Mathematics HandBook

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COMPLEX NUMBER

1. DEFINITION :
Complex numbers are defined as expressions of the form a + ib where
a,beR &i=i.
It is denoted by z i.e. z= à +ib. 'a' is called real part of z (a= Re z) and 'b' is called
part of z (b = Im z).
imaginary
Every Complex Number Can Be Regarded As

Purely real Imaginary

if b= 0 ifb 0

Purely imaginary
if a = 0
Note :
(1) The set R of real numbers is a proper subset of the Complex Numbers. Hence the Complex
Number system is
Nc Wc Ic Q cR C.
(ii) Zero is both purely real as well as purely imaginary but not imaginary.
(ii)i=-1 is called the imaginary unit. Also i=l; P=i; =1 etc.
(iv) ya b =yab only if atleast one of a or b is non-negative.
2. CONJUGATE COMPLEX :
If z=a+ ib then its conjugate complex is obtained by changing the sign of its imaginary part &
is denoted by~. i.e. Z =a - b.
Note that :
(1) z + } = 2 Relz)
(ii) z-~ = 2i Imlz)
(iiü) z~ =a +b2 which is real
(iv) If z is purely real then z -Z = 0
(v) If z is purely imaginary then z +Z = 0

3. REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER IN VARIOUS FORMs

(a) Cartesian Form (Geometrical Representation) : ^ Imaginary
axis
Every complex number z=X+iy can be represented by a point on the cartesian
plane known as complex plane (Argand diagram) by the ordered pair (%,y).
Length OP is called modulus of the complex number denoted by z&
is called the principal
argument or amplitude, (0 e, a). Real axis

e.g.lzl=Jx +y &0 =tan- (angle made by OP with positive x-axis), x > 0

Geometrically |z| represents the distarnce of point P from origin.(z 0)

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(b) Trigonometric /Polar Representation

z=r(cos 0+isin 0) where lz=r;arg z= 0; 7 =r (cos -i sin 0)
Note : cos + isin is also written as CIS .
Euler's formula :
The formula e* = cosx + isin x is called Euler's formula.
e + e-k
Also COs X = & sinx = are known as Euler's identities.
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(c) Exponential Representation
Let z be a complex number such that |z| =r & arg z 0, then z= r.e
4. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE :
(a) (Z) =z (b) Z + Z = Z,+ Z,
(c) Z, - Z = (d) z Z =Z. ,
(e)
Z
() IIfis a polynomial with real coefficient such that f(a + iß) = x + iy, then fla -ip) = X- iy.
5. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF MODULUS :
(a) z| 0 (b) |z| > Re (z) (c) lz Im (z)
(d) (z| = |z|= -z|=FZ| (e) zZ = lz (f) 2, 24l = 2,-2

(g) -
(h) |z°| = zl

(i) lz + z,12= lz,]2 + Iz,|2+ 2Re(z,z,)

or
lz, + z,|2 =lz, |2 + lz,12 +2lz,llz,l cos(e, - 8,)

(9 llzl-lz,llslz+,lslz,l+l4| (Triangular Inequality]

[Triangular Inequality]
a+va+4
(m) z+=a(a >0), then max lzl = 2

&min Izl=(Na +4-a)

6. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF AMPLITUDE :

(a) 4) amp (Z.z,) = amp z, + amp 2, + 2 k; keI

(i) amp = amp Z - amp z, + 2 kn; keI

(ii) ampz) = n amplz) + 2k,
where proper value of k must be chosen so that RHS lies in (-, ).
(b) log(z) = log(ree) = logr+ i0 = log lzl +i ampz)

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DE'MOIVER'S THEOREM :
The value of (cos +isin )" is cosn0 +isinn0 if 'n' is integer &it is one of the values of (cos + isinr if nisa

rational number of the fom p/q, where p & q are co-prime.

theory or equation,
NOre ontinued product of roots of a complex auantityshould be determined using
8. CUBE ROOT OF UNITY :
i/3
(a) The cube roots of unity are 1, o = -1+iV3 =en/3 R
o?-1- e4r/3

2
2

is not integral multiple of 3

(b) 1+ o+ o² = 0, o²= 1, in general 1+ o' + o =||0, r
|3, r is multiple of 3
(c) a + b² + c2 - ab - bc- ca = (a + bo + coXa + bo + co)
a + b = (a + b\la + obla + ob)
a- b = (a- b\a -ob) (a - ob)
x²+ x + l= (x- o% -o)
9. SQUARE ROOT OF COMPLEX NUMBER :

Va +ib=t Wel+ad-a
+i for b> 0 &+ for b<0where lz l= Va+b2
2 2 2 2

10. ROTATION : Clz)

Z-Zo
Take in anticlockwise direction Alz) Bz)
11. GEOMETRY N COMPLEX NUMBER:

(a) Distance formula : lz, -z,I = distance between the points z, &z, on the Argand plane.
nz, + mZ
(6) Section formula : If2,&z, are two complex numbers then the complex number z= m + n
divides

the join of z, & z, in the ratio m:n.

(c) lfthevertices A, B, Cof a triangle represent the complex numbers z,, z,, Z, respectively, then:
Centroid of the AABC
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Orthocentre of the A ABC

(a sec A)z, +(b secB)z, + (csec C)z

a sec A + b secB + csec C

tanC
oy Z1 tan A + z, tanB + z,
tan A + tanB + tan C

Incentre of the AABC = (az, +bz, +cz,)

(a+b+c)
Circumcentre of the AABC

(Z, sin 2A + z, sin 2B+z, sin2C)

(sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C)

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TRIANGLE:
11. RESULT RELATED WITH A(z,)

(a) Equilateral triangle :

....0)
B(z,)
a/3 /Cz)
Also 2-_43gn/3 ...)

from (i) & (1)

1. 1 1
=0
or

(b) Isosceles triangle :

A(z)

B() Clz)

then 4cos'u (z, -z,\z,-z) =4,-z

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(c) Area of triangle AABC given by modulus of Z2

12. EQUATION OF LINE THROUGH POINTS z, &z, :

Z 1=0’ z(z -Z,)+zlz, -z)+zZ, -ZZ, =0

’ z(2-Z,)i+ Z(2, -z,)i +ilz,,-Z2z) =0

where ae C& be R.
Let (z, -z,i = a, then equation of line is z+a~+b= 0|
Note :

Also note that slope of a line in Cartesian plane

) Complex slope of line joining points z, &z, is
is different from complex slope of a line in Argand plane.

(ii) Complex slope of line z +az +b =0 is -=be R

(ii) Two ines with complex slope u, & H, are parallel or perpendicular if ,=, r H, + = 0.
l ãa + aã. +bl
(iv) Length of perpendicular from point A(a) to line az +a~ +b= 0 is 2lal

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13. EQQUATION OF CIRCLE:
(a) Circle whose centre is z, & radius = r
lz- z, =r
(b) General equation of circle is
zz + az + z + b=0

centre '-a' & radius = a b

(c) Diameter fom (z-z,X2-Z,) +(z-z,Xz-z,) =0 or

argz-2 )
() Equation 2-3 =k represent a circle if k 1 and a straight line if k = 1.
Z-22|
(e) Equation lz -z, 12+ lz-z,|2=k P(2)

represent circle if klz-z,

2 1"

( arg Z-Z1 = 4
Z-Z

represent a segment of circle passing through A(z,) & Bz,)

14. STANDARD LOCI:
(a) lz-z, I + lz-z,I =2k (a constant) represent
() if 2k > Iz, -z,l ’ An ellipse
() I 2k =lz, -z,l Aline segment
(i)If 2k< lz, -z, I No solution
(b) Equation | lz-z, I- lz-z,ll= 2k (a constant) represent
() If 2k < lz -z,l ’ A hyperbola
(ii) If 2k =lz, -2,l ’ A line ray
’ No solution
(i)2k > Iz, - 2,!

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