Complex numbers
1. Definition
To find acceptable solutions for equations having no real roots, an imnaginary number
denoted by i was invented such that: i2 = -1
Acomplex number zhas the form z = a+ ib e C
The set of all complex numbers is denoted by C:
C= {z=a+ ib /a, b eR, i =-1}
" z= a + ib is the algebraic form of z
a is the real part of z: Re(z)
b is the imaginary part of z: Im(z)
Remark: z = a+ ib; z' = a' + ib'
" Zis real + b=0
" z is pure imaginary ’ a =0 and b0
" z= z' a= a' and b= b'
2. Conjugate of z
Z=a + ib Z= a- ib Conjugate of z
Properties: let ze Cand z' eC
(Z) =z
z+z'=7+z'
z Xz'=Zxz'
) - =0
(z") = (2z)"
z+~ =a+ ib + a- ib = 2a = 2Re(z)
z-Z= a + ib-a + ib = 2ib = 2i Im(z)
z~ = a'+ h2
" z is real +z=Z
zispure imaginary z=-7
3. Geometric representation of a complex number
Let z = x+ iy (x and y ¬ R)
Affix of M ZM = X+ iy M(x, y) Image of z
Note:
" E(}) is symmetric to M(z) with respect to x-axis
" F(-z) is symmetric to M (z)with respect to origin O
S(-~)is symmetric to M(z) with respect to y-axis
> Properties:
ZAR = Zg - Z
ZOÁ = ZA
" lis midpoint to [AB] >Z, = ZAtZB
2
ZM is real + ME X-axis
Zy iS pure imaginary + MEy-axis deprived from O(0,0)
4. Modulus of a complex number
Z= a+ ib lzl = va'+ b2
Geometric interpretation of lzl:
|z = 0M =r |z| represents the norm of vector OM
" lzg - Zal = Za= AB
r Properties:
" |z| = 0 z= 0
" |z| =-z| = (z| = |-|
" |z|² = z.7
" Izx z'|= Izl x |z'l:
" |z"| = |z|"
5. Argument of a non zero complex number
Let z= a+ ib# 0 be a complex number.
M
An argument of zis the angle (ç: 0M).
We write
arg(z) = (ü; OM) = e[2n]
| a
’a
Remark:
z is real positive arg z = 0 |2|
" z is real > argz = kn (2r]
kEZ z is real negative arg z= n |2n|
b>0 argz
z is pure imaginary (z = ib) > argz = +kn
kEZ
b<0 arg z=
> Properties:
arg(Z) = - arg(z)[2r]
arg( - z) = arg(z)+ n[2n]
arg(z")=n arg( z) [2r]
arg(z x z') = arg(z) + arg(z')[2n]
arg () = arg(z) - arg(z')[2r]
6. Trigonometric andexponential form of acomplex number
Z = a + ib Algebraic form of z
a=rcos
z = r(cos 0 + isin) Trigononnetric form of z b=rsin
Geometric form of z
Z=re Exponential form of z
Properties: Let z = rei and z' =r'ei!
" zz'= relo, r'eie' = (rr)ei(0+0)
relo)
re e'(0-o')
" z" = (reio)" =r gino
-=)e-o
Z= reio = re-l6
-reio = rel(0+n)
7. Geometric interpretation
AC
Let Z' = A e l : r= AB and arg(2) = 0 (2n] = (AB, AC) [2m]
" |fe = kn then A, B and C are collinear
" Ife= (2r] then ABC is a right triangle at A
" Ifr= land kn then AB = AC and ABC is and isosceles triangle at A
" Ifr=1 and =t;+2kn then ABC is and equilateral triangle
" Ifr= 1 et e =#;t 2kn then ABC is a right isosceles triangle at A
AC
Let Z' = r e ! : r= and arg(Z') = 0 + 2kr = (DB, AC) + 2Kn
Zy-Zp DB
r=l and kn ’ DB = AC
0 = F+ 2kn ’ (AC) and (BD) are pependicular
0= kn ’ (AC) et (BD) are parallelor confounded
Locus:
" MEC(A, r) + AM =r+|zM - Z l= r
" MEto perpendicular bisector of [AB] > MA = MB ZM - z4l = |ZM - zgl
" MElo circle of diameter [AB] deprived from Aand B (ME, M¢) = + = re*; ZM-ZA
Equation of a circle: x'+ y'-2ax - 2by +c= 0
Center (a, b) Radius R = Va' + b2-c
(x- a)² +(y- b)²= R?
