[SENIOR EAPCET 8 JEE(MAIN) MATHEMATICS MATERIAL. 4, Introduction ; it was found that the system of real numbers was inadequate as it contained no number whose square is a negative number, 80 a new symbol with the property ? =~ 1 was introduced. This has led tothe introduction of the concept of a complex number. 2, Definition : A complex number may be defined as an ‘ordered pair of real numbers and may be denoted by (x ¥) where x is called real part of the complex number and y is called imaginary part of the complex number ‘and may be denoted by Re(z) and Im(z) respectively. It can be represented in the form z= x + ly. 3. _ Acomplex number's said to be purely real ifimaginary partis zero and imaginary if real partis zero. 4. Equality of two complex numbers : Two complex numbers (x,,¥,) ad (Xp, ¥q) are said to be equal ifand only if x, = x, and y; = Yo 5. Ordered relations : There is no order relation in the ‘set of complex numbers as in the case of the set R of, the real numbers. There is no meaning forthe statements 2, > 2, 0°2, <2 6 a,b Rt thenyma y—b + Vab but Va Vb =-Vab 7. Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of ‘complex numbers : fz, =x, + iy, andz, =x) iy, be ‘two given complex numbers then a) 2, +2, = 0; +) +104 *¥2) 1b) 24 — Zp = (Hy Xa) +14) ¥a) ©) 242 = Haha Ys¥o) * WV * Ys) eth xy +)2" ds "=(-1)"? ifn iseven integer aie at ei()) 2 tmis od integer number gate is denoted by 2 andis 4).4 9, a a 1 e) Re(z)= 2 (z+ Z) Im) = 9) z2=|z/* 40. Modulus of a complex number : Let 22% + ly then modulus of z is denoted by | is positive square root of x? + y7i.e., J2|=|xtiyJ- ye +9? Properties’of modulu: ifz=0 2 || 112 (triangle inequality) ty kay ezjutinns zg) stay M4 129 | sent beg 1 ey #29124 Ley zyl?= 2th2yl?+ Lz D lz, +2gl2= leyl2+ lapl? + 2Re(e, Z) k) lzy—z_l?= lay|? + lz,|2-2Re@zZ) » kit laf +e’ ¢ ie purely maginery (2,20) ) faz, ~bz, |? +|bz,+az,|? =(a?+b2X{ 12, |? + 2917} m) |2"| = |z|" where n is a positive integer. 41. zisa complex number. Then {Re(2)| +|Im(z9] < V2 2}- SENIOR EAPCET A JEE(MAIN) MATHEMATICS MATE! 12. Argument or amplitude of a complex number : et mason | ‘The argument of a Me, yore th of the system of ‘equations. x y 0 = sin = er Ve +y Je +y? 115s one solution of the above system of equations every value of 2nr + 8, are called the general values otz. Principal value of argument is the argument which satisfies the inequality -m < arg z <™- itis usually denoted by pr. Ara(z)- [A simple process to calculate arg z. Y (imaginary axis) x e-@) |g ene) yy Letz=x-+ iy and a= tan |y/x| then 2) Hfx>Oy>0O then pr. Arg z= a b) ixOthen pr. argz=n-a ‘¢) ifx> Oy <0 then pr. argz=-a 4) Hx0,y=0 then pr.argz=0 f) fx<0,y=0 then pr. argz=n g) Hy>0,x=0then pr. arg z= /h) Ify <0, x=Othen pr. arg z COMPLEX NUMBERS AND DEMOIVRE's. 49. SQUARE ROOT OF A COMPLEX ‘The square root of z= 2 + ibis Varib =* er 20. Euler's formula : a) 0080 +isinB=e” b) cos @-isin@=e” 21, Trigonometric or polar form of a complex numye, Lotz=x+iy.%Y ER ANd X= 10088, y =r cing forb <9 2=£(cos® + isin®) = rcis@=re®. Here @ should be taken as pr. arg z General value of the arguments Z = rfoos(2nm + 6) + isin (2nm + @)}= reo ney 22. Cube roots of unity : a) The cube roots of unity are 1, @ and w? where iv3 4) + a + a?" = 0 if nis nota multiple of 3. i) +o + a?" = 3 if nis a multiple of 3 ube roots of unity lie on the unit circle and divide ts Circumference into three equal parts 1) If 1, «, a? are taken as vertices of a triangle then t forms an equilateral triangle. 9) Cube roots of —1 are—1,—-w,—w?. h) 23+ 1= (z+ 1)(@ +0) (z+ w) 1) Cube roots of any real number‘a' are a'9, alo, Sq, equation roots H1=0 ©, oF xt 150 0, -aF? 2P+2x+4=0 20, 20? H2x+4=0 2a, 20? taxta®=0 ao, au? Fourth roots of unity: For the equation z* = 1 roots are fourth roots of unity Which are 1, j, ~1,-1, whose sum is 0 and product § 1. They form a square. 24. roots of unity : Letz = 1!" then 2 =(C0s0+i sin 9)" = [cos (2km) + i sin (2kn)"" = =cis ——s@n me NUMBER SEMOR EAP late 2. &Lete ® =a, thenZ=(ci)Wherek=0, 1,2 oN), properties of n" roots of unity : ‘@) roots of unity form a G.P.with common ratio a © b) sum of n® roots of unity is zero. ¢) Product of n™ roots of unity is (1) 4) Sum of p® powers of n™ roots of is Sell atasne orn unity is zero. If pis ) Sum of p™ powers of n™ roots of unity is a tnd ityisn. Ifpisa 1) roots of unity lie on the unit circle and divide its circumference into n equal parts. r 25, Roots of a complex number : Let z = a+ ib be a ‘complex number and let r (cos@ + i sin @) be the polar formofz z= (a+ ib)” =r (cos @ +i sin 6)" = [om{2) 102) wcnerne van of 2", ‘To get distinct values of 2" replace @ by 2kn + 0. sam if P(x, y) is a point in the plane, then the (x, y) represents a complex number z= x + iy. number z =x + iy is known as the affix of P. Thus there exists a one - one ce between the points of the plane and he set of all complex numbers ie for every z= x+y there exists uniquely a point ‘and for every point (x,y) of the plane complex number complex number : + ly can be represented by the .y) in a two dimensional OP and arg zis makes with the Lis |), 6 iB, z,, z, are affixes of the vertices of a triangle Nee 31. COMPLEX NUMBERS AND DEMOIVRE’S THEOREM Pon y Distance between two points : Let z, =a, +ib, and 2, =, + ib, be two complex numbers represented by the points P and Q respectively in the argand plane then Via, ~a,? +(6, -bF =|2, -2)| a) If two points P and Q have affixes z, and z, respectively in the agrand plane, then the affix of a point R dividing PQ internally in the ratio m : n is ma, +nz, m+n b) IFR divides PQ externally in the ratio m:n then affix mz, —n2z pos Z+Z, {mid point of PQ then affix of Ris a 2 +Z.+Zs then the affix of its centroid is Condition for Collinearity i) if there are three real numbers (other than 0) /,m and nsuchthat i, + me, +nz,=Oand/+m-+n=0, then ‘complex numbers z,,Z, and z, will represent collinear points. il) fz,,z,,2, are collinear points then o)arg (2, —2,)=2ra (25-21) d)Z,,252,ar0 in AP. 2,2, z, the vertices of a regular polygon of n sides and z, be its centroid then Zee Ze vont Beenae A(z,), B(z,), C(z,) are the vertices of an equilateral triangle ABC, whose circumcentre is D(z,), then at AS ee ed. 2) +2, +2, = 329 Equation of a straight line : a) Equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line ‘segment joining points having affixes z, and z, is 2%, -2,)+ Zz, -22) 4a’ -l22P(COMPLEX NUMBERS AND DEMOIvre-, [SENIOR EAPCET 8 JEE(MAIN) MATHEMATICS MATERIAL ue b) Parametric form :z=tz, + (1-t)2, where t € R ©) Equation of a straight ine joining the points: having affixes z, and z, in non - parametric form is 2 4 z 4&1 2 % 1 4) The general equation of a straight line is of the form ag + @z+b=Owherea =~i(z,-2,) | a i(Z, - Z)andb=i(z, Z, - Zz) =0 caemeertcrteeeica0 (3) 1) Ifw, and w, are the complex slope of two lines on theargand plane, 4) Ifthe lines are perpendicular then w, + w,=0 ) {the lines are parallel then w, = Ww. 9) The length of the perpendicular from a point z, to the line az + az +b=Oisgiven by az, +82, +b 2\al ‘The equation of circle whose centre is at point having aff z, and radius Ris [2-z,] = R (a) [2-2,] R represents exterior of th 4 2d Ff the cirlce of 4 95. 22 +82 + 2z+b=Orepresents.a circle having den eb k 99. The equation of a circle passing through thr having affixes z, z, and 2, is Yee p, Semon ig ae ae tt 2-2, \22-2s 2-2, \2,-2, : 40. Iffour points having affixes 24.25.25, 2, are cn, b hy c ) rus be purely rea) % 41, Some standard loci in the argand pla iit variable pointand 2,,7,are two fxed points inthe. plane then 1) l2—z,| = |2=z,] locus of zis the perpenga,, 43 bisector of the line segment joining z, ang," 2 aife—n+[2—2,|=K represent i) an ellipse if k > |z, ii)an empty setitk < |z, iil) aline segment if k = al r 4 Al $l2—z,|=k represents “ya Rebate lz, », as “)) Danempty setitk> - i) two rays it k= |z, ~z,| 4) lez,l? Vaeal= Lz, 2,1? tocus ofzes Circle with 2, and z, as the extremities of diamets 2 e-af +\z-z,P =K Ke R) will represents circle i K 2 —l2, —2, 5) lz2,| Beet loc ctznacie 2-2, 6) —|- oro =) (fixed) — locus of zis a segmet! of circle , z-2, 7)arg | —— , Pe a is a circle with, ‘and Z, as the extremities of diameter, z-z 8) Arg | <2 ” a Passing through z, and z,.\\ seMOR EAPCET A JEE(MAIN) MATHEMATICS MATERIAL " COMPLEX NUMBERS AND DEMOIVRE'S THEOREM 42, M2y,2,2, are the vertices ofan equilateral the following = conditions are true. a) zi +zPez2e22 422.4 W)(e)-2 +, -2)" eazy 1 93-2, ae =z 6)z, +02, + 0%2,=0 o)itz," +2,2, + 2,20 then, z,,2, forms anisosceles Triangle h ig Nifz,, ZZ, are vertices of an isosceles right angled triangle and right angled at z, then c Bitzi tz? 22(2,%2,) Mz,,2,.z, are distinct non-zero complex numbers and " @,b,ce R® such that 44, Logarithm of acomplex number: 4) logz=log [z| +iampz 2) log (1+/)= %log 2 + ind 3) logi=inz 4) i= Relations between trigonometric and hyperbolic functions k+ Jk? +4) value = 7 lL +f2—b| Ja | multiplied by e' its modulus by a in ee a. ‘sense through an 51. 87. ______ MATHEMATICS - Il AWOPage No. (}2. The area of triangle whose vertices are z, iz, z+i2 is liga 7[2F (etorms ght angled tinge, The area of tangle whose vertices are z, «2,2 + uzis Sup (itforms an equilateral triangle) Demoivre's theorem : 8) Demoivre's theorem for integral index ; if n is an Integer then (cos8 + i sin 8" = cos n8 +i sin n8 b) (6080 + isin 8° = cosn8~i sinn@ ©) (cos @-i sin 0)" = cos n@-isinn® 4) (c080 ~i sind)" = cos n0 + isin n@ Demoivre's theorem for rational index: If p/q (q>1) is ‘rational number then cos + isin is one of the "roots of (cos0 + isin 6)". a) H1z= 008 0+ isin @ then 1/2 = cos @—isin® b) (cis a) (cis B) = cis (a+ B) (1+ cos® +isin6)" +(1+ cosd— ising)" = 219578 cos 2 2 . Let 'n'be a positive integer. Then the value of 1b (oso 21 87) cosa 4 Den += 200 (°F) aa a (1 <5)" 3c BE ip (143) + (1-13)? -2"ca( =) in (Ses) +i) =2*en( 2) W cosa+cos+cosy=0 = sina+sinB +siny then ) Ycos3a=Scos(a+f+y) i) Ysin3a=3sin(a+B+y) ii) S{cos2a=0 vw Loos? iy Ysin2a=0 ” Yasin? a=3TERIAL SENIOR EAPCET &JEE| MATHEMATICS MAI SSR EAPCET & JEE(MAIN) MATHEMATICS MATERIAL _— vii) ZY cos(2a -B-y=3 vill) } sin(2o.-f - 7) =0 a + b cosf + c cosy=O=a sina + b sinB + c siny 59. a cos then \) Za’cos3a= 3abc cos(a+B+y) li) 2 a°sin3a. = 3abe sin(a+ B+) 80. Hz,=r, (cis®,),z,=1, (cis®,) then dz, +2,) =r +2 +288, cos(, —6,) ii) |z,-z,/ =H +r -2r TT, cos (8, — -6,) ii) lz, +z, +z, -z, = 2[7 + 2] wv) |z, +2,[° -|z,-2,P = 4r1, cos (8, -0,) zy Y 81. fz=cis@ then Pa] 7 itanne 62, HA+xy" = POPP XPM PX the 5 tN i) PoP Ps 2? cosa 4 2kn kre en Bhe)~(2. sin{ 2k 2kn, 7 2 Bol Ss inf Zis npn tue tumed 1 angle ‘in nou...