 5 6 4 5 6

[Diagonally left 2] [Left-Most 2 digit]

Step 4: Step 5:

1 2 3 1 2 3

4 5 6 4 5 6

266
Step Description Calculation Answer
3 * 6 = 18 8
Step 1 Multiply Right-Most 2 digit [write 8 and carry 1]
(2 * 6) + (3 * 5) = 12 + 15 88
Multiply right side = 27
Step 2 diagonal digits and add 27 + Previous carry
them. 27 + 1 = 28
[ write 8 and carry 2]
(1*6)+ (3*4) +(2*5) = 28 088
Multiply extreme diagonal
28 + Previous carry
Step 3 2 digit , middle digits and
28 + 2= 30
add them [write 0 and carry 3]
(1*5)+(2*4) =13 6088
Multiply left side diagonal 13 + Previous carry
Step 4
digits and add them. 13 + 3= 16
[write 6 and carry 1]
1* 4= 4 56088
Step 5 Multiply Left Most 2 digits 4 + Previous carry
4+1=5

Answer is 56088

267
Problem 2:

347 * 568

Solution:

[Right-Most 2 digit] [Diagonally right 2] [Extreme diagonal n middle 2 digits]

Step 1: Step 2: Step 3:

3 4 7 3 4 7 3 4 7

5 6 8 5 6 8 5 6 8

[Diagonally left 2] [Left-Most 2 digit]

Step 4: Step 5:

3 4 7 3 4 7

5 6 8 5 6 8

268
Step Description Calculation Answer
7 * 8 = 56 6
Step 1 Multiply Right-Most 2 digit
[write 6 and carry 5]
(4 * 8) + (7 * 6) = 32 + 42 96
Multiply right side = 74
Step 2 diagonal digits and add 74 + Previous carry
them. 74 + 5 = 79
[ write 9 and carry 7]
(3*8)+ (7*5) +(4*6) 096
Multiply extreme diagonal = 24 + 35 + 24 = 83
Step 3 2 digit , middle digits and 83 + Previous carry
add them 83 + 7= 90
[write 0 and carry 9]
(3*6)+(4*5) =38 7096
Multiply left side diagonal 38 + Previous carry
Step 4
digits and add them. 38 + 9= 47
[write 7 and carry 4]
3* 5= 15 197096
Step 5 Multiply Left Most 2 digits 15 + Previous carry
15 + 4 = 19

Answer is 197096

269
Problem 3:

249 * 871

Solution:

[Right-Most 2 digit] [Diagonally right 2] [Extreme diagonal n middle 2 digits]

Step 1: Step 2: Step 3:

2 4 9 2 4 9 2 4 9

8 7 1 8 7 1 8 7 1

[Diagonally left 2] [Left-Most 2 digit]

Step 4: Step 5:

2 4 9 2 4 9

8 7 1 8 7 1

270
Step Description Calculation Answer
9*1=9 9
Step 1 Multiply Right-Most 2 digit
[write 9]
(4 * 1) + (9 * 7) = 4 + 63 79
Multiply right side = 67
Step 2 diagonal digits and add 67 + Previous carry
them. 67 + 0 = 67
[ write 7 and carry 6]
(2 * 1)+ (9 * 8) +(4 * 7) 879
Multiply extreme diagonal = 2 + 72 + 28 = 102
Step 3 2 digit , middle digits and 102+ Previous carry
add them 102 + 6 = 108
[write 8 and carry 10]
(2 * 7)+(4 * 8) = 46 6879
Multiply left side diagonal 46 + Previous carry
Step 4
digits and add them. 46 + 10= 56
[write 6 and carry 5]
2 * 8 = 16 216879
Step 5 Multiply Left Most 2 digits 16 + Previous carry
16 + 5 = 21

Answer is 216879

Now will solve next 2 problem orally in single line

271
Problem 4:

145 * 963

Solution:

1 4 5
* 9 6 3

1 3 9 6 3 5

(1*9)=9 + 4 =13

(1*6) +(4*9)= 42 + 7 = 49 15 [5 * 3]

Carry 4 Carry 1

[(1 * 3)+(5 * 9)+(4 * 6)=72 and 72 + 4] =76

Carry 7

(4 * 3) + (5 * 6) = 42 and 42 + 1 = 43

Carry 4

Answer is 139635

272
Problem 5:

293 * 829

Solution:

2 9 3
* 8 2 9

2 4 2 8 9 7

(2*8)=16 + 8 =24

(2*2) +(9*8)= 76 + 6 = 82 27 [3 * 9]

Carry 8 Carry 2

[(2 * 9)+(3 * 8)+(9 * 2)=60 and 60 + 8] =68

Carry 6

(9 * 9) + (2 * 3) = 87 and 87 + 1 = 89

Carry 8

Answer is 242897

273
Type 3: 2 digit number * 3 digit number

Problem 1:

45 * 963

Solution: Just add extra 0 to 2 digit number and follow same procedure

0 4 5

* 9 6 3

4 3 3 3 5

(0*9)=0 + 4 =4

(0*6) +(4*9)= 36 + 7 = 43 15 [5 * 3]

Carry 4 Carry 1

[(0 * 3)+(5 * 9)+(4 * 6)=69 and 69 + 4] =73

Carry 7

(4 * 3) + (5 * 6) = 42 and 42 + 1 = 43

Carry 4

Answer is 43335

274
 1 4 5

* 0 6 3

0 9 1 3 5

(1*0)=0 = 0

(1*6) +(4*0)= 6 + 3 = 9 15 [5 * 3]

Carry 1

[(1 * 3)+(5 * 0)+(4 * 6)=27 and 27 + 4] =31

Carry 3

(4 * 3) + (5 * 6) = 42 and 42 + 1 = 43

Carry 4

Answer is 9135

275