APWH | Unit One “The Global Tapestry from c. 1200 to c.

1450” Reading Questions

UNIT 1.1| Developments in East Asia from c. 1200 to c. 1450

Key term/event Definition (Who, What, When, Where…) Significance (Why this term matters)

Song Dynasty The Song Dynasty (960 - 1279) is The economy and technology in the
one of the empires in China, Song Dynasty is very important. They
inherited from the Tang Dynasty, had invented printing, paper, guns, and
which turned out to be very compasses. China has influenced many
successful. They had lost their other countries too, like Korea,
northern half to the Jin Empire but Vietnam, and Japan.
still turned out successful. The
Song Dynasty is in East Asia, and
more specifically, South China.

Grand Canal The Grand Canal is a cheap The Grand Canal is important because it
waterway system in China that was allowed China in the Song Dynasty to
built by the Song Dynasty. It become a very popular and significant
allowed for a lot of internal trading trading center in the world. This did
because it linked all of China’s boost the Song Dynasty’s economy and
main river basins. It is over 30,000 made it stable.
miles long and located in the
Eastern areas of China.

Champa Rice Champa Rice is a type of rice found Champa Rice is important because it has
in the Champa Kingdom in expanded China’s agricultural
Vietnam. It is drought-resistant productivity a lot in China. This rice has
and ripens quicker than normal allowed places where rice couldn't grow
rice. It was founded sometime like lowlands, riverbanks, and hills.
before the 11th Century. Zheng He Farmers could also make two harvests
sent out a lot of fleets to show his of rice each year, both in Summer and
 power and get tribute. Winter.

Tributary System One of the sources of income in the The Tributary System is important
government is the Tributary because this showed China’s power over
System. Other States had to pay or other countries and it helped keep the
give goods to the Chinese Emperor trade going. Japan, Korea, and the
to honor him. It started in the Han kingdoms in southeast China were
Dynasty. tributary states.

Kowtow Kowtow is a ritual where anyone The kowtow is important because it

who is greeting the emperor of shows respect and shows that they
China has to bow their head down recognize him as the Emperor of China.
so low that it reaches the floor.

Scholar Gentry The Scholar Gentry was a new The Scholar Gentry is important
social class created by the because it represents China’s beliefs,
expanding bureaucracy in the Song culture, and religion. They even
Dynasty. They are the people outnumbered the aristocracy (people
educated in Confucianism and who inherited their wealth). This shows
philosophy and are the most that China respects hard work and
important and influential social education.
class in China.

Foot Binding Foot Binding is a practice in China This is important because it shows the
in which young girls have their feet social status of a woman in the Song
wrapped so tightly that their foot Dynasty. It also shows how women were
bones don’t grow properly. This treated. This was considered elegant
was banned in 1912. and the smaller the feet, the better.

Zen Buddhism Zen Buddhism is a religion where Because Zen Buddhism combines both
both Buddhist and Daoist the religions of China and Buddhism,
principles come in. It's syncretic this became very popular among the
(fused) and also known as “Chan citizens of China. Many monasteries had
Buddhism”. Dharma in Buddhism popped up in big cities. This influenced
became known as “Dao”. Instead the lives of the citizens in China. Even
of formally learning and studying as the monasteries closed, people still
scriptures they learn more directly pursued Zen Buddhism.
and meditate.

Filial Piety Filial Piety is the duty of people to Filial Piety is important since respect is
respect and love their male head of a really important aspect of Confucian
the family, elders, parents, and beliefs, it allowed the Song to keep
rulers according to Confucian their rule over China.
beliefs.

Neo-Confucianism Neo-Confucianism developed in Neo-Confucianism is important because

China in around 770 and 840. It is a it became really popular in China, Japan,
syncretic system, which combines Korea, Vietnam, and other countries in
both Daoism and Buddhism. This is close contact with China. Religion
more rational and focused on changes how people think or act about
ethics. something.

Sinification Sinification is the spread of China’s Sinification is important because it

culture with countries in close spreads China’s culture throughout
contact with them. Asia, increasing China’s influence on the
world. Vietnam tried to stop it, but it
didn’t work.

Objective Key Developments

Explain the A. Explain how an imperial bureaucracy/meritocracy works.
systems of Imperial Bureaucracy (which had existed since the Qin Dynasty: 221 B.C.E.-207
government B.C.E.) is a big organization where people appointed people to carry out the
employed policies of the empire. This strengthened the dynasty under the Song.
by Chinese
dynasties
B. How did the Song Dynasty’s imperial bureaucracy represent political continuity?
and how
they The Song Dynasty’s imperial bureaucracy represents a political continuity because
developed they all enforced their policies in the same method through the appointed
over time. officials, so they continued in the same way.

C. How did the imperial bureaucracy change over time?

Imperial bureaucracy changed over time because Emperor Taizu had made the
Civil Service Exams, which provided educational opportunities for the lower class.
They could get better jobs and show their merit by scoring well on the exams
(they were based on Confucian texts). This allowed people to move up the social
hierarchy. It's more flexible than others. That is why it is called Meritocracy.

D. How did Song China also utilize Confucianism to maintain control (see pg. 8)?
Song China utilized Confucianism to maintain control to keep filial piety. (In
Vocab).

E. How did China’s imperial bureaucracy/meritocracy lead to the decline of the Song?
Imperial bureaucracy led to the decline of the Song because it grew so much that
there were too many jobs and they paid the officials a lot. They increased the
government costs so much that China’s wealth started declining.

Explain the A. What lasting economic impact did the Tang Dynasty have on the Song Dynasty?
effects of The Tang Dynasty promoted agriculture, improved roads and canals, pushed
innovation foreign trade, and spread technology. This enabled the Song Dynasty to grow as
on the well.
Chinese
economy
B. Trade networks:
over time
● How did the Grand Canal allow Song China to flourish economically?
The Grand Canal allowed Song China to flourish economically because it was a
cheap internal waterway system that allowed China to become an important
trading center in the world.
● What major trade network allowed China to trade items and technology (like guns) with Eurasia?
The Silk Roads allowed China to trade items and technology with Eurasia.
● What two major developments allowed Song China to trade by sea?
China had developed the compass, which helped traders navigate the sea. They
also redesigned the ships to carry more goods. China also printed paper
navigation charts that made sailing possible in open water without people relying
on the sky for direction.

C. Give examples of and explain how innovations in agriculture led to population growth and economic success.
Innovations in Agriculture led to population growth and economic success
because:
➔ Farmers put manure on the fields to fertilize the soil.
➔ They built irrigation systems with ditches, water wheels, pumps, and
terraces which increased productivity.
➔ Buffalo and Oxen had pulled heavy plows and had cultivated the land.
There was a lot of food because of these methods and because of that, the
population of China increased from 25% to 40% of the world population.

D. China’s earlier discovery of coal led to the manufacturing of steel.

● How did steel impact Song China?
Steel had impacted Song China because they could use it to make/reinforce
bridges, gates, and ship anchors, and improve agriculture equipment. They also
used it to make religious items, like pagodas and Buddhist figures.
 ● List three other items of trade from Song China.
➔ Porcelain
➔ Silk
➔ Textiles
➔ Tea
(Artisans or skilled craft workers, had manufactured a lot of these products, as
there aren’t large-scale factories yet).

E. Song China became increasingly commercialized during proto-industrialization.

● Explain what commercialization means for an economy.
Commercialization is the process of bringing new services/goods to the markets.
China’s economy has changed from local consumption to market production.

● Explain how Song China continued to rely on free peasant and artisan labor.
Song China continued to rely on free peasant and artisan labor because instead of
factories, they relied on home or community-based production using Artisans.
They didn’t rely on free labor for the government and instead paid people to work.
This increased the money that was in circulation which also increased the
economy.

F. Explain how the Tributary System supported both economic and political power for Song China.
In the Tributary System, other states had to pay money and give goods to the
emperor. This gave the Emperor more political and economic power as it
increased trade, contact with other states, and increased stability.

Explain the A. Prior to the Song Dynasty, most of Chinese society lived in rural areas. How does Song China differ from earlier
effects of history, and what makes this change happen?
Chinese Song China differed from earlier history because it became very urbanized. It had
cultural a lot of cities that had over 10,000 people. Some cities were Chang’an (an ancient
traditions on capital), Hangzhou (the southern end of the Grand Canal), and the port city of
East Asia
Guangzhou.
over time.
B. From most powerful to least powerful, list the six classes of social hierarchy.
➔ The Scholar Gentry
➔ Farmers
➔ Artisans
➔ Craftsmen
➔ Merchants (the Merchants are low in rank because according to Confucian
beliefs, China respects hard work, and Merchants don’t do much of that).
➔ Peasants

C. What evidence is there that Chinese society was patriarchal (male-dominated)?

China was patriarchal because they both respected women but still expected them
to listen to men. They also had to practice foot-binding.

D. Intellectual pursuits, such as literature, thrived in the Song Dynasty. What inventions from earlier Chinese
history allowed this to happen?
➔ The Chinese invented paper in the 2nd Century and made a system of
printing, called woodblock printing in the 7th Century. They were the first
to use it and this made books widely available to people, especially
Confucian texts, increasing reading and poetry.

E. Buddhism continued to shape societies in Asia, especially in Song China.

● How did it migrate to China?
Buddhism was born in India and it migrated to China through the Silk Roads. In
the 7th Century, a Buddhist monk: Xuanzang helped increase the popularity of
Buddhism in China.

● What do the three main types (Theravada, Mahayana, and Tibetan) of Buddhism have in common?
➔ Theravada Buddhism: focused on personal spiritual growth in silent
 meditation and self-discipline. It was strong in Southeast Asia.
➔ Mahayana Buddhism: focused on spiritual growth for all beings and on
service. It was strong in China and Korea.
➔ Tibetan Buddhism: focused on chanting. It is the strongest in Tibet.
All three of these believe in the Four Noble Truths which say that personal
suffering can be stopped by stopping any desires and focusing on following
Buddhism. They also believe in The Fold Paths (which are the right speech,
livelihood, action, effort, concentration, mindfulness, view, and intention.) which
leads to nirvana (enlightenment).

● Explain how Zen Buddhism is a syncretic religion.

Zen Buddhism is a syncretic religion because it includes both aspects of Daoism
and Buddhism. It is also known as Chan Buddhism. Zen Buddhism focused on
direct experience and meditation rather than learning based on studying
scriptures. Because it had fused with China’s beliefs, Buddhism became very
popular in China.

● Buddhism posed a problem for the Tang Dynasty, who grew jealous. How did the Song Dynasty treat
Buddhism? (Make sure to include Neo-Confucianism in your answer).
The Song Dynasty had been okay with Buddhism but didn’t promote it. Instead, it
focused on its ideals like Confucianism. But because Buddhism became popular, it
started fusing with Confucians, creating Neo-Confucianism. This had more rational
thought.

F. For each of the following countries, analyze the process and impact of signification.
JAPAN
○ Similarities to China:
Japan is farther away from China than most countries so it was able to control the
spread of Chinese culture more than other countries could. There were
similarities:
➔ Japan promoted Confucianism
➔ They also learned how to do woodblock printing
➔ They also followed China's traditions in politics, art, and literature.
○ Differences:
➔ Japan had been a feudal society
➔ Japan writers had moved in different directions
➔ Japan is governed differently too (their emperor didn’t have that much
power, but the regional class held a lot of power).

● KOREA
○ Similarities to China:
Korea is in a very direct relationship with China as it is close by. The similarities
are:
➔ They have a tributary relationship
➔ Korea has the same politics and culture
➔ Their government is centralized in China’s style
➔ Korea has both Confucianism and Buddhism
➔ They used China’s writing style for a while

○ Differences:
➔ Korea eventually made its writing style.
➔ Aristocracy is more powerful in Korea than it was in China.
➔ The Korean Civil Service Exams weren’t open for peasants, so they weren’t
merit-based for entering the bureaucracy.

● VIETNAM
○ Similarities to China:
➔ Vietnam uses China’s writing stem and architectural styles
➔ Vietnam also uses meritocracy
○ Differences:
➔ Vietnamese women like more independence than Chinese women and
refuse to practice foot binding
 ➔ They also prefer nuclear families while Chinese like extended families
➔ There wasn’t any political centralization in Vietnam.
➔ There were more revolts in the country.

UNIT 1.2| Developments in Dar al-Islam

Key term/event Definition (Who, What, When, Where…) Significance (Why this term matters)

House of Wisdom The House of Wisdom is a The House of Wisdom is important

renowned learning center where because it preserved a lot of ancient
scholars from the Abbasid Empire scriptures and learning.
studied.

Hijab Hijabs is a term that can refer to Hijabs are important because they
either the practice of dressing represent a woman's identity and
modestly and/or a specific type of beliefs.
head covering.

Swahili Swahili is a Bantu language with This is important because it shows how
some Arabic words. It’s spoken in Islamic culture spread and affected
the coastal regions in East Africa. other areas.
It was spread through merchants
and trading.

Battle of Tours The Battle of Tours was one of the This is important because it marked the
rare battles that Islam lost. It was rapid Islamic expansion into Western
in 732 and it was against Frankish Europe. Muslims ruled Spain's property
forces. for the next seven centuries.

“People of the Muslims called Jews, Christians, This is important because this shows
Book” (Dhimmi) and themselves the “People of the that Muslims tolerated Jews and
Book”. Christians. It also shows that they
influenced each other.

Objective Key Developments

Explain how A. Throughout the chapter are references to the teachings of Islam and Muhammad. Go through and summarize the
systems of impact of Islamic teachings on:
belief and ● Tolerance:
their ➔ Since Muhammad told his followers to learn about other cultures even in
practices China. This made people more tolerant of some other religions (Muslims,
affected Jews, & Christians).
society in
➔ They called Muslims, Jews, and Christians the “People of the Book”.
the period
from c. 1200 ➔ They translated Greek stories into Arabic, which saved the work of Aristotle
to c. 1450. and other Greeks from disappearing.
➔ They learned paper-making from China.
➔ They also studied mathematical texts from India and gave the knowledge to
Europeans.

● Education:
➔ In the “golden age” of Islam, they delved into astronomy, law, logic, ethics,
math, philosophy, and medicine. He also laid the base of trigonometry.
➔ Medical advances improved and doctors and pharmacists had studied in
examinations for licenses that would allow them to practice medicine.
➔ Sociology and Historiography emerged.
➔ Poems and Literature were also made.

● Economics:
 In Islam, merchants were very important. Muhammad himself was a merchant and
so was his first wife. Due to this, Merchants are very wealthy in Islam.

● Slavery:
➔ Islam had prohibited slavery Muslims from enslaving other Muslims, Jews,
Christians, and Zoroastrians (Monotheists). But they allowed them to
enslave other people.
➔ Muslims had imported people from Africa, Kievan Rus (Russia, Ukraine,
Belarus), and Central Asia.
➔ There wasn’t any concept of hereditary slavery.
➔ Muslims let the slaves go if they converted to Islam.
➔ Enslaved women were allowed more freedom than legal wives.

● Women:
➔ Islamic Women had a higher status than Christian or Jewish women.
➔ Women would wear hijabs.
➔ Women could study and read, but not in the company of men not related to
them.
➔ Muhammad respected and loved his wives. He also said that dowries had to
be given to their future wives, not their fathers. He didn’t allow female
infanticide. His first wife even owned a business.
➔ Women could remarry if they were widowed.
➔ Women could also get a cash settlement if they were divorced. Sometimes,
they could even initiate a divorce. They could also get testimony in court.
➔ They could practice birth control.

Explain the A. The Abbasid Empire began to crumble in the 1100s and 1200s due to attacks from outsiders. Summarize the key
causes and characteristics/significance of each group below:
effects of ● Mamluks:
the rise of Egyptian Mamluks are people enslaved by the Arabs. They were often ethnic Turks
Islamic from Central Asia, to served as soldiers and bureaucrats. In Egypt, the Mamluks
states over had control of the government and made the Mamluk Sultanate. They traded
time.
cotton and sugar between the Islamic world and Europe. When the Portuguese
and other Europeans had made new sea routes for trade, the Mamluks went down
in power.
● Seljuk Turks:
They are Central Asian and also Muslims. They started in the 11th century and
started taking over some of the Middle East and went all the way over to Western
China. The Seljuk leader called himself the sultan.
● Crusaders:
The Abbasids allowed Christians to travel to and from their holy sites in and
around Jerusalem. The Seljuk had limited this. So, the European Christians made
groups of soldiers called Crusaders to reopen this travel.
● Mongols:
The Mongols are one of the most famous conquerors in history. They come from
Central Asia. They conquered the Abbasid Empire (1258) and ended the Seljuk
rule. They moved west but were stopped in Egypt by the Mamluks.

B. Explain what/how economic challenges also led to the decline of the Abbasid Empire.
The Abbasids had connected Asia, Europe, and North America since the 8th
Century. Goods had passed on controlled by the Abbasids, often through
Baghdad. Later, trade patterns slowly went north and Baghdad lost its place as
the center of trade. It also lost its wealth and population. Slowly, the
infrastructure that made Baghdad a great city slowly went down.

C. As new Islamic political entities emerged, they demonstrated several cultural continuities. Summarize them.
➔ They translated Greek classics into Arabic, like the works of Aristotle and
other Greek authors. That stopped the knowledge from disappearing.
➔ They studied mathematical texts from India and gave the knowledge to
Europeans.
➔ They also learned paper-making techniques from China. They spread the
 knowledge.

D. New Islamic political entities also demonstrated several cultural innovations. Explain how the following contributed
to this “golden age”.
● Nasiral-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274):
In the “golden age” of Islam, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi contributed to astronomy, law,
logic, ethics, math, philosophy, and medicine. He also laid the base of
trigonometry. There was also an observatory built under his direction, which was
the most advanced in this world and made the most accurate astronomical charts.
● Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406):
Ibn Khaldun was known for his historical accounts. He was the founder of
historiography and sociology.
● A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah (1460-1507):
A Sufi poet, A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah was a really important female poet before the
20th century. Her poems show the difference between Muslims and Sufis. Muslims
focus on intellectual pursuits like the Quran.

E. Summarize how the activities of Sufis, merchants, and the Islamic military led to the expansion of the Islamic
Empire.
● Sufis:
Sufis are mostly about grasping truths that can’t be acquired by learning. They
adapted to local cultures, and they mixed their elements into Islam, so Islam grew
more popular this way.
● Merchants:
Merchants were important in expanding the Islamic Empire because they traveled
around a lot, and they could spread their culture by talking to people from other
areas.
● Military:
The military helped expand the Islamic empire because they would fight in wars
that could help take over other areas.

F. How were slaves and women treated under Islam?

Slaves and Women had more freedom than other countries in Islam. Slaves were
free if they converted to Islam. Enslaved women were more free than legal wives.
However, Islamic Women have a higher status than Jewish or Christian women.

G. What was the impact of Islam in:

● Africa:
A lot of people in Africa were converted to Islam. They had soldiers and traded a
lot.

● Spain:
Islam had ruled Spain for a long time so their culture spread a lot throughout
Spain. They also traded a lot.

H. What marked the limit of Islamic expansion into Western Europe?

The Battle of Tours.

Explain the A. Looking back at intellectual innovations and cultural transfers, explain the significance of education and
effects of tolerance within the Islamic empire.
intellectual Tolerance was important in the Islamic Empire because not many other empires
innovation in were tolerant of other religions. Islam had accepted Christianity and Judaism
Dar al- because they were monotheistic. Education was also very significant because
Islam.
Islam made a lot of educational advancements that are still used nowadays, like
trigonometry.

UNIT 1.3| Developments in South and Southeast Asia

Key term/event Definition (Who, What, When, Where…) Significance (Why this term matters)
Delhi Sultanate The Delhi Sultanate is an Islamic This term matters because the Delhi
Kingdom in India. They had ruled Sultanate had forced both Hindus and
for 300 years. Islams to interact causing a political
standoff between both parties.

Jizya Jizya is a tax that the Delhi This term matters because it shows that
Sultanate imposed on all non- the Islams don’t like the Hindus.
Muslims in their empire.

Proselytize Proselytizing means to actively This term is important because Islam is

seek people to convert to their an empire that wanted to proselytize
religion. and it did try in India.

Caste System The Caste System is a social class This is important because it showed
in Hinduism that emphasizes social how the caste system is important in
hierarchy. India’s caste system is India and it changed how people had
the strongest in historical converted to Islam and how many
continuity. people stayed Hindus.

Qutub Minar The Qutub Minar is an Islamic The Qutab Minar is important because it
building in India. It is located in shows the influence of Islam on India
the Southern part of Delhi. They and the dominance of Northern India.
built a mosque on top of a Hindu The Qutab Minar is still the largest
temple. Over the mosque, is the structure in India today.
Qutab Minar

Bhakti Movement The Bhakti Movement is when This is important because it became
some Hindus focused on popular as it didn’t discriminate against
developing a strong attachment to women or people of low social status.
a deity instead of studying texts One of the most famous figures is Mira
and performing rituals. It started Bai, in the 16th Century.
in Southern India.

Angkor Wat Angkor Wat is an ornate and This is important because the ruins of
majestic Buddhist temple complex. Angkor Wat are still standing showing
In 1431, the Thais of the Sukhothai the sophistication and the powerful
Kingdom had invaded the area but influence of Indian culture in that
the ruins of it still stood. region.

Objective Key Developments

Explain how SOUTH ASIA

the various A. Most South Asians practiced which religions before the arrival of Islam?
belief Most South Asians practiced Hinduism before the arrival of Islam.
systems and
practices of B. Summarize the main differences between Hinduism and Islam.
South and Hindus pray to many gods (polytheistic), have many pictures of their deities in
Southeast
their temples and artwork, have a hierarchical caste system, and have several
Asia
affected sacred texts. Islam is strictly monotheistic, they disprove any visual
society over representation of Allah, have equality for all believers, and they only have the
time. Quaran.

C. The arrival of Islam was at first forceful, as Muslim rulers tried to force Hindu and Buddhist subjects to convert.
This was unsuccessful, which led to voluntary conversion - who voluntarily converted and why?
The people who voluntarily converted were lower-caste Hindus who came to hope
that their culture could improve their social status. Some Buddhists converted
because there was corruption among the monks and rais by Muslims left the
Buddhist religion disorganized, This made Buddhism become a minority religion in
India. Some Muslim merchants traded in the Indian Ocean moved to Indian port
 cities and got married there. Their wives would voluntarily convert.

D. Describe how Islam impacted the social structure of South Asia.

Islam didn’t change the caste system in India much. It was the strongest in
historical continuity. The caste system did adjust to newcomers. Merchants would
find their places there. People who tried to move from the lower class, however,
couldn't do that. People did find ways to adjust to a new faith but they couldn’t let
go of their traditions.

E. Describe how Islam interacted with and impacted South Asian culture.
Islam had interacted with South Asian culture a lot. One of the examples is the
Qutab Minar which was built directly on and next to a Hindu temple. It is still the
largest structure in India today. This shows the Islamic influence on India.

F. How do the Bhaktis and Sufis compare?

Strictly Bhaktis Comparative to Both Strictly Sufis

● Bhaktis helped ● Both mystical ● Sufis helped

spread Hinduism. movements (Inner spread Islam.
● Focused on reflection). ● Built a Mosque in
developing a ● Helped spread Delhi.
personal their own religion. ● Combined Hindu
attachment with a ● Made a new art with Islamic
deity through inner language called architecture.
reflection. Urdu, which
blended both
cultures.

SOUTHEAST ASIA
A. How did Islam spread to Southeast Asia? Why did many in Southeast Asia convert?
Islam spread to Southeast Asia first through local merchants who converted in the
700s, because they hoped to have better relations with Islamic merchants. Sufis
also helped spread Islam and people felt comfortable converting while still
honoring their deities.

Explain how SOUTH ASIA

and why A. How is South Asia characterized politically after the collapse of the Golden Age (Gupta Dynasty, 550)?
various South Asia had been in disunity for the next 1,000 years after the Gupta Dynasty
states of collapsed. North and South India had different political structures. Hinduism had
South and given some stability throughout India.
Southeast
Asia
B. Southern India was more stable than Northern India - summarize the two kingdoms that evidence this.
developed
● Chola Dynasty (850-1267):
and
maintained The Chola Dynasty had ruled over India for more than 400 years. In the 11th
power over Century, they had ruled even in Ceylon (Sri Lanka).
time.
● Vijayanagara Empire (1336-1646):
Also known as “Victorious City”. The Delhi Sultanate sent two brothers, Harihara
and Bukka (Hindu-converted Islam) there because they wanted to extend their
rule to South India. They once again had turned Hindu and established a kingdom.
The kingdom had declined when a group of Muslims overthrew it.

C. Northern India had more upheaval than Southern India - summarize the two states that evidence this.
● Rajput Kingdoms:
The Rajput Kingdoms were formed in present-day Pakistan. They were Hindu
kingdoms that were led by clans that fought with each other. Due to that, there
wasn’t any centralized government and because of that, they were vulnerable to
Muslim attacks. The Islams forced their way into India from the northwest and
 looted their temples. They also built mosques on top of the temples, which made
the followers very angry.

● Delhi Sultanate (13th-16th centuries):

The Delhi Sultanate is an Empire that Islam had established in India. They had
ruled for 300 years and the interaction between Muslims and Hindus had
dominated the political history of that era. Some people converted but most
didn’t like the Muslims and thought they were foreigners. They had put a tax
called “jizya” on non-Muslims in their kingdoms. They also didn't organize a
bureaucracy, so the kingdoms in India played an important role. They weren’t able
to extend their rule because the Mongols came and tried to take over, but they
fended off the attack. But later, the Mughals succeeded in taking over which is
when the Islamic reign ended.

SOUTHEAST ASIA
A. What countries of today correspond with the region of Southeast Asia?
Countries today that correspond with the region of Southeast Asia are China,
Malaysia, Indonesia, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam.
B. Summarize the importance of the sea-based kingdoms in Southeast Asia:
● Srivijaya Empire (670-1025):
Srivijaya Empire was a Buddhist Empire. It built up its navy and prospered by
charging fees for ships traveling between India and China. It was the religious
center in that area, so it was in power for centuries but declined because of the
expansion of the Majapahit Kingdom.

● Majapahit Kingdom (1293-1520):

It had 98 tributaries at its height. It got its power from controlling sea routes. It
was a Hindu kingdom (had strong Buddhist influences). The empire began
declining after some important leaders died and Islam started to grow in the area.

C. Summarize the importance of the land-based kingdoms of Southeast Asia:

● Sinhala Dynasties:
The Sinhala Dynasty is located in Sri Lanka. It started with immigrants from North
India. Then Buddhists came in the 3rd Century and the island became mainly
Buddhist. There were a lot of monasteries and nunneries. Both men and women
found this life of simple living attractive. Buddhist priests had served as advisors
to monarchs, which helped them create a new irrigation system that caused
economic growth. They were eventually conquered by invaders from India.

● Khmer Empire/Angkor Kingdom (802-1431):

The kingdom had complex irrigation and drainage systems which led them to
economic growth. It was one of the most prosperous kingdoms in Southeast Asia.
Indian religions influenced this Kingdom heavily. Eventually, they became
Buddhists over time and destroyed Hindu artwork. They also constructed the
famous Buddhist temple, Angkor Wat.

UNIT 1.4| Developments in the Americas

Key term/event Definition (Who, What, When, Where…) Significance (Why this term matters)

Cahokia Mississippians built enormous This term is significant because it shows

earthen mounds, some were as tall how the Mississippians built their
as 100 feet and had the area the architecture.
size of 12 football fields. The
largest one is called a Cahokia, in
southern Illinois.

Matrilineal Society A Matrilineal Society is where the This term is important because not
social standing is determined by many civilizations, states, and empires
the woman’s side of the family. were matrilineal, mostly patrilineal.
City-State A City-State is an area ruled by a This term is important because this was
king consisting of a city and the the Mayans’ main form of government.
surrounding territory. This was
used by the Mayans.

Tenochtitlan Tenochtitlan is the Capital City of This term is important because it shows
the Aztecs. It is now known as that the Aztecs were smart and found
Mexico City. It was located on an ways to make their place defended and
island in the middle of a swampy more innovative.
lake to protect it from attacks. It
had almost 200,000 people. In the
center of the city, they built a
pyramid 150 feet in the air.

Great Pyramid The Great Pyramid is a pyramid This is important because it shows how
that was built by the Aztecs and advanced the Mayans were in
was 150 feet tall. It was made of architecture.
stone.

Chinampas Chinampas are floating gardens This is important because the Aztecs
that the Aztecs built on top of Lake were also thinking of their economy and
Texcoco to increase the amount of how to feed the people.
space for food production.

Theocracy Theocracy is the rule by religious This is important because it shows the
leaders, which the Aztecs used. Aztec culture.

Pochteca Pochteca are a special merchant The Pochteca had gathered a lot of
class in the Aztecs that traded in wealth for their kingdom and trade
luxury goods. around, showing the Mayans had a good
economy.

Mit’a System The mit’a system is a system This is important because while other
where you have to do mandatory empires gave taxes to their subjects,
public service. Men between the the Inca Empire instead required them
ages of 15 and 50 had to provide to do some amount of work for the
labor including the construction of government.
roads.

Carpa Nan The Carpa Nan is a massive The Carpa Nan is important because the
roadway system built by using government and military mostly used
captive labor. these 25,000 miles of roads and they
needed bridges for mountains and high
places.

Objective Key Developments

Explain how Early Cultures

and why A. Explain how the Mississippian Culture organized their government and society.
states in the They had a rigid class structure which is as follows:
Americas 1. The Great Sun (A chief, that ruled each large town)
developed 2. Priests, nobles
and
3. Farmers, hunters, merchants, and artisans
changed
over time. 4. Slaves (usually prisoners of war)
The women farmed and the men hunted. It was a Matrilineal society.
Mississippians had a relatively strict type of caste system that they used to
determine the roles in society people would have.

B. How did the Mississippian Culture decline? Why might there be different theories?
The Missipian Culture had started to decline because people had started leaving
Cahokia around 1450 and other cities in 1600. One theory says that it was
because of weather extremes, causing the agricultural economy to collapse.
Another theory says that the diseases because of the Europeans had killed the
population.

C. How do the Chaco and Mesa Verde exemplify innovative advancements? Why did they have to do this?
The Chaco built big house structures with clay and stones. They had hundreds of
rooms. The Mesa Verde people built homes with several floors on the sides of
cliffs with bricks made of sandstone. They came up with these because they lived
in a dry region, so they made ways to collect, transport, and store water
efficiently. There weren’t many trees because of the climate so there weren’t any
supplies. Both groups later declined in the 13th century because of the climate
becoming drier.

The Maya City-States (peak: 250-900 CE)

A. Summarize the governing structure of the Maya.
● The Mayans used city-states.
● Most of the rulers were men but women ruled if there weren’t any options.
● Wars between city-states were typical some were overthrown. They usually
fought to gain tribute and captives to be used as human sacrifices.
● City-states had no standing armies, so governments required citizens to
provide military service if needed.
● The city-state was the strongest in a region and would dominate its
neighbors because there wasn’t a central government.
● Each Mayan king claimed to be from a god and the king directed the
activities of the priests and elite scribes who administered the affairs of the
state.
● The common people of the Maya were required to pay taxes, typically in the
form of crops, and to provide labor to the government.

B. Explain the role of religion in the Maya government and culture.

● In Maya, religion was very important. Priests had a lot of power and women
could be priests.
● The priests led religious ceremonies and festivals at regular times based on
the Mayan calendar.
● The Mayans were polytheists and the most important gods were the sun,
rain, and corn.
● The Mayans made offerings to the gods in hopes of their prayers being
answered and in temple ceremonies, war captives were killed as offerings
to the gods.

C. Why were the Mayans called the “Greeks of the New World” (give specific examples in your answer)?
The Mayans were called that because of their cultural achievements. Their
religion and science were closely connected. The priests studied the heavens and
calendars to predict the future and to determine if the time was right for war.
They didn’t have telescopes, but they were among the best astronomers and
mathematicians back then. One example is that they made a calendar more
accurate than Europe’s because they observed Venus.

The Aztecs (c. 1200-1500 CE)

A. How did the Aztecs utilize a tribute system to control their population?
● The Aztecs used a tribute system so that the conquered people were forced
to pay a tribute, surrender lands, and perform military service.
● Tributes were also goods like food, cloth, firewood, etc.
● The Aztecs let local rulers stay in their positions as tribute collectors. This
still gave them power, just not directly. The conquered people were
extended Aztec protection in exchange.

B. What other methods of control did the Aztecs utilize to govern?

The Aztecs grouped city-states into provinces. They would move warriors and
their families to each province's capital to ensure the province remained under
Aztec control. An Aztec official was placed in each capital to collect tribute from
local officials.

C. How was the Aztec society organized? What role did women have?
The Aztec society was organized as follows
1. Great Speaker (The ruler and a representative of the gods)
2. Land-owning nobles (most of the military leaders)
3. Scribes and healers
4. Craftspeople and traders (Pochteca: A special class for Merchants)
5. Peasants and soldiers
Aztec people could be enslaved, usually because they didn't pay their debts or
were being punished for crimes. Enslaved people were used for labor and offered
up as sacrifices.

Women were important because they wore the valuable cloth that local rulers
demanded as part of the regular tribute. An Aztec husband could get more than
one wife so he could pay the tribute. Most Aztec women worked in their homes.
Others were priestesses, midwives, healers, or merchants. Several noblewomen
worked as scribes to female members of royal families.

D. Explain the role of religion in Aztec government and culture. How does this differ from the Maya?
● Religion was important to the Aztec society as they worshipped a lot of
deities, both male and female.
● They had feasts, rituals, and human sacrifices.
● They believed that gods had sacrificed themselves to create the world, so
to repay them, they sacrificed humans.
They differ from the Maya in how they think about human sacrifice. The Mayans
used human sacrifices as a way to hopefully have their prayers answered, but the
Aztecs saw human sacrifice as a repayment for human sin/the gods dying before
them.

E. What key developments led to the decline of the Aztecs?

The Aztecs didn’t have wheeled vehicles or pack animals, which meant that
agriculture was inefficient. They were committed to military victory and the
constant need for human sacrifices. Resentment from the tribes built up and they
were prepared to rebel if they saw the opportunity to succeed.

The Inca (1438-1572 CE)

A. How did the Inca rule their extensive territory efficiently?
● The Incan Empire was split into four provinces and each province had its
governor and bureaucracy.
● Conquered leaders who were loyal to the empire were rewarded.
● Conquered people were subject to the mita system instead of having to pay
tribute.

B. Explain how the Inca’s mita system differed from the Aztec tribute system.
The Inca mit’a system was a mandatory public service, so it benefited everyone.
The Aztecs made people pay tribute to the government.

C. Explain the role of religion in the Inca Empire (make sure to look at priests, human sacrifice, and animism).
● Religion was very important to the Incas ("People of the Sun").
● Inti was the sun god (most important).
● Inca rulers were thought of as Inti's representatives on the earth.
● The Temple of the Sun in Cuzco is the core of the Incan religion (honoring
the sun and royal ancestor veneration).
● Royal ancestor veneration was a practice intended to extend the rule of a
leader. It included mummifying dead rulers to continue their "rule" and
were thought to keep their servants, possessions, and property in their life
after death; so, Incan rulers couldn't expect to inherit property upon
assuming power.
● People talked to Priests before important things. The gods control
 everything and priests could determine the gods' will by observing the
arrangement of coca leaves in a dish or by studying the movement of a
spider.The Priests diagnosed illnesses, foresaw the outcome of battles,
solved crimes, and decided what sacrifices should be made to which god.
● Serious events like famines, plagues, and defeat in battle called for human
sacrifices, but it wasn’t practiced as much as the Aztecs.
● Incas believed in Animism which is the belief that elements of the physical
world could have supernatural powers.

D. Summarize key achievements of the Inca; why were these significant to the empire?
● They created the quipu, a system of knotted strings used to record
numerical information for trade and engineering and recording messages to
be sent throughout the empire.
● They made terrace systems to farm crops like potatoes and corn. The
terraces used waru waru, (raised beds with channels that captured and
redirected rain to avoid erosion during floods and that stored water was
used during dry periods.)
● They created a massive roadway system called the Carpa Nan and the
government and military used it.

E. What led to the decline of the Inca Empire?

The Incans were having a civil war of succession after Huayna Capac died. One
theory is that the civil war weakened the Incan military, which made it easier for
Pizarro's forces to take over. Another is that diseases that Europeans spread led
to the decline. The Spanish had killed or enslaved the native population by 1572.

F. What arguments surround the connection of these Mesoamerican cultures?

Many historians argue that most of these cultures are based on the Olmec
civilization because they are similar. The Olmec feathered snake god is important
in the Mayan and Aztec religions. The images on Olmec pottery were found in
pottery of other civilizations. The Olmec/s pyramids, ball courts, and ritual
sacrifices were also imitated. Some say that different cultures developed complex
civilizations more or less independently.

UNIT 1.5| Developments in Africa

Key term/event Definition (Who, What, When, Where…) Significance (Why this term matters)

Trans-Saharan The Trans-Saharan Trade is a The Trans-Saharan Trade is important

Trade network of trading routes across because it helps keep people in contact
the great desert. with other people and improves your
economy and money.

Hausa Kingdoms The Hausa Kingdoms were formed The Hausa Kingdoms are important
sometime before 1000 in present- because they are prospering city-states.
day Nigeria. The people in the They were often subject to domination
Hausa ethnic groups had formed because they didn’t have a centralized
seven states. They were loosely military. In the 14th century,
connected through kinship ties and missionaries (people who were sent to
were de-centralized. promote their religion) introduced Islam
to the region.

Sundiata Sundiata is the founder of Mali. He Sundiata is important because he made

was a Muslim and he used his a thriving gold trade in Mali. Mali’s
connections to trade with other wealth had expanded under him.
Muslims, North Africans, and Arab
Merchants.

Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean Trade connects This is important because it connects
Trade East Africa, the Middle East, South people from Zimbabwe to Persia, to
Asia, and East Asia. The Zimbabwe China, and many more routes.
had used this.

Great Zimbabwe The Great Zimbabwe is a huge This is important because it shows how
stone wall 30 feet tall and 15 feet much effort Zimbabwe put into their
thick that stands around the security. At the end of the century,
capital city. It was the first wall in 20,000 people lived within the wall. It
the continent to be built without still stands in Zimbabwe today.
mortar.

Zanj Rebellion The Zanj Rebellion was a series of The Zanj Rebellion is important because
revolts led by 15,000 enslaved it is one of the most successful slave
people between 869 and 883. They revolts in history.
had successfully captured Basra
and ruled it for 10 years before
being defeated.

Griots/Griottes Literature in Sub-Saharan Africa Griots were important because they

was oral. So, there were Griots were both respected and feared as they
(men) and Griottes (women), or got the power of language and story.
storytellers, and they were the People say griots can sing your success
conveyors of the history in the or downfall. If they died, it's like a
community. They were also good at library burned down.
Music. Griottes would sing on
special occasions. They gave
women a sense of empowerment in
the patriarchal society.

Indian Ocean There was a strong demand in the This is important because it lasted into
Slave Trade Middle East for enslaved workers. the 20th Century in some places. This
This started the Indian Ocean also opened up the route for the Alranic
Slave Trade, which was between Ocean Slave Trade between West Africa
East Africa and the Middle East. and the Americas.

Objective Key Developments

Explain how A. Sub-Saharan Africa did not centralize power like most Asian or European societies. Explain how they governed
and why their societies.
states in They made kin-based networks where families governed themselves. A Chief
Africa handled the conflicts and managed neighboring groups. Groups of villages
developed became districts, and a group of chiefs decided among themselves how to solve
and
the district's problems. As populations increased, kin-based networks became
changed
over time. more difficult to govern as larger kingdoms had grown.

B. Why did larger kingdoms grow in prominence (mostly after 1000)?

Larger kingdoms grew in prominence because the networks became more difficult
to manage as the population grew. The competition had also increased, resulting
in fighting among villages and districts. Survival was hard.

C. Locate the Hausa Kingdoms on the map on pg. 44. Why did these states need to rely on the Trans-Saharan trade
network?
These states rely on the Trans-Saharan trade network because they need contact
with people outside the region. There was a state on the western edge of the
region that specialized in military.

D. Summarize the key characteristics of government and economy for the following West and East African
kingdoms, as well as the impact of Islam on each:
● Ghana:
● It’s located between the Sahara and the tropical rain forests of the West
African coast.
 ● Founded in the 5th Century.
● It reached its peak of influence between the 8th to 11th Century.
● Ghana's rulers sold ivory and gold to Muslim traders in exchange for tools,
cloth, copper, and salt.
● Its capital city is Kumbai Saleh
● It is a centralized government with help from nobles and an army armed
with iron weapons.
● Wars with neighboring societies had permanently weakened the Ghanian
state by the 12th century.

● Mali:
● It's the most powerful and the founding father is Sundiata.
● He’s a Muslim and used his connections with others of his faith to establish
trade connections with North African and Arab merchants.
● He cultivated a thriving gold trade in Malin. Mali's wealth grew a lot.

● Zimbabwe:
● It had built its prosperity on a mixture of agriculture, grazing, trade, and
gold.
● Had rich gold fields and taxes on the transport of gold made the kingdom
wealthy.
● It also traded with the Swahili city-states in East Africa.

● Ethiopia:
● It was Christian but then the spread of Islam in Africa weakened it.
● In the 12th century, Axum embraced Christianity.
● Leaders in this region ordered the building of eleven huge churches made
out of rock.
● From the 12th to the 16th centuries, this was an island of Christianity and
was separated from the Roman Catholic Church of Western Europe and the
Orthodox Church of Eastern Europe because it developed independently.
● People combined their traditional faith traditions, like ancestor veneration
and beliefs in spirits, with Christianity to make a unique form of faith.

E. Sub-Saharan Africa was also socially organized around kinship, age, and gender. Explain how the role of
gender impacted men and women in society.
● Males were involved in most activities that required specialized skills, such
as leather tanners and blacksmiths.
● Women were involved in food gathering and agriculture. They took the main
responsibilities of completing domestic chores and raising their family's
children.

F. Slavery also has a long history in Africa, with prisoners of war, debtors, and criminals often enslaved. Compare the
three types of slavery below:
● Chattel:
● Slaves were the legal property of the owner.
● They were common in the Americas, 16th to 19th century
● Enslavement was permanent and the children of slaves were automatically
slaves.
● Slaves had no rights.

● Domestic:
● Slaves were cooks, cleaners, or other household workers.
● Often, enslavement was permanent.
● Children of slaves were automatically slaves.
● Slaves had some rights. Laws or customs might prevent a master from
selling a slave.

● Debt Bondage:
● Some people became slaves to repay a debt.
● Common in East Africa prior to the 15th century and in European colonies in
 the Americas.
● Many slaves never regained freedom.
● Children often inherit the debts of their parents.
● Some slaves had rights. Laws/customs might limit how severely a master
could punish a slave.

G. Why was the Zanj Rebellion considered one of the most successful slave revolts in history?
The Zanj Rebellion is considered one of the most successful slave revolts in
history because about 15,000 slaves captured Basra and held it for 10 years
before they were defeated. The large size and time before it was defeated made it
one of the most successful slave revolts in history.

H. Explain the significance of music, visual arts, and literature to the culture of Sub-Saharan Africa.
● They give enjoyment and marking rituals.
● Song lyrics provided a way of communicating with the spirit world.
● Visual arts usually held a religious purpose.
● /Artists in Benin, West Africa were known for their intricate sculptures of
iron and bronze.

UNIT 1.6| Developments in Europe

Key term/event Definition (Who, What, When, Where…) Significance (Why this term matters)

Feudalism Feudalism is a decentralized Feudalism was important because

political organization based on a people needed some protection from
system of exchanges of land for bandits, rival lords, and invaders like
loyalty. It was used in the Middle Vikings.
Ages. And the core of feudalism
was mutual obligations.

Fiefs Fiefs are tracts of land that are The king got more money through fiefs,
given to lords by Monarchs. In so it helped him.
return, the lord becomes the king’s
vassal (a person who owed service
to another person of higher status.

Serfs Serfs were peasants who were tied Serfs are important because both they
to the land. They couldn’t travel and the peasants do a lot of labor work
without permission from their lords in exchange for the protection that the
and couldn’t marry without their kings and the lords give them, so the
lord’s approval. (They weren’t base of their economy is run by them.
slaves). In exchange for the
protection provided, they would
pay tribute in labor. Children born
to serfs would also become serfs.

Three-field system The Three Field System is when The Three Field System is important
the crops are rotated through because this had helped the agriculture
three fields. in their economy a lot. This would
1. One field had wheat or rye, ensure that the fields remain fertile and
crops that gave food. show that the farmers are very smart.
2. The second one would have
legumes like peas, lentils, or
beans. These made the soil
more fertile.
3. The third field would remain
unused, so they don’t
overcultivate and deprive
 the fields of their fertility.

Absolutist Absolutist is a form of government This is important because Monarchs

(government) where the monarch rules during the Middle Ages desired a strong
unhindered (no laws or legally absolutist government. This caused
organized opposition) conflict with the people who wanted
representation.

Estates-General The Estates General was a body to The French Kings consulted them when
advise the king that had it was necessary. The Estates-General
representatives from three legal didn’t have much power.
classes, or estates. In France,
there were the clergy, nobility, and
commoners

Magna Carta The Magna Carta is a document It is the first thing the nobles did who
that was forcefully signed by King were objecting to the power of William
John in 1215. It required the king and the succeeding Norman monarchs.
to respect some rights: the right to The first English Parliament was formed
a jury trial before a noble got in 1265 and they increased the rights of
arrested and the right to be the English nobility.
consulted on a scutage (a tax paid
on a knight who wanted to pay
money instead of provide military
services).

Great Schism The Great Schism is when in 1054, This changed the culture and religion of
the European Christian Church split the people who lived there.
into two branches: the Roman
Catholic and the Orthodox.

First Crusade It was the only Crusade that was a It promoted a cultural exchange
clear victory for the Christendoms. between Europe and the Middle East.
In July 1099, the European army The European Crusaders increased the
took control of Jerusalem, but demand for Middle Eastern goods.
Muslim forces regained control of
Jerusalem in 1187.

Fourth Crusade It was the last major Crusade This Crusade never made it to the Holy
(1202-1204). Venice had a contract Land. After a while, Islamic forces were
to transport Crusaders to the victorious in the Levant.
Middle East (Levant), but Venice
was not paid all of what was due,
so the Venetians convinced the
Crusaders who owed them money
to first go after Zara, an Italian
city, and then Constantinople,
huge trade competitor of Venice.

Objective Key Developments

Explain the A. Summarize the Middle Ages (medieval period) of Western Europe.
causes and The Middle Ages was a period of cultural development, political ups and downs,
consequences religious tensions, intellectual/creative growth, and the development of
of political feudalism.
decentralization
in Europe from
B. Describe the system of decentralized governance used by Europe in the Middle Ages.
c. 1200 to c.
1450. ● They used a decentralized political organization based on a system of
exchanges of land for loyalty known as feudalism (a system of mutual
obligations).
 ● Due to the sanctions of oaths of loyalty, the system cut down on losses
to robbers and bandits, which allowed some security for peasants.
● They provided equipment for fighters who hoped to become knights and
gave land in return for the service of the lord.
● The wealth was measured in land rather than money.
● The feudal system used a code of chivalry (an unwritten set of rules for
conduct focusing on honor, courtesy, and bravery) as a way to resolve
issues.

C. In feudalism, there were several relationships, explain them below:

● Monarch:
Monarchs are usually kings. They grant tracts of land, fiefs, to lords. In return
for granting the land to the lord, a lord becomes the king's vassal.

● Lords:
The Lords provided land to knights. In return, the knights became vassals of
the lord and pledged to fight for the lord or king. They also provided land and
protection to peasants.

● Peasants:
Peasants were obligated to farm the lord's land and provide the lord with
livestock and crops in return for the protection the lords and the monarch gave
them. They also had to obey the lord's orders.

D. How did this system impact the groups above? How did this system impact women?
This system cut down on losses to robbers and bandits, which gave some
security to peasants. This system also gave equipment to fighters who hoped
to become knights and gave land in return for the service of the lord. Women
were to be protected, so the code of chivalry put them on a pedestal while not
investing them with any significant additional importance. They didn’t have
much rights.

E. Describe the manorial system; how was it similar and different to feudalism (think about which of the PIECES
themes each reflects)?
● Manors are large fiefs. They provided both economic self-sufficiency and
defense.
● Manor grounds were small villages that usually included a church, a
blacksmith shop, a mill, and presses for making wine, cider, or oil. The
homes of serfs.
● It made everything that its population required. This limited the need for
trade or contact with outsiders. Many serfs spent their whole lives in a
single manor, not knowing what was going on in the rest of Europe.
● It is similar to feudalism in the way that serfs give their lords a tribute
in exchange for protection, but the manorial system does not involve as
many societal classes as feudalism.

F. Explain two new characteristics in the later Middle Ages that led to stronger monarchies. Why did this change
create conflict?
● Both increased the power of the monarchy at the expense of feudal
lords.
● The Monarchs hired a growing bureaucracy to carry out their decisions
and they organized an army that was controlled by the monarch.
● Both the bureaucracy and the army worked directly for the king or
queen. It gave the monarch a lot of power. T
● The desire of people for representation and the want of monarchs for a
strong absolutist government conflicted. Sometimes the craving for
power created tension between monarchs and the pope.

G. Describe the bureaucracy of France in the Middle Ages and evaluate its level of success.
King Philip II first made a real bureaucracy. Philip IV was when the first Estates-
General met. The French kings consulted with the Estates-General when
 deemed necessary, but they did not exact regular taxes from the clergy and
nobility. The Estates-General had little power.

H. Describe the governing system of the Holy Roman Empire and what led to its decline.
German king Otto I was the Holy Roman Emperor in 962. There was an issue
over whether a secular leader, rather than the pope, could invest bishops with
the symbols of office. It was resolved in the Concordat of Worms in 1122 when
the Church attained autonomy from secular authorities. This empire was
flourishing.

Decline: It was virtually destroyed during the Thirty Years' War. It tried to hold
on but with little power. The Holy Roman Empire came to an official end when
Napoleon invaded central Europe in 1806.

I. Describe the feudal system of Norman England and explain how it changed in 1215 and 1265.
● William the Conqueror successfully invaded England. He used a tightly
organized feudal system (royal sheriffs as his administrative officials).
● Many nobles objected to the power of William and the succeeding
Norman monarchs. They were responsible for limits on that power in
England.
● They pressured King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215.
● The nobles won the right to be consulted on the dispute of scutage (a
form of tax placed on a knight who wanted to "buy out" of military
service).
● The first English Parliament was created in 1265. The innovations
increased the rights of the English nobility, but not the general
population.
● In 1265, the first full parliamentary meeting took place and the House of
Lords represented the nobles and Church hierarchy, while the House of
Commons contained the elected representatives of wealthy townspeople.
● Later the power of these two legislative bodies in England became
stronger than other similar bodies on the European continent.

Explain how the A. Explain how the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches emerged from the Christian Church in Europe in
beliefs and 1054.
practices of the The Christian Church in Europe went through a division, the Great Schism, and
predominant split into the Roman Catholic and the Orthodox. The Roman Catholic Church
religions in remained to dominate most of Europe for the next five centuries. The Orthodox
Europe affected
Church was powerful farther east, into Russia.
European
society.
B. The Roman Catholic church was extremely influential in Europe at this time - why?
The Roman Catholic Church was extremely influential in Europe at this time
because it was the only authority that covered much of Europe. Church staff
were the only people in the community who knew how to read and write. This
was another factor that helped the Church keep its influence. Most manors had
a priest on the grounds and a small church.

C. Explain the impact of the Roman Catholic Church on:

● Education and Art:
They had made the first universities in Europe. Most philosophers, writers, etc.,
were religious leaders. All artists worked for the Church and most artwork was
centered around religious themes as it was a way to educate the illiterate
serf/peasant classes about the lessons of the Bible.

● Church and State:

They had power within the feudal system. The Roman Catholic Church had a
large hierarchy of regional leaders. The regional religious leaders were the
bishops and they owed allegiance to the pope (the supreme bishop in Rome).
Bishops also selected and supervised local priests. Missionaries spread
Christianity in Europe and this provided a common identity as other languages
emerged.
 ● Monasticism:
The monasteries had the same economic functions of agriculture and
protection as other manors. Some Christian clergy went to monasteries to
meditate and pray, but they remained a piece of the economics in Western
Europe.

● Reform:
During the 13th and 14th centuries, wealth and political power led to
corruption. Corruption and theological disagreements drove reformers, like
Martin Luther, to take stands that would destroy the unity of the Roman
Catholic Church in the 16th century.

D. Summarize the main goal of the Christian Crusades.

The main goal was to invade the Middle East and reclaim control of the Holy
Land, the region of Palestine in the Middle East that contains spiritual
significance to Jews, Christians, and Muslims.

E. Explain how religious, social, and economic pressures resulted in the Crusades.
● Rules of hereditary things had a generation of younger sons with little
access to land and wealth.
● Merchants wanted unlimited access to trade routes through the Middle
East.
● The combination of social, religious, and economic pressures resulted in
a series of European military campaigns known as the Crusades. Politics
formed the conduct of the Crusades.
● Problems between popes and kings helped to strengthen the intention of
the Roman Catholic Church to take control.
● The Church used its spiritual authority to recruit believers. It granted
relief from required acts of atonement and penance and also promised
people they would reach heaven earlier if they joined a Crusade.
● The Orthodox offered support as well after hearing the news of the
persecution of Christian pilgrims of the Seljuk Turks.
● The Orthodox patriarch at Constantinople appealed to Pope Urban II to
help reclaim the Holy Land from Islamic reign.

Explain the A. What developments allowed agriculture to become more efficient near the end of the Middle Ages?
effects of ● The three-field system.
agriculture on ● Windmills and new types of plows were other technological
social developments that allowed agriculture to grow.
organization in
● Heavier plows with wheels that oxen and Bison pulled.
Europe from c.
1200 to c. 1450.
B. How did greater agricultural prosperity impact European society in the Middle Ages?
The changes in agriculture had made the population grow.

C. Explain how Marco Polo’s travels abroad impacted the economy of Europe.
He visited the court of Kublai Khan in Dadu (now Beijing) and he wrote detailed
descriptions of the customs of the people he met and this intrigued Europeans.
Curiosity about Asia soared and this stimulated interest in mapmaking.

D. Explain how the middle class emerged in Western Europe, and who made up this new social group.
They emerged between the nobility and clergy and the serfs. The middle class
(Bourgeoisie/burghers) included shopkeepers, merchants, craftspeople, and
small landholders. Even though the middle class was small, it took shape as
Europe joined the Byzantine Empire and Muslim nations in long-distance
exchanges of money and goods.

E. How did population growth and agricultural prosperity lead to urban growth? How did the Little Ice Age
impact society during this time?
● The agricultural surplus encouraged the growth of towns and markets
 that were able to operate more frequently than just on holidays.
● The need for labor in manors gave serfs more bargaining power with
lords as well.
● A five-century cooling of the climate period. This Little Ice Age had lower
temperatures and they reduced agricultural productivity, so people had
less to trade and the growth of cities was decreasing.
● That led to an increase in disease and unemployment. This caused social
unrest. The crime rates also increased and groups, like Jews, that had
already faced discrimination were the victims of scapegoating (being
blamed for something they had no control over).

F. Although Jewish, Muslim, and female citizens positively impacted their communities, they also faced
ostracism or negativity from Europe. Explain using specific examples.
Antisemitism was common because Christians thought that Jews were
untrustworthy foreigners. Jews were expelled from England in 1290, France in
1394, Spain in 1492, and Portugal in 1497. Expelled Jews often moved to
Eastern Europe. Muslims who didn’t convert to Christianity in Spain were
expelled in 1492 from Spain. Not many women received education even though
women often managed manor accounts.

G. How did the Renaissance and its interest in humanism impact Europe?
It was the revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman literature, art, and
culture. Scholars recovered and observed decaying manuscripts that had been
written many centuries prior. Humanism is the focus on individuals rather than
God. Cultural changes helped with the rise of powerful monarchies, the
centralization of governments, and the birth of nationalism.

H. Explain the general evolution of Kiev to the modern state of Russia.

● The big trade in furs, fish, and grain was going around areas like Central
Asia, and the center of this trade of the city of Kiev (now in Ukraine).
● The regions that were involved in this trade became known as Kievan
Rus.
● The Mongols took over this region by the end of the 13th century.
● They made it a requirement that local nobles collect tribute for them.
● As the nobles became wealthy in their role, they began to object to
Mongol rule.
● Under the leadership of Ivan the Great, the region became independent
of the Mongols in the late 15th century. This marked the start of the
modern state of Russia.

UNIT 1.7| Comparison in the Period from c. 1200 to c. 1450

Objective Key Developments

Explain the A. The author claims that states in core areas of civilization grew larger, while smaller states began to decline.
similarities and Identify and explain two examples that prove this argument.
differences in States in core areas of civilization grew larger because of cultural and
the processes of technological progression. E.G. The Song Dynasty in China was maintained for a
state formation long time due to the advancements that occurred. The Chola Kingdom and
from c. 1200 to
Vijayanagar Empire used trade to construct strong states. Smaller states
c. 1450.
declined because of the lack of innovation.

B. How was the role of religion in empire and state building similar or different throughout Afro-Eurasia?
● Religion was an important part of state-building because it helped to
unite a diverse population and strengthen political control. E.G. Islam
provided the basis for the legitimacy of rulers from West Africa to
 Southeast Asia. Other states strengthened by religion include the Song
Dynasty, Neo-Confucianism spread to Korea and Japan (which allowed
rulers in these East Asian regions to justify their power), and rulers in
Southeast and South Asia relied on Buddhism and Hinduism, too.
● Europe's relationship between the Roman Catholic Church and state-
building was slightly different. The Church was part of the state-building
process, but due to European states being so weak for most of the
Middle Ages, the Church had given an alternative structure for
organizing society. Between 1200 and 1450, more powerful states in
France and the Holy Roman Empire emerged, which caused the Church to
become a rival power on occasion.

C. Explain how the increase in cross-cultural exchanges impacted regions throughout Afro-Eurasia.
● They were fueled by increased trade and the exchange of technology and
innovation. E.G. Champa rice was spread from Vietnam to China. This
helped the Song Dynasty feed and maintain a growing population,
leading to proto-industrialization. Steel, silk, porcelain, and iron-making
all increased during this time as well.
● Paper manufacturing reached its way to Europe in the 13th century,
which caused an increase in printed material that led to increased
literacy rates across Europe, Southwest Asia, and North Africa.
● There were advances in math and medicine.
● Europe was dependent on the manorial system and serfdom, which may
have caused a halt in European technological innovation. C
● Conflict occurred because of the transfers of knowledge paralleling the
spread of religion along trade networks.
● Cross-cultural interactions and transfers intensified and several of the
first direct contacts between Europe and China were facilitated by
Mongol rule.

D. Explain how the role of nomads changed over time in the process of state building.
● The Mongols ruled over important areas of Asia and Eastern Europe
during the 13th century and Mongol dominance allowed political stability
and expansion of trade across Eurasia.
● The creation of the Seljuks and Ottoman Turks would be among the last
major impacts of the interaction between settled and nomadic people.
The part of nomads in commerce and cross-cultural exchange began to
decline as they were replaced by organized groups of merchants and
trading companies.

E. Using the chart on page 68, describe two major types of state building that you believe are the most
successful.
The revival of former empires and expansion in scope are two major types of
state-building that I believe are the most successful. Revival of former empires
is defined as when new leadership continues or rebuilds a previous empire with
some innovation. One example of this is the Mali Empire and this empire was
very successful because it became very powerful and wealthy. The expansion
of scope process is when an existing state expands its influence through
conquest, trade, or other means and an example of this is the Incas in South
America.