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Complete Physics

Complete physics for 10th

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daminimaurya10062004
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25 views68 pages

Complete Physics

Complete physics for 10th

Uploaded by

daminimaurya10062004
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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What is Motion? ‘Relative change in position What is needed? —>Reference point ———______, A B Point of origin Bie Two physical quantities ion 7 \ per part between two points vis a straight line) Distance — Displacement 50m Distance = 100 m Displacement = 0 ‘Distance covered Distance = 50m Displacement = 50m Displacement: vector quantity > Distance: scalar quantity 2 Case 1: shortest distance Displacement Types of Motion foaN 60/6 0\> Equal distance covered in equal —_t+—_—_+—— intervals: Uniform Motion im Sm Sm 2 cases 3 sec\ —> Equal distance in unequal intervals: Non-uniform motion Retardat, S&S »ARMI Time involved rail m/km Speed = Distance Te ir Rate of change of motion» Called as speed When motion is non- ‘SU Unit: m/s —>Represented uniform Average speed = Total distance Km/hr—> m/sec Total time x 18 m/s —>Km/hr xi 5 1 An object travels 16 min 4s and then Avg. speed = 16m + 16m another 16 m in 2 s. What is the average 4e2 speed of the object? 1 Ua aeq 4 des A 16 Hex $f oa are Sait fet 2 das FA 16 ater shi eae aeq At attra ata? = 16 m/s 3 Velocity = Displacement Time Unit: m/s Scalar quantity Vector quantity * Only represents numerical value » Numerical vo! stion RM * Distance * Displacement + Speed + Velocity “Time Usha swims in a 90 m long pool. She covers 4180 m in one minute by swimming from one > Avg, speed = 180 = 3 m/s end to the other and back along the same O straight path. Find the average speed and average velocity of Usha. Avg. velocity=0 = 0 m/s 3a 90 Hex oat ara A ATH E 60 80 ‘Rate of change in velocity ls called Acceleration S m/s Smvs S mV/s Velocity changing with KL A wrote Acceleration = m/s = m/s> 8 % Starting from a stationary position, Rahul paddles his bicycle to attain a velocity of 6 m 8-1 in 30 s. Then he applies brakes such that the velocity of the bicycle comes down to 4m 5-1 in the next § s, Calculate the acceleration bh of the bicycle in both the cases. is mae AR Cased Initial speed = 0 Js —>a,=6-0=1 = 02 m/s* Final speed = 6 m/s 30 5 Case 2 Initial speed = 6 m/s 5 4,= 4-6 =-2=-04 m/s? Final usdtmal © . Graph Representation Slope = speed Slope = Acceleration Distance Velocity Time Area = Displacement Numerical of Motion in straight line: The ‘UTSAV’ Concept 3 equations of motions sTveusrat Gtorizontal motion + U= initial velocity “2 ssut+tat® “t= time a 2 + $= distance “3 vi 2as + a= acceleration - v= final velocity Straight line motion > Rectiineay motion AS, Vertical Horizontal (a=-9) Vertical motion i Against the gravity a= g—=Acceleration due to gravity Free fall -> u=0 -veu-gt Initial speed “heut-1gt veurgt 2 sheute dg -motion of a body moving with speed along the circular path Uniform = speed 9 wv velociy r Centripetal acceleration Acceleration towards the centre in circular path shange in velocity at every point An athlete completes one round of a circular track of diameter 100 m in 20 s. What will be the displacements after 1 minute and 10 s, respectively ? ee al ‘Displacement = 0 10s=100m ‘1 min = 60 sec 8 One Liners (MCQs) + Distance in a particular direction is called velocity . Displacement = velocity Time What causes Motion? Motion is caused due to force State ‘Rest Motion ‘Force can: ~Bring a rested body to Motion * Bring a moving body to rest * Speed up a body Cacceleration) —> Force is producing the change “Speed down a body Capplying brakes) in velocity “Change the direction of a body “Change the shape/size Concept of Forces S. unit of force: Newton = ‘Represented as ‘N’ Case 2 “a 10N 10N 10N 30N Net Te. 0 = ial force ‘celeration = 0 Unbalanced force > 4,= 0-No change in velocity Frictional force OF w ARMA Contact and Non-contact forces >Types of forces Contact Forces < g ‘yi e Frictional force Spring force Muscular force Non-Contact Forces o oft a Ill ate Magnetic Force Gravitational Force Electrostatic Force / wp tne “Work done is independent of the Work done is dependent on path path taken + Work done is 0 in case of closed «tg: frictional Force path + && gravitational force, non-contact force, spring force ‘Exception Ps ARMA ES Laws of motion ‘ARMA\ “By Newton and Galileo -However three laws of motion given by Newton 1st Law of Motion An object if at rest remains at rest Current state or if in motion remains in motion at Rest a constant velocity unless an Change \ trent a | ion external force is applied on it | wae Resist Direction ‘Depends on mass of the object Examples: ‘The dry leaves and fruits falls when we shake a tree -A person sitting in a moving car may be pushed forward when the car stops abruptly as our legs are in contact with the surface 2nd Law of Motion ier Quantities motion My = Truck Cwhere mass of the body is more than the velocity) Vm Bullet bike Cwhere the velocity is more than the mass of the truck) Derivation ————>. change in momentum = mV - mu “Rate of change in momentum = m\ >F =mxa— > F = vector quantity F = Kg m/s m= scalar quantity . -@= vector quantity = vector quantity Force CF) = ma a m= scalar quantity \V= vector quantity A constant force acts on an object of mass 5 kg for a duration of 2's. Itincreases the object’s velocity from 3 m s~1 to 7 m s-1. Find the magnitude of the applied force. Now, if the force was applied for a duration of 5 s, what would be the final velocity of the object? > F=mxa 10=5x/v-3 Femx(i-u) — t 10=v-3 F-5x(1-3) V=43m/s 2 Sx4=10N- 2 3rd Law of Motion It states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction REACTION — —_ _ on" Works on conservation | of momentum and Newton's 3rd law AWG F Gas expelled out Force on rocket A Os s | Force on gases: (action) Hot gas comes out Conservation of Momentum Conservation of Momentum. e— — oe P= mv myuy +m = myv; + Mpv2 Momentum is conserved —>Conservation principle ARMA ES Agirl of mass 40 kg jumps 'ARMAI with a horizontal velocity of 5m s-1 onto a stationary cart with frictionless wheels. The mass of the carts 3 kg. What is her velocity as the cart starts moving? Aseume-that-there-ie-ne- oxternahunbalanced-foree-workingin : rf > Mgt Meus (Mgt Med x V 40x5 0 40x5=(40+3)xV 200 = 43V V=465 One liners (MCQs) ‘The range of weak nuclear force is of the order of 16m ‘Friction depends on the smoothness of the surfaces. The force of friction always opposes the applied forces The force of the Earth's gravity on every kilogram is about 10 N 9 = 98 m/s? 10 m/s* Every kg = 1x10 =10N “Action at a distance force’: Gravitational Force Once a satellite has been launched into orbit, the only force governing its motion is the Force of: Force of gravity S.l unit of Electrostatic Force - In 1785, Charles Augustine Coulomb used the calibrate tortion balance to measure the force between electric charges ‘Where q = charge == MG “The measure of force that can cause an object to rotate about an axis is called: Torqu\* ARMA Universal Law of Gravitation Electrostatic Force ® oO @ ‘Both are non-contact G ® @ \ and conservative FAMM, forces lid | Ft Mn >Work done is Ee Fz Mz independent of path f v2 Work done inaclose = ¢ =1 44 Gravitational Constant Path is zero ant, -q= charge eg SJ unit *S unit of charge: Coulomb * @ = Gravitational constant Value: 6.67 x 10" > Fe EMM “Discovered by: Henry Cavendish rm 1798) N= @Kg* —» @= Nm> 1 Kg* Kepler’s Planetary Laws Kepler’s Laws First Law Second Law ‘Third Law Te | A TK ¥ Ellipse x ARMA * First Law: Law of Orbit F ‘Planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun as a focus ARMA Second law: Law of Area The line joining the planet and the Sun sweep out equal areas in equal interval of time Third law: Law of Time Period Cube of mean distance of a planet from the Sun is proportional to the square of the time period/orbital speed >To r® “Mercury nearest to Sun: 88 days revolution “Neptune farthest to Sun: 165 yrs revolution Constant - Weight: force by which Earth attracts a mass Force =mxa [Weight =m xa] Constant ‘Gravity differs Variation in gravity 1 Gravity is more in poles than the equator 2. Gravity decreases with altitude 3. Gravity in moon is 1/6th of Earth's gravity [Vary] No salt content —=/. | > Same water level Sea water has high density—> ce salt content High buoyant force Relative Density Density = Mass Volume RD = Density of a substance Kg | ‘Density of water m> No unit Work and Energy What is work? Force cause a displacement Nm/Joule —>James Prescott Joule Work = Force x Displacement (Work = FS cos 6] 1d=1N.im Scalar quantity 1J22N.1m 2 1Jd=1N.2m 2! force and displacement have same direction ‘aralle! ‘=ve: Force and displacement are antiparallel 180° Work. isplacement = 0 Angle between Force and displacement is 90° 1k ARMA Work i What is Energy? ARMA -Energy: Capacity to do work «Si unit: Joule - Biggest source of energy: Sun Forms of Energy - Kinetic Energy = The energy an object has because of its motion ‘Relation between KE and Momentum K E21 mV? = (mv)= p? =KE 2m 2m 2m prekt “am Capy= KE = 4 p> 2m 2m The energy stored in PE converted to KE an object due tots, 7 “PE becomes less and KE keeps iti “ increasing —>Velocity max Fotenil Toray PSP we Eq Gravitational PE ner =mgh >Concept of dams based on this —> a Weight = Force = mg Work done = Energy = F .S mgh Scaler Law of Conservation of Energy ~ Energy can neither be created, nor be destroyed. It can be converted from one form to another Electrical Heat 1. Dynamo: Mechanical energy >Electrical energy 2. Generator: Mechanical energy—>tlectrical energy 3. Motor: Electrical energy—> Mechanical energy 4, Microphone: Sound energy—> Electrical Energy 5. Loudspeaker: Electrical energy—-Sound energy Rate of doing work Power = Work —>-J_ [ Time = S S ‘calar quantity “Rate of change of velocity = acceleration = AV. t «Rate of change of momentum = Ap t x ARMA Horse Power LHP = 7AGW 1kW = 1000 W 1 HP = 0.746 kW ‘Power = Force x Velocity P= Bulb Tlectrical Energy —> Light + Heat energy ‘Bulb filament made of tungsten CW) One Liners (MCQs) - Galileo Galilei was the 1st to conclude that in vacuum all objects fall with the same acceleration g and reach ground at same time An object falling Freely From a height x, after fallen to a height x/2, it will possess Half potential and half kinetic energy ‘Constant “The mags of an object on the surface of the moon is 60 N, the mass on the surface of the earth will be 60 N~> Weight changes not mass - If an apple is taken to the mountain top, then it’s weight is decreased « Battery: Chemical energy —>Electrical energy “The lifting of an object up and down the parade of an army, and the free fall of a heavy object are all examples of: Rectilinear motion - Oscillatory Motion: to and fro Motion—> Follows same Path - Periodic motion: follows same path at particular interval * ARMA Sound: it is a Form of energy How is sound produced? ‘By vibrating objects Example: vocal chords—> Vibrate Produced sound How sound propagates? Compression Compression 8 aRarefaction | Rarefaction | | | @ a 4 ‘Medium between tuning fork and ears Types of waves Sound energy travels in the Form of energy Qe _ Non-mechanical wave ‘Medium is required to No medium is required to propagate propagate ‘Ex Sound waves Ex Light waves The particles in the medium helps the sound to propagate x ARMA Particles do not move ‘Transverse Wave S%SOM Roan LIS ‘Particles condensed ~More density — testing position is where the i | E coils are neither compressed nor rarified ‘Wavelength iin Trough A Characteristics of sound waves “Frequency Cy) = 1 —>Unit: $'; Hertz Timet . Determines pitch of a sound -Girls have high pitch, high shrillness > Vocal cords vibrates quickly Limit: 0-130 48 sound above this “Amplitude: determines Loudness—>Unit: dB (decibel) is considered as gee aie) Can be defined as the loudness of the amount of maximum displacement of vibrating particles of the medium from their mean position when the sound is produced + ARMA Wave MN ine ARMA Soft sound ie Wavelength a amplitude Time Louder sound Wave disturbance Timet Vibrated 1 time Wave shape for # low pitched sound Vibrated 4 times v Wave shape for a high pitched sound Wave taking less time to vibrate + Timber: quality of sound + Note: sound, which is a mixture of several frequencies Mosquito: Frequency Pitch Lion: amplitude't Loudness * Audible range: 20 Hz-20,000 Hz F —= ARMA See iron “More than this: ultrasonic sound v Ex rhinoceros ‘Mach no = Speed of any body ~ Subsonic: Mach < 1 Speed of sound in that medium * Supersonic: >1;< 5 - Hypersonic: Mach > 5 “Transonic: Mach = 1 Speed of sound pe } Ce a Serio ek “Light = 3x10°m/s Solids ‘Aiuminiom —S> 6420 ‘Speed of light is More than the speed of the sound Methanot ‘Onveer Sulphur soxide 213, {tis a reflection of sound that arrives at the listener with the delay after ‘Reflection of Sound the direct sound Sounds reflection: Echo ef lect Source Distinct reflection Detar: Distinct reflection 1k Es ‘Reverberation: repeated reflection of sound ARMA ‘Megaphone Horn ‘Repeated sound reflection Penetrating power is very high Applications of Ultrasonic sounds > Produced by bats, dolphins * Ultrasound is banned in gender determination -To monitor growth and development of fetus “ Used to identify kidney stones and to break kidney stones *To identify the conditions of our internal organs \R: Sound Navigation and ‘Ranging ‘Device that is used For detecting and locating objects specially underwater by the means of sound waves sent out to be reflected by the objects One Liners (MCQs) * Loudness of sound is proportional to the Square of the amplitude of the vibration, producing the sound * Study of production and propagation of sound waves: Acoustics - If an object executes 10 oscillations per second, then its Frequency in kilohertz is equal to: 001 10 1000 ~The approximate speed of sound in distilled water at 25'C (77'F): 1498 m/s + Sound wave cannot travel through a: wooden hollow pipe placed in vacuum + The velocity of sound in air is affected by the change in the: Atmospheric. pressure, moisture, ‘orem air Tempf Velocity “Ven = velocity of sound in moist air Va = velocity of sound in dry air Vm? Va When the temperature increases the frequency of the sound from an organ pipe Increases * Stationary waves of frequency 3000 Hz are formed in a medium in which the velocity of sound is 1200 m/s. The distance between a node and the neighbouring anti node is? Venn 1200 = 300 xr, Az4 1k ARMA SSC GK Batch 2.0 PHYSICS CLASS NOTES What is light? > It is a form of energy It has dual nature-»Particle and as a form of wave * Light is a form of transverse wave + It can travel in vacuum - tt can be polarised ‘Reflection of Light -When a ray of light approaches a smooth polish surface, and the light ray bounces back Laws of Reflection 1 The angle of incidence = The angle of reflection 2. Incident ray, reflected ray and normal ray > all lie in the same plane Or ™ Reflected ray ra 1 1 1 Incident ey \ 1 | Reflecting Horizontal surface perpendicular Types of Mirror ~ Plane Mirror «Spherical Mirror ——~ Convex Mirror Concave Mirror Concave Mirror Reflecting surfaces g_ curved inwards * ARMA x “Convex Mirror ARMA —> Reflecting surface is curved outwards ‘Convex Mirror Coneave Mirror ‘enter of Curvature Types of Image ‘Real Image Virtual Image ~ It can be obtained on » tt cannot be obtained on soreen screen * Iris inverted + Itis erect x 43 . Ral object Virtual object 5, Real image Virtual image (mage Formation Image formed behind ‘Plane Mirror 1. Image distance = Object distance 2. Object size = Image size 3. Trect—>-Virtual 4. Laterally inverted: Left—>Right Right—>Left Location, size and nature of image formed by Spherical Mirrors Concave Mirror Position of object Figure Position of image | Nature of image 1. Atinity [A the principal focus | Real, inverted, orinine focal plane | extremly 2. Beyond the contre of curvature Between the principal focus and cenve of curvature Real, inverted and diminished 2.Atthe contra of At the centre of Real, inverted and ‘equal to object cenit of curvature 5.Atthe principal focus 4. Between focus and Pesmscess*o cog Object - Image: °o Focus ‘Beyond C Cand F Atc ATC ‘B/W C and F ‘Beyond C AtT co Beyond contre of A efit Real. inverted and ‘Bigger than object Extemely smagnied Beebe mer a [x Image Fron\ Fron ‘ARMA! oF Concave Mi ‘Real and Inverted, extremely diminished ‘Real and inverted, diminished ‘Real and inverted, equal ‘Real and inverted, enlarged ‘Real and inverted, highly enlarged (mage Formation of Convex Mirror rere Ts Size of the rrrererar rs obj vers ern At infinity At the focus F, Highly diminished, Virtual and erect behind the mirror —_point-sized Between infinity Between P and F, Diminished Virtual and erect and the pole P of behind the mirror the mirror Numericals ign convention u object distance—> -ve Calways) v: image distance Concave: -ve f: Focal length Convex: +ve ‘R radii of curvature Mirror Formula Height of object An object, 4.0 cm in size, is placed at 25.0 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 15.0 cm. At what distance from the mirror should a screen be placed in order to obtain a sharp image? find the nature and the size of the image. Given: u=-25 em f=-15 om <[e 4 " aie a h =-375 4om = -25 375 x4 = ? Enlarged image hj=-6om mele rapes TBR =r ala orl \ © BI " la clue ri i * al < > a 7 verted 15 = -375 em 2 Uses of Mirror Concave—> Magnifying * Shaving mirror -Torchlight “Dentist mirror -Used in solar furnace Convex —> Diminishing ‘Rear view mirror in vehicle Security reasons—>in ATMs Sunglasses Reflection in street light x ARMA Refraction of Light A Incident ray i Air Boundary Glass On 5 | B NT pefracted ray ‘Types of Medium 1 Rare Medium “Air: rarer 2. Denser Medium Water "Medium with more cGlossidenser| Density Case A. When a ray of light travels, its Case B path changes ® Rare ® \, Denser \, No difference ight ray path is rectilinear ‘Bend towards the normal Denser Rarer fi ‘Bend away from the normal Laws of Refraction ‘1 Incident ray, refracted, ray and normal ray ->-all lie in same plane 2. sini = constant > Given pair of media and light of particular wavelength siny Two mediums Refraction through a Glass Slab cuss Denser 7 Lateral Distance a B hie mi i cas No refraction if strikes Extended at 90° Lisle Angle of incidénce Sangle of emergence etnergent Ray * ARMA ‘Refractive Index —> Represented with ‘n’ or Speed of light in air/vacuum: 3 x 10°m/s eres PrrTeears Peres en index peer! peers 1.0003 Canada 1.53 Balsam Ice 1.31 Water 133 Rock salt 1.54 Alcohol 1.36 Kerosene waa Carbon 1.63 disulphide Fused 1.46 quartz Dense 1.65 flint glass ‘Turpentine 1.47 oil Ruby 1.71 Benzene 1.50 ‘Sapphire 1.77 crown 1.52 glass Diamond 2.42 ‘Densest medium Spherical Lens - Lens is transparent “Forms image through refraction Convex Concave —~ Centre narrow Centre bulged Tnds wider ‘Ends narrow + ARMA sai Lens Concave < cameniy lens ‘Diverging lens (mage Formation Convex Lens = Concave Mirror concave Lens = Convex Mirror {Diveraing Lor) (Converging Lens) Image Formation in Convex Lens Same as Concave Mirror + maa men i Convex lens Ray diagram Position of object | Position of image | Nature ofimage —fp< Real inverted and @ * At inGinity AF hee ea Fog : ry fF | Berween infinity | peeyeen Pande | Redbinverted and OEE OT and2p | Between Pand2F | Giniished uy “ u=-ve.v=-sveand sane ‘Beyond C (same) ARMA ~ Noe . Rea, inverted and | FF Aur Ave c same sed u=-vev=-tveand f= +e Dea verdad t Py Berween Fand2F| Beyond 2F eee u=-se.v= sveandf= ve Real inverted and ol? — ME tinny large On thesameside | Viral erect and 0) 74 ? Between Fand O | “"orthelens enlarged wa-vev=—veand f= He (mage Formation of Concave Lens ww as Convex Mirror Concave lend Poston of object | Postion offmage [ Nature ofimage Virtual, erect and Atinfinity AF highly diminished Between infinity Between Fand O | Virtual, erect and and O diminished us -ve, va veand f= -ve Uses Concave Lens Convex Lens ‘In treatment of Myopia «In treatment of Hypermetropia + Used as magnifying lens “In camera lens Aconcave lens has focal length of 15 cm. At what distance should the object from the lens be placed so that it forms an image at 10 cm from the lens? Also, find the magnification produced by the lens. fF =-15 om us? v=-10cem Lens formula = hy u 1=1-1 unui e m= ~10 aaa -30 u -10 -15 m4 asd 1 z u 15 10 1=2-3=-1 a Ww a m>1—>hp< hj CEnlarged) uw us -30 ‘Power of Lens ‘Power = 1 anne! Focal Length > — "l ~ ve ‘Dioptre CS. unit of power of lens) Convex Concave 30 a) m= 1->object size = image size Csame size) m¢1—h,>h; CDiminished) x ARMA * Diffraction: it is bending of light around the corner of an obstacle ARMA Question P10. -Convex lens = Sem, «Concave lens = 10°em «Convex lens = 2 cm a When all the focal length is added what power do we get? Sok 5 - 10 + 2 = -3-> Concave lens rectus medialis | | _-vitreous body ‘nodal point — anterior pole posterior pole visual axis” optic nerve Connected to brain Cbrain sees the object not the eye) \, Aqueous humour cet | Schoreia Pupil sclera Tye: Click images/Formation Cornea -Outermost part “Causes refraction of light Used in eye donation Aqueous humour * Provides nourishment to cornea * Maintains eye pressure tris “Dark muscular structure ft also determines colour of the eye -Controls the size of pupil ‘Pupil :To control the amount of light entering the eye Lens “focuses the light ray on the retina Retina « ltis the spot where image is formed - Here optical energy is converted to electrical energy Blind Spot -Optic nerves meet retina weal + No image is formed here is ‘Power of Accommodation aR -Tye can change focal length situation based) —>Ciliary muscles + Least distance of distance of distinct vision: 25 cm Defects of Tye Myopia/Near Sightedness “Far object not visible clearly + Correction: -ve power lens-> Concave lens *Focal length decreases —> and Power increases + Image is formed in Hypermetropia/Far Sightedness -> Cannot see nearby objects [mage formed behind the retina + Light Focuses behind the retina Hypermetropia - instead of focusing on the retina * Correction: +ve lens->Convex lens - Usually occurs above 40 yrs ‘Presbyopia + Lens hardens with age—>Loses flexibility + Age: 55+ Presbyopia - Correction: Concave + Convex lens — — (Bifocal lens) Presbyoplaconected Glaucoma/Trachoma «Both caused due to increase in eye = pressure «Glaucoma is hereditary 7> Not curable ‘Trachoma is bacterial infection - Tonometry: to measure your eye pressure Concave lens Colour Blindness + Itis hereditary * Retina made of cells and rod cells Convex lens Not present in colourblind people Refraction of Light by a PRISM Angle of Deviation Wavelength Wavelength Deviation, ‘Ray of light away from the normal ‘Dispersion of White Light in a Glass Prism -Highest wavelength /\ ‘Less deviation Consist of 7 different colours / Decreasing White Light ~~, ee wavelength a More deviation ‘Red: more speed Less refractive index Violet: less speed >More refractive index n= Speed of light in air Speed of light in prism Energy ceases ror wavelength ong w 4 eed 10%nm = 109m tam 10m 1 om 1m amma ays Xray Uteavolet nate Phe 10H: 10% He 10M 10H vo"He shfrequency 10H woe ohh Vibe gh Electromagnetic Spectrum TRICK TT e828 oe eee + Yoeioy + 4 Radio Micro Infrared Visible UV rays X-ray Gamma rays waves waves Left to right Wavelength decreases and eee and energy increases Hertz wavelength HOW IS A RAINBOW FORMED? a \& Due to dispersion 2 refraction and 1 reflection \ > dispersion of white light here > Rainbow is formed to the opposite direction of the Sun ‘Refraction in Atmosphere Twinkling of Stars-> Due to af fects of the Earth's atmosphere Catmospheric refraction of star light) teary position Oar Da Tana rod r of different types of S 4 La) gases Ta aR Pad OY RC Cae _.. ee ie esi) i Advance Sunrise and Delayed Sunset Advance sunrise and delayed sunset :- ‘Apparent position ‘Apparent position Sunrise Real position Real position - In this phenomenon, the sun appears to rise early by two minutes and set late by two minutes. When the rays from the sun hit atmosphere, they get refracted Scattering of Light BO sy - Blue colour of sky: blue light is scattered more than the other colours because it travels as shorter, smaller waves ~ Our sky appears black without atmosphere ~Red colour of Sun during sunrise and sunset: red light scatter the least by the molecules present in the air, so at sunset and sunrise, the sunlight travels longer path through the atmosphere to reach our eyes. The blue light catches the most and has been mostly removed, leaving the red light remaining which reaches our eyes. ‘More wavelength Blue scattered away _| Less blue Tyndall tffect Colloidal solution scatter the light Most because the dispersed particles of colloid are bigger and they defect light Why are signs red? > Red has maximum wavelength and is least scattered allowing it to travel long distances without getting scattered Total Internal Reflection «This phenomenon is responsible for optical illusion * Condition of TIR_ ‘Examples: Mirage, optical fibers 1 Light should travel from denser to rare medium 2. light should hit an angle greater than critical angle 00! air : e Inferior i The layer above the ground gets warmed. The light ray gets refracted when light moves —>Total internal reflection through the cold air and into the hot air layer Optical Fibers ONE LINERS CMCQs) - The materials through which things can be seen are called transparent materials - The reflection on the bathroom mirror, the lake and the glare on pair of glasses are caused by specular reflection * Gold and copper happen to absorb blue and violet light, leaving the yellow light . The phenomenon which deals with scattering of light by molecz¢ Figz medium when they are excited to vibrational energy levels is called Raman ee - The phenomena in which mountain tops acquired a rose or orange hue around the sunrise and sunset is called Alpenglow - Canada balsam has refractive index closes to that of crown glass What is Electric Current? Flow of charge per unit time “Flow of electrons per unit time Electric Current bo ter=16x 10" coulomo 4 S. unit of charge + g=ixt q=nxe- 4 1C=nx 16 x 10" n= 6x 10% “Electric current is measured by Ammeter ~ Current S.. unit: Ampere Charge ve + Like charges repel each other ~Conductor: is a material that - Opposite charges attracts each other conducts electricity/allows electron to Flow through it ‘Potential Difference ‘The amount of work done in moving a unit positive charge from one point to other in an electric field "t «Measured though: Voltmeter Potential Volt difference ‘1 volt: if one Joule of work is done in moving, Work done to move the one coulomb of charge charge Wed 2 iC @ ARMA * i Ohm's Law ————————> Thee current flowing in a conductor is directly ARMA «By George Simon Ohm in 1827 proportional to the voltage across the conductor, “VF OC provided all the physical condition and temperature remain constant Resistance . Resistance: the property of a conductor to resist the flow of charge through it . Factors effecting Resistance 1 Length—>Length Resistance (More collision of electrons) 2. Area of cross-section —> Areat Resistance |, CLess collision of electrons) 3. Temperature > Temperature Resistance 4. Nature of material increase movement of e” and KE Resistivity/Specific resistance RAL as \ RK A The resistivity of a material is the x ole A “nit resistance of a wire of that material RaL aa) A RPL Alloy has greater resistivity than its constituent metals Types of Materials + Conductor: materials that conduct electricity/allow electric Flow through them —> Has free electrons ‘ Seen in metals + Semi-conductor: they are materials which have conductivity between conductors and non- conductors or insulator. Eg: Silicon Cusually Metalloids) - Insulator: materials that do not allow electricity to pass through them. Eg: Non-metals ‘such as glass, wood ‘Resistance of a System of Resistance Types: 1 Series 2. Parallel Parallel Series Rg zB MANA AN Asteaed Reg Ri Rp Ry Reg Rit Ryt Rot Ry - Series: same current; different potential difference - Parallel: same potential difference; different current Q 2 resistors = 205, and 4.9 (Series) Connected to a 6 volt battery Current flow? Reg Rit Ro 20+4= 24.0 6V=(x 24.0. 1£+! 4% 0.25 A=1 V=IR QR, = 59; R= 109; Ry= 309. —> Parallelly connected Pd=12V Current? > V=IR V=IR VEIR 12=1xS 12 =1x10 12=1x30 12-1 12A=1 04 A= 5 24A= >24+12+04=40A8 4 Arte OR Req Ri Ry Ry 4 =dete1 Rg VR 126+3+1 Ie Req 30 - 110 Req 30 R= 32 * ARMA Heating effect of Electric Current v BS” swan hs ‘Done 4 “Time Substituting Electric Power = qV t Electric Power = VI Heat = Power xt Heat = Vit IRxIT (PRT =H Practical Applications of Heating Effect of Electric Current aM IIH v Coils in heater made of Nichrome Alloy of Ni and Cr Fuse - Low melting point It is used to protect electrical appliances from excessive current and to prevent short circuits or mismatched loads * ARMA Filament made of Tungsten CW) ~ Has high melting point Electric Power PeVl PPR AyelR Pave vel R R Commercial Unit of Energy 1 unt =1kWh Pxt ‘1kW = 1000 W 1000 ha 1 hr = 60 mins 36x 10 Ws 60 x 60 = 3600 secs 3.6 x10 ——1 unit 220 V; 50 Hz ——> In electric appliances ~ Live wire: Red - Neutral: Black i Colour of wire *Ground/Earth: Green/Yellow * ARMA x ARMA Magnetic Effect of Electric Current Heating effect of elect Discovery -Hans Christian Orsted in 1820 urrent: James Joule C10) Zlectric current passed through the x wire Causing deflection in the compass whenever there is @ current in wire showing current carrying wire produces a magnetic field around it | ‘Direction of magnetic field changes due to change in direction of current in the wire x ? Magnetic Field Lines ARMA -Same poles repel each other Y {ron fillings align themselves with “Different poles attract each other the magnetic field—> when spread across a magnetic bar, they respond to magnetic effect of the bar magnet and align themselves accordingly —>Magnetic field lines originate from North Pole outside the magnet and terminate at South Pole Magnetic field line are in the form of closed loop + lines never intersect each other J If they insect, there will be Vector quantity two directions of magnetic field lines which is not possible +(F magnetic field lines are closer—> Magnetic Field 1k Es Magnetic Field due to a Current Carrying Conductor /ARMAI * Magnetic field lines around a straight conductor carrying current are concentric _7 circles whose centre lie on the wire = “Magnetic Field X 1 = Distance MeoZue A | Distance —> Magnetic Fieldy, felines i i seme ye “Current? oX Magnetic Field “Direction of current changes —>Direction of Magnetic Field changes Direction of ‘current ~ Current upwards: Magnetic field —> Anti-clockwise - Current downwards: Magnetic field—> Clockwise Direction of magnetic field 1k fs Magneti Tul C South Pole North Pole \PARMAI Current a Clockwise Anti-clockwise Magnetic Field due to a Current carrying Circular Loop No, of turns in loopf—> Magnetic Field ’ Distanceft > Magnetic Field -Current{ > Magnetic Field t Fig 3.9 Magnetic field due to a circular loop carrying current In centre, the magnetic field lines are parallel and uniform * i Magnetic Field due to a current carrying Solenoid ARMA ‘Behaves like a bar magnet when current is passed - Ina solenoid the magnetic field is maximum inside the solenoid {tis uniform - Current passed through a solenoid + If direction of current is reversed, the direction of Magnetic field lines outside the magnetic Field is also solenoid is very weak—> Considered to reversed be practically zero Electromagnetic Simple Electromagnet |e \__-> Sof iron rod that behaves like a Magnet when current is ” passed through it a x Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field ARMA Current direction upwards ‘Magnetic field Motor works on principle of Fleming's Left Hand Rule Electric energy —> Mechanical energy + Force will be —> Maximum: the angle between the conductor and the magnetic field is 90° The conductor is placed along the direction of Magnetic field, whether parallel or antiparallel > Zero E © rere exprnce yt wir ied Used when a current carrying conductor is introduced in an @ rrecurrentintne wire external magnetic field Fig 1. Fleming Let Hand Rule x ‘Electromagnetic Induction ie ARMA ‘Generator work on this concept DIRECTION OF MONEMENT camo we + tt is the phenomenon in which electric current is generated by charging magnetic fields “Discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831 INDUCED VOUIAGE IN WIRE When the bar magnet is pushed towards the coil, the pointer in the galvanometer deflects The relative motion between the Magnet and the coil is responsible for generation of electric current in the coil Generator > Mechanical Energy->Electrical Thrust or Energy Motion Magnetic Field 1k fs it: it is caused due to breaking of insulation of wires, forming the contact \PARMAI between live wire and neutral wire Current in a circuit increases abruptly One Liners (MCQs) - Device that is used to either break an electric circuit or to complete it: Switch + Gustav Robert Kirchhoff stated that at a junction in electric circuit, the sum of currents flowing in the junction is equal to the sum of current flowing out of the Junction -Wheatstone Bridge is an arrangement of four resistors used for accurate Measurement of resistance -Coil of wire in an electric room heater is known as: Element -The current in the bulb will stop flowing if the circuit is broken .(n the symbol of electric cell, the thicker, shorter line represents the: Negative terminal “Michael Faraday gave the concept of electric field For the first time 1k i ‘The scientist who was awarded an Noble Prize for the services to Theoretical Physic\ DAR M Al and specially for his discovery of Law of Photoelectric Effect: Albert Einstein Eh

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