UNIT 5: AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LAND-USE STUDY GUIDE

CHAPTER 12: AGRICULTURE: HEI absence of plants - almost nothing

Define the following terms (12.1): can grow on ice
● Agriculture: The science, art, or practice of ● Elevation: Distance above sea level
cultivating the soil, producing crops, and ● Soil: A mixture of minerals, dead and living
raising livestock and in varying degrees the organisms (organic materials), air, and
preparation and marketing of the resulting water.
products. ● Topography: The topography of a region
● Fiber crops refers to its elevation and the changes in its
Plants that are deliberately grown for the elevation;
production of fiber for textile (clothes), ● Gulf Stream: The Gulf Stream is a flow of
cordage (e.g., ropes), and filling (e.g., warm water that goes from the tip of
stuffing upholstery and mattresses). Florida and the Caribbean up along the
● Climate East Coast of the United States and then
The composite or generally prevailing across to Northern Europe. It's caused by
weather conditions of a region, as complex flows of water and wind currents.
temperature, air pressure, humidity,
precipitation, sunshine, cloudiness, and ● Explain how the following factors––climate,
winds, throughout the year, averaged over a elevation, soil and topography affect
series of years. agriculture. It causes there to be different
● Climate Regions abilities in what can be grown there and
○ Tropical: Uniformly warm who can live there it also affects how well
throughout the year, very humid plants can withstand weather as well as
rainforest climate, heavy other issues.
precipitation. ● What factors did Vladimir Koppen consider
○ Temperate: Warm to hot summers, when mapping the climate regions of the
cool to cold winters, frequent world? Rainfall, soil type, humidity, and
cyclonic storms, and highly other variables that would affect plants and
variable weather their growth
■ Mediterranean: Very ● Explain the characteristics of a
warm, dry summers and Mediterranean climate. Where in the US
mild, wet winters. Often does a Mediterranean climate exist and
viewed as very desirable what crops grow well in this climate: A
places to live. Native trees Mediterranean climate includes mild wet
and shrubs can survive Winters and warm to hot dry Summers. The
long dry periods. US has a Mediterranean training climate in
○ Dry: Receive less than 16 inches of most California Southwestern Oregon and
precipitation per year. Moderate part of Nevada. Crops that grow there are
climates (also known as temperate citrus, Grain, lavender, olives, grapes, and
climates) are warm and humid in rhubarb.
the summer and have mild winters.
○ Continental: Moderate Define the following vocabulary terms (12.2):
precipitation, most falling during ● Subsistence Agriculture: Crops are grown
warm summer. humid/subtropical. to maintain a farmer/friends/family And any
temperate climate zone: warm to surplus is used for sale/trade.
hot summers, cool to cold winters, ● Commercial Agriculture: Farming that
frequent cyclonic storms, and focuses on producing agriculture products
highly variable weather. for sale in the Market.
○ Polar: Below-freezing climate ● Bid-Rent Theory: Refers to how the price
found in most of Greenland and all and demand for real estate change as the
of Antarctica. The air is too cold to distance from market.
hold much moisture, only ● Rural Survey Methods: Meats and bounds,
precipitation is light snow. dryness, Township and range, long lot.
UNIT 5: AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LAND-USE STUDY GUIDE

○ Metes and Bounds: The boundaries ● Extensive Agriculture: lower outputs than
of a parcel of real estate that is farmers who employ intensive agriculture
identified by its natural landmarks. ○ Extensive Subsistence Farming
○ Long-lot survey: Divide the land ■ Shifting Cultivation: Growing
into narrow parcels stretching crops or grazing animals on a
back from rivers, roads, or canals. piece of land for a year or two
○ Township and range: Squares: and abandoning it and moving
to a new one.
Horizontal rows and ranges are
● Slash and Burn: clear
the vertical rows
land by cutting “Slash”
and burning the slash to
make nutrient-rich Ash
● Intensive Agriculture: Farmers put effort fertilizer.
into producing as much yield from an area ■ Nomadic Herding: Move
as they can. animals as needed to allow for
○ Intensive Subsistence Agriculture: best grazing.
The farmer cultivates a small plot ● Transhumance: The
movement of herds
of land using simple tools and
between cooler pastures at
more labor.
higher elevations and
○ Intensive Commercial Agriculture: lower elevations in the
Both of crop plants and of animals, winter.
with higher levels of input and ○ Extensive Commercial Farming:
output per unit of agricultural land ■ Ranching: Livestock is allowed
area. to roam over an established
■ Monocropping/Monoculture area.
Monocropping is the ■ Concentrated Animal Feeding:
cultivation of one or two Farmers on small tracts of land
crops commonly in the US. rear pigs, cows, other Livestock
Monoculture is an in limited spaces called
agricultural system of feedlots. Operations (CAFOs)/
planting one crop or raising Feedlots
one type of animal annually. ● Rural Settlement Patterns
■ Plantation Agriculture: Large ○ Clustered: All in one area
scale commercial farming of ○ Dispersed: Scattered around an area
one crop. ○ Linear: Somewhere in a line usually
■ Market Gardening: Farming determined by a natural boundary like
that produces fruits vegetables a river.
and flowers
● Farm to Table Consumers ● Explain the differences between subsistence
prioritize locally sourced agriculture and commercial agriculture.
food. Subsidence for the farmers and
● Greenhouses: places family/community Commercial is for profit
where food is grown on and on a large scale.
● Truck Farming: The
● Explain the differences between intensive
practice of growing one or
more vegetable crops on a
and extensive agriculture. Intensive farming
large scale for shipment to focuses on investing a lot of resources and
distant markets. labor into small tracks of land in order to
■ Mediterranean Agriculture: increase yield extensive agriculture employs
Specialize in growing grapes, larger tracts of land and lower quantities of
olives, figs, citrus fruits and Labor and resources.
dates. ● Be able to explain how plantation, market
■ Mixed Crop and Livestock: gardening and mixed crop and livestock are
Both crops and livestock are
examples of Intensive Agriculture. A lot of
raised for profit
Labor and Machinery I used to efficiently
UNIT 5: AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LAND-USE STUDY GUIDE

plant and harvest the crops on a plantation. ● What was the Columbian exchange –know
Market gardening also uses a high amount the origin of potato, tomato, coffee, wheat,
of Labor as well as mixed crop and livestock tobacco, cacao, and sugarcane
because of the high amount of crops and ● What changes resulted from this exchange?
livestock. Massive population growth and increasing
● Be able to identify and explain why shifting urbanization.
cultivation and nomadic heading are
examples of Extensive Agriculture. Because Define the following vocabulary terms (12.4):
they use a lot of land in order to make the ● First Agricultural Revolution: Occurred
most out of what they have and they do use approximately 11,000 years ago and lasted
lower quantities of livestock. for several thousand more; it was the shift
● Be able to identify and explain why from foraging to farming.
ranching is an example of Extensive ○ Nomadic: The Neolithic era began
Commercial Agriculture. Because when some groups of humans gave
wrenching uses a lot of area and not as up the nomadic hunter-gatherer
much labor. lifestyle.
○ Sedentary They stay in one place
Define the following vocabulary terms (12.3): over a period of time
● Domestication: They deliver effort to grow ○ Specialized labor People who
plants and raise animals making plants and specialize in certain tasks
animals adapt to Humane demands and ● Second Agricultural Revolution: Early
using selective breeding. 1700s which began in Britain and low
● Foragers: Small nomadic groups who had countries and diffused from the regions it
primarily plant-based diets and ate small caused improvements in crop yields
animals and fish for protein. Innovations and advancements and fertilizer
● Ancient Hearths and field drainage.
○ See map section for location and ○ Mechanization: reaper, seed drill
domesticated plants and animals ○ Enclosure System: Communal
● Relocation diffusion: Occurs when people lands owned by Community were
move from their original location to another replaced by Farms owned by
and bring their Innovations with them. individuals and use of land was
● Stimulus diffusion (think Catholicism in restricted to owner/ tenants.
Mexico): When an idea diffuses from a ○ Norfolk four-field system: Rotating
cultural hearse outward. Catholicism was 4 crop Productions.
brought to Mexico when conquistadors ● Third Agricultural Revolution: Began early
came to plunder the country. 20th century and continues now further
● The Columbian Exchange: Exchange of mechanization/development of new
goods / ideas between the Americas, technology.
Europe, and Africa after 1492. ○ Synthetic fertilizers:Drive from
man-made compounds.
● When did domestication of crops and ○ Synthetic pesticides: Man-made
animals begin? Approximately 11,000 years chemicals designed specifically to
ago. kill or repel pests.
● Be able to identify the ancient hearths and ○ Hybridization: Intentionally create
why it began in these areas? hybrid grains, fruits and vegetables
● Explain how relocation diffusion is to create enhanced design
connected to the ancient hearths. People characteristics and disease
move away from the original hearse which resistance.
then brings their Innovations and ideas with ○ GMOs (1990s): Crops who's
them. genetic makeup has been altered to
encourage positive traits.
UNIT 5: AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LAND-USE STUDY GUIDE

○ Precision agriculture (smart ● Capital: If you live closer to the capital it is

technology–discussed in Ch 14.2): easier for you.
The use of technology to make
Farms more efficient. ● Dual Agricultural Economy: The first two
○ Green Revolution: Third agricultural sectors in the same country or
Agricultural Revolution region that have different levels of
■ Norman Borlaug Father technology and different patterns of demand.
of the Green Revolution. ● Economies of Scale: The reduction in the
■ Yield: The amount of an per unit cost of production as the volume of
Agricultural Product production increases.
produced in an area of ● Agribusiness: Large scale system that
cultivation. includes the production, processing and
● Sustainable agriculture distribution of agricultural products and
○ Organic farming: Reluctance to equipment.
use biotechnology in farming ● Hybridization: Hybridization intentionally
( GMOs, synthetic fertilizers and creates hybrid grains, fruits, and vegetables
pesticides) to create enhanced design characteristics in
disease resistance.
● Know when the First, Second, and Third ● Herbicides: Chemicals used to treat
Agricultural Revolutions took place agricultural crops so ask to kill any plants
● 1st 11,000 years ago that might cause A disruption in the growth
● 2nd- 17th century of the desired product.
● 3rd- early 20th century 1930s-1980s ● High fructose corn syrup: In almost
● Know the major innovations of each everything and which is why it is one of the
revolution and the changes that occurred in biggest farming Industries in the US.
society as a result. ● Quotas: Used to control supply of certain
● What other revolution was taking place at crops.
the same time of the Second Agricultural ● Cooperatives: the government giving them
Revolution? The Industrial Revolution. the ability to Market themselves and control
● Green Revolution (Dates?) their businesses.
○ What was the Green Revolution?
The third agricultural Revolution ● Explain the importance of infrastructure in
(fertilizers, technology, etc.) accessing markets. Without reliable access
○ Identify and explain two social, to markets you cannot sell your produce and
political, economic, and products infrastructure allows that to be
environmental impacts of the always be available.
Green Revolution. ● Explain the importance of economies of
● What is sustainable agriculture? Farming in scale. Without economies of scale the
a way to protect the environment. reduction in cost of production would
● What are the advantages and disadvantages greatly impact farmers and businesses
of organic farming?A disadvantage is less ● Explain why small farms have decreased in
of a yield but advantages include more the US, while large scale commercial farms
money per crop. have increased. Because they make more for
the population as well as the government
CHAPTER 13: PATTERNS AND PRACTICES helping them with subsides.
OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ● Explain how different government policies
Define the following terms (13.1): help farmers Subsidies help farmers grow
● Infrastructure: Core and semi-peripheral what they need and access the Machinery
countries in place to access and Supply the needed to do so.
global market. ● How do consumer preferences shape
● External inputs: Outside forces that impact agriculture? Provide an example Shapes it
an Issue. by impacting what is mostly being grown an
UNIT 5: AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LAND-USE STUDY GUIDE

example of this is the new plant-based producers, Processors, distributors,

appetite of some people. retailers/food Services, consumers.
● How do cooperatives help small farmers? ● What is the US Farm Bill? How does the
Allows for Farmers to own a control farm bill help farmers? According to one
business enterprises for procuring their study, who benefits the most from
supplies and services and marketing their government subsidies? It provides
products. mandatory funding for programs based on
● Explain why the demand for meat has multi-year budget estimates it helps our
increased and how that demand has shaped marriage by giving them the accurate
the beef industry money needed as well as time to prepare for
was. a large Farms benefit the most from
Define the following terms (13.2): government subsidies.
● Family vs Corporate Control: Small farms ● How do tariffs play a role in agriculture and
make up a considerable amount more than how can tariffs lead to a trade war?Tariffs
large Farms but large Farms make up the distorted markets by affecting the
majority of food production. equilibrium price and quantity that would
● FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization): occur and efficiently operate Market tariffs
Efforts to defeat hunger their goal is to raise the price of imported items which
achieve food security for all and make sure comes on high prices for imported goods
that people have regular access to enough relative to the price of similarity produced
high quality food. domestic Goods. An example of this China
● Vertical Integration: Happens when one when the US didn't want people buying
company controls all aspects of its products from China so they raise the price
production process. on Imports and exports to China.
● Commodity supply chain: The rise of
agribusiness led to a network that connects Define the following terms (13.3):
places of production and distribution to ● Von Thunen Model: Perishability of the
Consumers. product and transportation cost to the market
● Futures Market: When participants buy and into a farmer's decision regarding agriculture
sell commodity and Futures contracts for practices.
delivery on a specific future date. ● Bid-rent theory: Refers to how the price and
● Subsidies: US federal government to demand for real estate change as the
provide low cost loans insurance and distance from the central business district
payments to some farmers and agribusiness. (CBD) increases.
● Tariffs: A tax or duty to be paid on a ● Isotropic: An area where there's no variation
particular import or export. in physical landscape climate or gradient
● Trade Wars: Economic conflict that includes density.
terrífica and other trade barriers with the ● Time-space compression: The set of
world of forcing the other country to make processes that cause the relative distance
changes with unfair Trade Practices. between places to contract effectively
● Eating Ugly: Perfect produce is not being making places grow closer.
sold because consumers won't buy it which
in reality is making a bigger impact. ● Know the different rings of the Von Thunen
Model and what 2 factors shape farmers’
● Identify the positives and negatives of decisions
● Explain the connection between the Bid-Rent
vertical integration. Advantages include
Theory and the Von Thunen ModelThe bid rent
greater control reduced costs increased
theory in the Thunen model are different
profitability and better product visualizations to explain aspects of the same
disadvantages include it's costly, phenomenon how land is used to in relation to a
complex ,and not easily undone. market or Central business district the two ideas
● Be able to identify the steps of a commodity can be considered independently or in Combined
supply chain. Agricultural inputs,
UNIT 5: AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LAND-USE STUDY GUIDE

fashion to analyze spatial patterns and ● Irrigation: Moving / removing water into
agriculture. fields
● Reservoirs: A common source of irrigation
Define the following terms (13.4): for cops in the US.
● Global supply chain: Are the same as ● Aquifers: Underground irrigation layers of
commodity chains but on a global scale it underground sand gravel and rocks that
enables the delivery of a product between contain/release usable amounts of water.
two different countries ○ Ogallala Aquifer- North America
● Cacao: What gets turned into chocolate. aquifer underneath the Great Plains
● Cash crop: A crop produced for its and it has become dry over the past
commercial value rather than the use of the years.
grower. ● Wetlands-Areas of land covered
● Infrastructure: Communication systems by/saturated by water.
sewage water and electricity systems. ○ Reclaimed- Taking Wetlands to use
● Neo-colonialism: A more powerful country for farming like the Netherlands.
maintaining control over a less powerful ● Desertification: A form of land degradation
country. that occurs when soil deteriorates to Desert
● Plant-based foods: A relatively new like conditions.
consumer demand that is affecting what ● Nitrates: They can enter groundwater
crops are grown. through leeching and reach surface water
● Fair Trade: Movement it is a global and run off from agricultural fields.
campaign to fix unfair wage practices and ● Biodiversity: The variety of organisms
protectability of farmers and workers and living in a location.
peripheral and semi-peripheral countries by ● Dead Zones- Ocean dead zones where no
providing more Equitable working and oxygen and water no animals no ecosystem
trading conditions. caused by runoff from fields.
● Soil Salinization- Water soluble salts build
● Explain how cacao is part of the Global Supply
up in the soil
Chain.?Because chocolate is a big industry.
● NGOs: Non-governmental organizations
● Identify issues associated with cacao farming?
IlLegal child labor, pay ● Debt for Nature Swaps: World Bank
● Where are many of the cash crops, like coffee, peripheral countries that borrow money in
cacao, ad vanilla, grown?In Africa and the exchange for local investment and
Americas. conservation measures the bank agrees to
● What is the danger of monocropping? Impact forgive a portion of the country's debt.
soil fertility and leads to reduce crop yield. ● USDA: United States Department of
● Explain why core countries are at an advantage Agriculture.
over peripheral and semi-peripheral countries in
● Cover crops: Plants growing primarily to
the global market? Because they have better
benefit the successful growth of other future
infrastructure and access to the Global Market.
● What is the goal of Fair Trade products? To crops.
support farmers. ● Africa’s Great Green Wall: To increase the
amount of arable land in Africa's Sahara
CHAPTER 14: AGRICULTURAL Desert it is planting many trees to produce
SUSTAINABILITY IN A GLOBAL MARKET as result.
Define the following terms (14..1):
● Agroecosystem: Any ecosystem managed ● Where is Slash and Burn Agriculture
primarily for the production of food, fuel or primarily practiced and what problems can
fiber. result from poor practices?: Is primarily
● Deforestation: Mass removal of trees. practiced in South and Central America and
● Soil Erosion Nutrients in the soil being lost a result of poor practices is deforestation.
or the literal soil and ecosystem to be ● Explain the connection between irrigation
destroyed from natural or human causes. and soil salination. Most irrigation water
● Terracing: “Steps” rice patties. contains some salt after irrigation the water
UNIT 5: AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LAND-USE STUDY GUIDE

add did to the soil is used by the crops or ● What are positive and negative
evaporates directly from the moist soil the contributions of biotechnology? Positive
salt however is Left Behind in the soil. include improved crop yields and
● How can pastoral nomadism contribute to production for farmers. For a negative, it
land degradation and desertification? The does not offer genetic diversity in living
constant movement of cattle and other organisms
animals over land can cause less ● What is the connection between CSAs,
biodiversity and less land stability which farmers markets, and Farm to Table
could eventually lead to desertification and operations?They all want to support local
land degradation. farms and farmers by shopping directly to
them instead of shopping commercially.
Define the following terms (14.2): ● Why are organic foods more expensive?
● Biotechnology: The science of altering Because they are producing relatively small
living organisms often through genetic amounts and they do not use GMOs,
manipulation to create new products for pesticides or fertilizers and organic foods
specific purposes. need to have a organic certification.
● GMOs and Genetic Engineering: Part of there's also High labor costs and organic
Biotech where scientists transfers specific farming.
genes from one organism to another.
● Agricultural Biodiversity: The variety and Define the following terms (14.3):
variability of plants animals and ● Food Security: reliable access to Safe
microorganisms that are used directly or nutritious food that can support a healthy
indirectly for food/agriculture and active lifestyle
● Aquaculture: Alternative to Natural ● Food Insecurity: The disruption of a
Fisheries. household's food intake or eating patterns
● Precision Agriculture: Part of moving that because of poor access to food.
some see is fourth Agricultural Revolution a ● Suburbanization: living in close proximity
uses the variety of Cutting Edge technology To Other consumers in an urban
to apply and put such as water and fertilizer environment.
with pinpoint accuracy to specific parts of ● Food Deserts: Your 10 miles away from a
fields to maximize crop yields and reduce supermarket or grocery store.
waste and preserve the environment.
● Urban Farming: Converts vacant Lots ● How do storage/transportation issues,
rooftops abandoned buildings into places to economy of scale, and government policies
grow food play a role in food production? The impact
● CSA: Community supported agriculture. by being able to transfer Goods farther and
● Farmers Markets: Places where local a better rate government policies also play
communities and Farms can sell their a role by paying higher and giving subsidies
produce and products. to smaller Farms which gives him a better
● Farm to Table: The goal of consumers to chance to to get better pay.
want to try and use local farms and ● What percentage of the world population
community instead of commercial products. does not have enough to eat?10% but
● Organic Farming No use of fertilizers moderate is 30%.
pesticides, Ect. ● How is hunger connected to political
● Value-Added Crops: Process of changing or conflict? Food can be withheld to create a
transforming a product from its original bigger necessity.
state to a more valuable state. ● What determines an area being defined as a
● NAFTA/USMCA: North American Free food desert? More than 10 miles away.
Trade Agreement and the United States and ● Explain one impact of living in a food desert
Less access to healthy food.
Mexico Canada agreement.
Define the following terms (14.4):
UNIT 5: AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LAND-USE STUDY GUIDE

● Food sovereignty:The ability of

communities and populations to determine
the quantity and quality of the food they
consume by controlling how the food is
produced and distributed.
● Microfinancing Small loans to individuals or
small businesses in developing countries.
(EX: Women)
● Agritourism: Commercial Enterprises link
agriculture production with tourism to
attract visitors onto a farm for the purpose of
entertaining/educating the visitors while
making an income.
● Feed the Future: It is an initiative launched
in 2010 by the US government to address
Global hunger and food insecurity. it helps
other countries with their economic growth
and income as well as reduce hunger
property and undernutrition.

● What barriers do many women in peripheral

countries face?Not getting paid and cannot
get loans without a mouse signature and
doing all of the labor as well as household
labor.
● Identify ways used to empower women in
agriculture. Education technical support
access to Capital and government policies.
● What are the benefits of empowering women
in agriculture?A higher amount of food
production