COMPLEX NUMBER

COMPLEX NUMBER

4. Division :
1. DEFINITION
z 1 a + bi a + bi c - di
~= c+di = c+di · c-di
A number of the form a + ib, where a, b E R and i = ~ ,
is called a complex number and is denoted by 'Z'. = (ac+ bd)+ ( bc-ad)i
c2 +d2 c2+d2

lz = [!] + illill
,1. ,1.
Re(z) Im(z)
a+ ib = c + id
I
1.1 Conjugate of a Complex Number I 1.
<:::>a=c&b=d
For a given complex number z =a+ ib,
- - l r=O
its conjugate ' z ' is defined as z = a - ib
i:
2. ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX NUMBERS 2.
·4t+r
I =
j
-1; r = 2
-i; r = 3
r =1

Let z 1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id be two complex numbers 3. ✓a ✓b =~ only if atleast one of either a or b

where a, b, c, d E R and i = ~ . is non-negative.
1. Addition :
3. ARGAND PLANE
z 1 + z2 =(a+ bi)+ (c + di)
=(a+ c) + (b + d) i A complex number z = a + ib can be represented by a
unique point P (a, b) in the argand plane.
2. Subtraction :
=(a+ bi) - (c + di)
=(a-c)+(b-d)i lm(z)

3. Multiplication :
P (a, b)
z 1 • z2 =(a+ bi) (c + di) b -······--··•
:
= a (c +di)+ bi (c + di) ..!
= ac + adi + bci + bdi2 a Re(z)

= ac-bd +(ad+ be) i

Z =a+ ibis represented by a point P (a, b)

 3.1 Modulus and Argument of Complex Number 13.2 Principal Argument
If z = a + ib is a complex number The argument ' 0 ' of complex number z = a+ ib is called
principal argument of z if -1t < 0 ~ 1t.

Im(z)
Let tan Cl= l~I, and 0 be the arg (z).

(a, b) P

P(a, b)

0 (0, 0) Re(z)
0

aJg (z = a. aJg (z) = '1-a.

(i) (ii)

(i) Distance of Z fwm origin is called as modulus of complex

number Z.

It is denoted by r =I~= ✓a + b
2 2

(ii) Here, 0 i.e. angle made by OP with positive direction of

real axis is called argument of z.

P (a, b) P (a, b)
arg (z) =1t + a arg (z) = 21t - a
(iii) (iv)

2 > z 2 or 2 1 < z2 has no meaning but lz 11> jz2 j or lz 11< l2il

1

holds meaning. 1n (iii) and (iv) principal argument is given by-1t + a and
- a respectively.
 14. amp (z 1 • z2) = amp z 1 + amp z2 + 2 k1t ; k E I
4. POLAR FORM

P (a, b)
15. amp ( :J = amp z 1 - amp z2 + 2 k1t ; k E I

16. amp(z0 ) = n amp(z) + 2k1t ; k E I

r sin 8
6. DE-MOIVRE'S THEOREM

Statement : cos n 0 + i sin n 0 is the value or one of the

values of (cos 0 + i sin 0)" according as if 'n' is integer or
a rational number. The theorem is very useful m
a= r cos 0 & b = r sin 0; determining the roots of any complex quantity
where r = lzl and 0 = arg(z)
7. CUBE ROOT OF UNITY
z =a+ ib
= r (cos 0 + isin 0) Roots of the equation x3 = 1 are called cube roots ofunity.
x3-l=O
2
(x - I) (x + x + I) = 0
x= I or x2 + x + 1 = 0
Z = rei8 is known as Euler's form; where
-1+ ✓3i -)- ✓Ji
r =IZI & 8 = arg(Z) i.e x = - - - or x = - - -
2
w
5 . SOME IMPORTANT PROPERTIES

-I+i✓J -1-i✓J
1. (z) = z (i) The cube roots of unity are I , - - -
2 2
2. z+ z = 2Re(z) (ii) w3 = 1
3. z - z = 2i Im(z) (iii) If w is one of the imaginary cube roots of unity then
I +w+w2=O.
(iv) In general I + wr + w 2r = 0 ; where r E I but is not the
multiple of 3.
(v) In polar form the cube roots of unity are :
6. I z I = o⇒ z = o
21t 21t 41t 41t
7. zz ~ z 12
cos O+ i sin O ; cos
3 + i sin
3 , cos
3 + i sin
3
(vi) The three cube roots of unity when plotted on the argand
plane constitute the verties of an equilateral triangle.
(vii) The following factorisation should be remembered :

9. lzl=lzl=l-zl a3 - b3 = (a - b) (a - rob) (a - orb) ;

x2 + x + I = (x - ro) (x - co2) ;
10. I Z1 ±z2 12= I Z1 12+ I Z2 12± 2 Re (21 z2)
a3 + b3 =(a+ b) (a+ rob) (a+ co2b);
11. I z 1 + z2 I ~ I z 1 I+ I z2 I (Triangle Inequality)
12. I z 1 - z2 I ~ I lz 1 1-1 z2 II a3 + b3 + c3 -3abc =(a+ b + c) (a +rob+ ore) (a+ orb+ roe)
2 2 2
13. I az 1 - bz2 i2 + I bz 1 + az2 1 = (a2 + b ) (I z 1 1 + I zJ)
 th
8. 'n' n ROOTS OF UNITY 9. SQUARE ROOT OF COMPLEX NUMBER

Solution of equation x" = l is given by

Let x + iy = .Ja + ib , Squaring both sides, we get
2k1t . . 2k1t (x + iy}2 = a + ib
x =cos-+1sm- ; k = 0, l , 2, ... , n- I
n n
1.e. x 2 - y2 = a, 2 xy = b
•

,(2kx) ;k = 0, 1, ..... , n - 1
Solving these equations, we get square roots of 2 .
=e D

10. LOCI IN COMPLEX PLANE

(i) 12 - 2) = a represents circumference of circle, centred

at 20 , radius a.
l. We may take any n consecutive integral values of k (ii) 12 - 2 1 < a represents interior of circle
0
to get 'n' ndt roots of unity.
(iii) 12 - 2) > a represents exterior of this circle.
2. Sum of 'n' ndt roots of unity is zero, n e N
(iv) 12 - 211= 12 - 221represents 1- bisector of segment
3. The points represented by 'n' nth roots ofunity are located with end points 21 & 2r
at the vertices ofregular polygon of n sides inscribed in
a unit circle, centred at origin & one vertex being one
2- 2 k {circle, k :;>!: 1 }
+ve real axis. (v) - -1 = represents :
2-22 1-bisector, k = I
Properties :
(vi) arg (2) = 8 is a ray starting from origin (excluded)
If 1 , a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ••••• an _ 1 are the n , nth root of unity
inclined at an L 8 with real axis.
then :
(i) They are in GP. with common ratio ei(27tln) (vii) Circle described on line segment joining 2 1 & 22 as
diameter is :
(ii) Ip + a p1 + a 2p + .... +a Op_ _ [O, if p
1 - .
kn :;,!:
where k e Z
n, 1f p =kn (2-2 1)(z-2i) +( 2-22 )(z-~) = o.

(viii)Four pts. z" z2, z3, 2 4 in anticlockwise order will be

concyclic, if & only if
0, if n is even
(iv) () + a 1)(1 + Ui) ....... (I + an - 1) = [ .f . d
1, 1 n ts o d

(v) 1 · a, · <li · a 3 ••••• •••• an -

_ [-1,1, ifif nn isis even
1 - odd

⇒ arg (
22
-
z1 -z4
24
) - arg.(
22
-
z1 -z3
23
)=2n1t ; (nel)

sin (n8/2)
oos8+oos28+oos38+_... +oosn8= sin( / ) oos
(n +
2
1) 8.
8 2

. . . . _ sin(n8/2) . (n+l)
sm8+sm28+sm38+ ..... +smn8- sin( / ) sm - - 8.
8 2 2
⇒ (22 -
zt -Z4
z 4 )x(
21
-z3 ) is real & positive.
Z 2 -Z3
 11. VECTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX 12. SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS

Every complex number can be considered as if

(i) If z 1 and z 2 are two complex numbers, then the distance
it is the position vector of that point. If the point
between 21 and 22 is 122 - 211.
P represents the complex number z then,
(ii) Segment Joining points A (z 1) and B(22) is divided by point
➔ ➔ P (z) in the ratio m, : m2
OP =z & I OP I = Iz I.
mz+m2
then z = 1 2 2 1
, m and ~ are real.
1
m1 +m2

C (2i) (iii) The equation of the line joining 2 1 and 2 2 is given by

y

z z
Q(z) 21 z. 1 = 0 (non parametric form)
z2 2i 1
P(z)

X Or

z- z1 = z- z2
z-z. z-z2

(iv) az + az + b = Orepresents general form of line.

(v) The general eqn. of circle is :
➔ ➔
(i) IfOP =z=rei 8 then OQ =z1 =rei(O + ♦) =z . e~. 22 + az + az + b = o (where b is real no.).

➔ ➔
If OP and OQ are of unequal magnitude then
Centre : (-a) & radius ✓I a 12 -b = .Jaa -b.
A A .
1
OQ =OPe •
(vi) Circle described on line segment joining z 1 & z 2 as diameter
(ii) If z" Zi, z 3, are three vertices of a triangle ABC described IS :
in the counter-clock wise sense, then

z3 - z 1 AC AC . Iz - z1 I .
- -- =-(cosa.+isina.)=-.e•a = 3 .era.
Z2 - z, AB AB IZ2 - Z1 I
(vii) Four pts. 2 , 2 ,
1 2
z 3 , z 4 in anticlockwise order will be Important Identities
concylic, if & only if

8 = arg . z 2 -z4 = arg (z2 -z3 )

( z -z 2 -z
J
1 4 1 3 2 2
(ii) x - x + 1 = (x + ro) (x + ro)

2 2 2
(iii) x + xy + y = (x-yro) (x-yro )

(iv) x2- xy + y2= (x + roy) (x + yro2)

2
(v) x2+y =(x+iy)(x-iy)

(vi) x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x + yro) (x + yro2)

⇒ (22 -
z, -
24

24
) x(
21
-
23

22 - 2 3
) is real & positive.
3 3 2
(vii) x - y = (x - y) (x - yro) (x - yro )
(viii) If z" z2, z 3 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle
where z0 is its circumcentre then • · ")
( vm x2 + y2 + z2 - xy -yz - zx = ( x + yro +zoo2) ( x+yro2 + zro1\

1 I
~)--+--+--=0 or
2
(xro + yro + z) (xro + yro + z)
2

2 2
or (xro + y + zoo ) (xro + y + zoo).

2
(c) z 2I +z 2 +z 23 =3z 02 3 3 3
(ix) x + y + z - 3xyz = (x + y + z) (x+roy+ro z)
2

2
(ix) If A, B, C & D are four points representing the complex (x +ro y+roz)
numbers z" z2 , z 3 & z4 then

AB 1 1 CD if is purely real ;

24 23
AB 1- CD if - is purely imaginary ]
22 -z,
(x) Two points P (z,) and Q(z2) lie on the same side or opposite
side of the line az + az + b accordingly as az1 + az; +band
az 2 + az2 + b have same sign or opposite sign.