AMSCO Reading Guide: Unit 5: Agriculture and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes

Chapter 11: Origins, Patterns, and Settlements of Agriculture

Topic 5.1 Introduction to Agriculture

Essential Question: What is the connection between physical geography and agricultural practices?

Physical geography directly influences what kind of agricultural practices can be performed in certain areas. Dry climates
and wet climates will have extremely different types of agricultural practices because the soil, climate, and elevation will
have different effects.

What two elements shape agriculture?

The two elements that have shaped agriculture are physical geography and climate.

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AND AGRICULTURE

What are some ways that agriculture is affected by physical geography?

Agriculture is affected by physical geography in numerous ways, such as animals needing water, nutrient, soil
levels and different landforms.

What are some ways that humans have altered the physical environment to increase agricultural yield?

Humans have altered the physical environment to increase agricultural production by using techniques such as
irrigation, terrace farming, deforestation, desertification and the drainage of wetlands.

CLIMATE AND AGRICULTURE

Why is climate such an important factor in determining what types of agriculture will take place in certain areas?

Climate is such an important factor in determining what types of agriculture will take place in a certain area
because certain climate conditions will either help or hinder the production of certain kinds of crops due to the
needs of those crops climate wise.

Why would an area not support agriculture?

An area may not support agriculture because the nutrients of the soil or weather conditions may not be suitable
for growing crops.

How can cultural traits impact agriculture?

Certain cultures may choose to raise certain animals that farmers don't raise so farmers would have to grow
 different crops in order to provide for the market. Hence, changing agriculture.

ECONOMIC FACTORS AND AGRICULTURE

Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture

How are they different?

Subsistence agriculture is used by farmers to directly support the family of that farmer or to trade any supplies for
income or goods while commercial agriculture is used to sell it for profit in order to raise money.

TYPES OF AGRICULTURE

Intensive Commercial Intensive Subsistent Extensive Commercial Extensive Subsistent

Location Global: Global: Global: core, semi Global: primarily

periphery, and periphery periphery and semi
Core, semi periphery, Primarily periphery and
periphery
and periphery semi periphery

Regional: Near Regional: usually near Regional: transportation

transportation access towns and cities with access to processing and Regional: usually in
to urban and global access to local markets local, regional, and global sparsely populated areas
markets markets with limited access to
local markets

Inputs Labor: Intensive____ Labor: Labor: not intensive Labor: intensive

_intensive____________
Capital: intensive Capital: intensive Capital: not intensive
Capital: not intensive

Yields Crop Crop Crop Crop

productivity: productivity: productivity: productivity:

_High low high low

Livestock Livestock Livestock Livestock

productivity: productivity: productivity: productivity:

__High low low________ low

AGRICULTURE PRACTICES AND REGIONS

Agricultural Practice Climate Locations Important Notes from Reading

Pastoral Nomadism Drylands  northwest, This practice relies on animals
central, and East for food and clothing, and they
Asia trade with other farmers for
 North Africa crops.

Shifting Cultivation Tropical  Latin America Farmers use lands until the
 Sub-Saharan resources are depleted and then
Africa move to new areas.
 Southeast Asia

Plantation Tropical-Sub-  Latin America A large commercial farm that

Tropical  Sub-Saharan specializes in one type of crop
Africa and exploits low-wage labor
 South and available
Southeast Asia

Mixed Crop and Livestock Cold and Warm  Midwest United Farmers that use crops to
Mid-Latitude States and feed/fatten livestock that is then
Canada sold. Crops and livestock are
 Central Europe both sold.

Grain Cold mid-latitude  North Central Areas that only wheat is grown
United States because it is too dry to grow
 South Central other crops.
Canada
 East Europe

Commercial Gardening Warm Mid-latitude  Southeast Typical fruits and vegetables

United States that are grown and mass
 Southeast produced to be sold to
Australia consumers at the large scale.

Dairy Cold and Warm  Northeast Small local dairy farms used to
Mid-latitude United States be the pattern and still is in LDCs
 Southeast but now counties with in higher
Canada DTM stages have more dairy
 Northwest farms
Europe
Mediterranean Warm Mid-latitude  Southern Coast Areas that have climates like the
of Europe mediterranean (hot, dry
 Northern Coast summers, wild winters, narrow
of Africa valleys, and often some
 Pacific coast of irrigations are hindered to
the United transhumance
States

Livestock Ranching Drylands  Western North The commercial grazing of

America livestock to a confined area and
 Southeast South is found in areas too dry to grow
America crops.
 Central Asia
 Southern Africa

Intensive Subsistence Warm Mid-latitude  South, This form of agriculture regions

southeast, and are often labor and animal
east Asia intensive
 Near large
populations

Topic 5.2: Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods

Essential Question: What are rural settlement patterns and methods of surveying rural settlements?

Rural settlement patterns include clustered, dispersed, and linear. These methods could be surveyed by identifying the
spatial distribution around or in those settlements and the physical geography of that area.

RURAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS

Clustered: Dispersed: Linear:

These settlements had groups These are patterns in which Patterns in which buildings and
of homes located near each farmers lived in homes spread human activities are organized
other in a village and fostered throughout the countryside. close to a body of water or
a strong sense of place and Dispersed settlements along a transportation route.
often shared services, such as encourage self-sufficiency.
schools.

Label the following diagram with linear, dispersed, and Agricultural Practices Impact Land-Use Patterns
clustered settlement.
How has technology changed agriculture?

Technology has reduced the need for human labor

and in return made it so more crops could be
produced with less human labor.
 How did the new technology and advancements impact
family farms?

Family farms struggled to compete with

commercial farms due to advancement in
technology because they couldn’t make as many
crops as fast or as easy.

Establishing Property Boundaries LONG LOT SYSTEM (p.281)

What is the metes and bounds system? Who used this and A positive aspect of the long-lot system is that each
how? landowner had access to water. What are some negative
aspects of this system?
The metes and bounds system were used by people in
England and English colonists in America and it was used to This system had negative aspects such as the long
establish property boundaries by using physical features. travel to and from the ends of the property and
Metes used features like “100 years north, to the oak tree, could have caused issues with transporting things.
and the corner of the barn. The bounds system used larger Different river shapes could also have made
physical features like streams and roads. irregular plot sizes/shapes.

What is another name for the Public Land Survey System?

Another name for the Public Land Survey System is

the township and range system.

How does this system organize land ownership?

This system organizes land ownership by creating

square plots or sections that are 6 miles long by 6
miles wide.

Topic 5.3: Agricultural Origins and Diffusions

Essential Question: What are major centers of domestication of plants and animals and how have plants and animals
diffused globally?

The major centers of plant and animal domestication include the fertile Crescent, Mesoamerica, the Andes mountains,
and East Asia, with each region contributing unique crops and livestock that spread globally through trade migration and
culture exchange.

CENTERS OF PLANT AND ANIMAL DOMESTICATION

What is the name of the first agricultural revolution?

The first agricultural revolution was called the Neolithic agricultural revolution

What were the first five agricultural hearths?

The first hearths were in Southwest Asia, East Asia, South Asia, Africa, and the Americas

Agricultural Hearths

What are important characteristics of the first agricultural hearths?

The characteristics of the first agricultural hearths include available fresh water, fertile soils, moderate climates,
and skilled residents.

Describe human life before agriculture.

Before agriculture, humans lived as hunters and gatherers who lived in small, mobile groups, who would search
for food.

What does it mean to domesticate an animal?

To domesticate an animal means to raise it for protection, work, transportation, or a food source.

What were some of the first animals domesticated?

Some of the first animals domesticated were dogs, horses, goats, pigs, sheep, and cattle.

What is the difference between vegetative and seed planning?

Vegetative planning used old stems or roots of existing plants to grow others while seed planting used the seeds
from existing plants to grow entirely new ones.

How did agriculture impact human settlement?

Agriculture allowed for people to live in permanent higher-density communities. This is because of the benefits to
settling near or on rivers.

Why did first civilizations begin near rivers? How did the rivers impact agriculture?
 First civilians settled near rivers because they usually settled along rivers, which gave them a source of water for
people to drink, a source of food(fish), and transportation.

DIFFUSION OF THE FIRST AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

Where is the Fertile Crescent located and how did it get its name?

The Fertile Crescent is located in Southwest Asia. The area extends from the eastern coast of the Mediterranean
Sea and continues in an acr along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to the Persian Gulf.

What is independent innovation?

Independent innovation is when crops and animals were domesticated in multiple regions with seemingly no
interaction among the people.

Impacts of Hearths and Agriculture The Columbian Exchange

How did agricultural hearths lead to urban centers? Name 5 agricultural items shared from the West to the
East.
Agriculture led to the first urban centers when the
settlements that came with agriculture grew into 5 agricultural items shared from the West to the East are
the first civilizations that brought increased trade, Potatoes, chocolate, peppers, corn, and beans.
large empires, and powerful states.
Name 5 agricultural items shared from the East to the
West.

5 agricultural items shared from the East to the

West are bananas, onions, sugarcane, cattle, and
horses.

Modern Diffusion

How did the Industrial Revolution impact new agricultural technology?

The Industrial Revolution impacted agricultural technology with new machines and scientific discoveries to better
preserve food and it increased the food supply exponentially.

GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES: DIFFUSION OF GOODS (p.286) THINK AS A GEOGRAPHER: ANALYZING RURAL NETWORKS
(p. 287)

1. Describe a benefit of having access to food from a 1. Define the Columbian Exchange.
variety of places around the world.
The Columbian exchange was the process in which
Having access to food from a variety of places different crops and food sources was brought to
around the world offers the benefit of dietary Europe and crops were brought to the Americas
diversity. when America was discovered by Christophor
 Columbus.

2. Describe a cultural or social reason why the 2. Explain ONE positive and ONE negative social
adoption of food from another location is a slow consequence of the Columbian Exchange on the
process. Americas.

It takes a long time for adoption of food to be

adapted into new cultures because people are
One positive aspect to the Columbian Exchange is the
creatures of habit.
new arrival of crops and other livestock that added
more diversity to diets. One consequence of the
Columbian exchange was the diseases that came from
the Eastern Hemisphere to the Western Hemisphere.

3. Describe an environmental barrier that slows the

spread of new crops growing in different regions.

A slight change in soil conditions, average

temperature, growing season, moisture, and 3. Using the graphic, explain the degree to which you
latitudinal position can severely hinder the have benefited from the diffusion of foods from
production of crops in different regions. Afro-Eurasia to the Americas.

The Americas benefited greatly within the

Columbian Exchange with the addition of new
livestock such as cattle, horses, pigs, and goats to
the Western Hemiphere.

4. Using the graphic, explain to what extent the

Columbian Exchange changed the way human
beings eat.

With the addition of new livestock to the Americas,

it didn’t only create a more diverse diet, but it also
gave people in the Americas different sources of
protein or foods that had higher nutritional value.

Chapter 11 Review

1. B 5. c
2.d 6.d

3.b 7.e

4.a

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Chapter 12: The Second and Third Agricultural Revolutions

Topic 5.4

Essential Question: What are the advances and impacts of the Second Agricultural Revolution?

The Second Agricultural Revolution caused advancements in technology, mechanization, improved knowledge of
fertilizers, soils, and selective breeding practices for animals and plants. These new advancements caused a lower need
for farms/farmers but increased the production of food supply.

How did the Second Agriculture change traditional agricultural practices?

The second agricultural revolution changed traditional agricultural practices by improving mechanization and
knowledge of fertilizers, soils, and selective breeding practices for plants and animals.

How did the Third Agricultural Revolution change traditional agricultural practices?

The third agricultural revolution controlled development, planting ,processing, and selling of food products.

IMPACT OF THE SECOND AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

What new technologies increased food production?

The new technologies that increase food production were mechanization of agricultural production, advances in
transportation, development of large scale irrigation, and changes to consumption patterns of agricultural goods.

How did new technologies in food preservation and production affect the health of humans?

New technologies affected the health of humans by better preserving the food, increasing the food supply, which
had effects of greater variety of food and increased life expectancies for humans.
Property Rights and Farming Advances

What were the Enclosure Acts? How did this affect peasant farmers?

The enclosure acts were a series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase
and enclose land for their own use. These acts caused many peasant farmers to be forced off their land and lose
their traditional ways of life.

How did mechanized agricultural technology created a shift in employment?

With mechanized agricultural technology increasing, employment levels shifted as fewer farmers and farm
laborers were needed and it created more jobs in the industrial or manufacturing sector in the economy.

What were three major agricultural advancements made in the 19th century?

Three major agricultural advancements made in the 19th century were irrigation, transportation, and planting.

What is crop rotation and how does it impact agriculture?

Crop rotation is the technique of planting different crops in a specific sequence on the same plot of land in order
to restore nutrients back into the soil. Thie impacts agriculture by having proper soil management, so crops grow
more efficiently.

What is irrigation and how does it impact agriculture?

Irrigation is the process of applying controlled amounts of water to crops using canals, pipes, sprinkler systems, or
other human made devices, rather than to rely on just rainfall. This impacts agriculture by giving the crops proper
water, so they grow better and faster without wasting water.

Agricultural Changes and Shifting Demographics

How did the Second Agricultural Revolution result in fewer farms/farmers and more food?

The Second Agricultural Revolution results in fever farms/farmers and more food by improved mechanization
which allowed for faster harvesting and less need for human labor which resulted in more food and less
farmers/farms.

Topic 5.5 The Green Revolution

Essential Question: What are the consequences of the Green Revolution on food supply and the environment in the
developing world?

The green valuation resulted in negative environmental consequences like soil degradation, water depletion, pollution
from excessive fertilizer and pesticide use, loss of biodiversity, and increased reliance on chemical inputs, often
disproportionately impacting small farmers who couldn't afford the necessary resources to adapt to technologies fully
therefore producing less food.

THE THIRD AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

What were major changes and innovations of the Third Agricultural Revolution?

Three major change and innovations of the Third Agricultural Revolution include expanded mechanization of
farming, developed new global agricultural systems, and used scientific and information technologies to further
previous advances in agriculture production.

The Green Revolution INCREASE IN GRAIN PRODUCTION BY REGION (p297) Based

on the graph, which regions increased grain production the
Who is Dr. Borlaug? Why is he significant?
most? Why did production in SubSaharan Africa lag?
Dr. Borlaug laid the foundation for scientifically
The regions that had the most increase in grain
increasing the food supply to meet the demands pf
production are East Asia, Latin America, and
an ever-lasting global population. His development
Southeast and South Asia. Sub-Saharan Africa may
of higher-yield, more disease-resistant, and faster-
have lagged behind due to less fertilizers or
growing varieties of grain are why he is significant.
pesticides available to farmers or different diseases.

What does it mean if a farmer double crops?

The double crop is to grow more than one crop in a

year in the same field while increasing the use of
fertilizers and pesticides.

Hybrids Machinery GMOs

Define hybridization. List some important machines that What does GMO stand for?
increase production.
The process of breeding two Genetically Modified Organism
plants that have desirable -Tractors
characteristics to produce a
-Tillers
single seed with both What are some ways plants are
characteristics. -broadcast seeders modified?

- Grain Carts Some plants are m modified to

increase yields, resist diseases,
-Chemical Fertilizers
and withstand chemicals used
How does this process impact -pesticides to kill weeds and pests.
agriculture?
 This process impacted And Hybrids
agriculture by creating new
types of food and gave farmers
a wider range of plants to use.

POSITIVE IMPACTS OF THE GREEN REVOLUTION

What new technologies did the Green Revolution introduce?

The Green Revolution brought new seed technology, mechanization, pesticides, chemical fertilizers, and irrigation.

Higher Yields Money for Research and Business Food Prices

Describe the positive impact of the Describe the positive impact of the Describe the positive impact of the
Green Revolution in relation to higher Green Revolution in relation to more Green Revolution in relation to higher
yields. money for research and business. food prices.

The green revolution had Money for research and As the Green Revolution
positive impacts in relation to business increased as a occurred, the price of food
higher yields by increasing the demand for those new went down as there was a
global food supply, which technologies such as fertilizers, higher supply. This made it so
decreased starvation, and seed hybridization, and there was less economic stress
decreased famine. pesticides. This research on hunger and famine.
helped rural farmers as well as
universities and prosperous
regions.

NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF THE GREEN REVOLUTION

How did the Green Revolution negatively impact the environment?

The Green Revolution negatively impacted the environment by causing environmental damages, gender
inequalities, and economic obstacles.

Why do some say that it is not sustainable?

Some say that it is not sustainable because the intensive use of land and double or triple cropping, combined with
 more aggressive irrigation, led to soil erosion and increased environmental pollution.

The Green Revolution’s Impact on Gender Roles Economic Changes

How did the Green Revolution exclude women? Why was the Green Revolution funded by public
(governments) and private (business) funds? How did that
The Green Revolution excluded women when the
change?
technologies were introduced by giving men more
power in decision-making. It also excluded them by The green revolution was funded by public governments
only giving men access to financial resources and and private businesses because when profit margins
education on new farming techniques. decreased, many corporations began to curtail further
investments in the green revolution.

How does the Green Revolution “leave out” the

poorer/subsistence farmers?

The green revolution left out the poor/subsistence

farmers because it pushed people from rural areas
to move to urban areas and search for industrial
and service sector jobs.

The Green Revolution Struggles in Africa

What are the reasons the Green Revolution has failed Africa?

The green revolution failed in Africa because of the environmental economic and cultural standpoints. These reasons
include that Africa has a greater diversity of climate and soils, Africa has many regions with harsh environmental
conditions, Africa is large and lack of well-developed transportation infrastructure, and Africa staple crops are not always
included in research.

GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES: AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION THINK AS A GEOGRAPHER: COMPARE THE SECOND

(p.302) AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION TO THE GREEN REVOLUTION
(p. 303)

1. What is the FAO’s concern about water use and 1. On your own paper, create a Venn diagram like the one
agriculture? below. List characteristics that are individual to the Second
Agricultural Revolution and the Green Revolution in the
The FAO's concerned about water use and
outside portion of each circle. List similarities shared by
agricultural is because they believe that there are
both revolutions in the center of the circles, where they
critical concerns related to agricultural pollution
overlap.
contaminating water supply by chemical pesticides
and fertilizers. As well as they believe that
population growth has put undue pressures on
countries to produce enough food.
 2. Describe two unintended negative consequences of
the Green Revolution.

Unintended negative consequences of the green

revolution include surface water becoming
contaminated because of industrial waste or poor
water treatment processes and diseases spreading
from those processes. 2. After you complete your list, circle or highlight those
which you consider the most important similarities and
differences.

3. Explain the danger of water pollution to people and

the environment

Contaminated water can cause immediate illness or

long term diseases, such as cancer or birth defects.

Chapter 12 Review

1. e 5.b

2. a 6.b

3.c 7.e

4.b

Chapter 12: Spatial Arrangement of Agriculture

Topic 5.6 Agricultural Production Regions

Essential Question: How do economic forces influence agricultural practices?

Forces influence agricultural practices by dictating which crops to grow, the scale of production, the adoption of new
technologies, and land use decisions.

INFLUENCE OF ECONOMIC FORCES INCREASING INTENSITY

What factors play into farmers’ decisions about using the Why are regions of the world that traditionally relied on
land?
 Factors that play into farmers decisions about using extensive agricultural techniques are under pressure?
the land include available capital and the relative
Because of local increases in demand for food,
costs of lands and labor.
regional population growth, and global competition
to use land more intensely.

Compare Intensive land-use vs. Extensive land-use.

Intensive land use uses more resources and labor Why do farmers feel pressure to use land continuously?
on smaller plots of land to increase yields, while
Farmers are pressured to use the land continuously
extensive land use uses fewer resources and labor
because economic forces are pushing farmers out.
on larger plots of land.

What does it mean when farming is capital intensive? Labor

intensive? What technologies are more in demand?
Farming is capital intensive when there is a large Technologies that are more in demand consist of
amount of money used and it is labor intensive expensive inputs such as irrigation, chemicals
when there is lots of human labor/ paid labor fertilizers, and improved seeds.

Methods of Planting The Meat Industry

Define double cropping. Why has global meat consumption increased?

Double cropping is planting and harvesting a crop Global meat consumption has increased because of
two or three times per year on the same piece of global population growth increasing at a rapid pace.
land.

Define feedlots.
Define intercropping.
Feedlots are confined spaces in which cattle and
Also known as multicopying, Intercropping is when hogs have limited movement also known as
farmers grow 2 or more crops simultaneously on concentrated animal feeding operations(CAFOs)
the same field.

How has fast food increased meat demand?

Define monoculture/cropping.
The global expansion of fast food operations and
Monoculture is when only one crop is grown, or the increased demand for meat has led to larger
one type of animal is raised per year on a single ranching operations in the United States and South
piece of land. Monocropping is only growing one America.
type of crop or raising one type of animal year after
year.
Give an example of how extensive and intensive can be
combined.

An example of combining both extensive and

 intensive is raising cattle in Wyoming being
extensive farming on large land and then farmers
transporting the cattle to feed lots in Northern
Colorado to fatten the animals quickly before being
processed into meat for market.

Topic 5.7 Spatial Organization of Agriculture

Essential Question: How do economic forces influence agricultural practices?

Economic forces significantly influence agricultural practices by dictating which crops to grow, the skill of their production,
the adaption to new technologies, and land use decisions.

COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE AND AGRIBUSINESS

What steps does agribusiness include?

Agribusiness involves an integration of various steps of production in the food processing industry such as
research and development, processing and production, transportation, marketing, and retail of agricultural goods.

How do all the steps lead to most agribusinesses being owned by transnational corporations?

These steps lead to most agribusinesses being owned by transnational corporations because of the large scale
operations that transnational corporations have among also being highly mechanized and often use chemicals
biotechnology in raising crops and animals. This makes it so that the farms ran and businesses can all be owned by
the same corporation.

IMPACT OF LARGE-SCALE FARMS

How has globalization increased competition?

Globalization has increased competition because it encouraged large scale farms to operate more as a corporation
than a family farm.

How does this competition favor larger farms?

This competition favors larger farms because it eliminates many small scale farm operations it's giving the larger
farms more opportunities.
Define vertical integration.

Vertical integration is the ownership of other businesses involved in the steps of producing a particularly good
corporation.

Large-Scale Replacing Small-Scale Commodity Chains and Consumption

Define economies of scale. Define commodity chain.

Economics of scale is an increase in efficiency to Commodity chain is a process used by corporations

lower the per-unit production cost, resulting in to gather resources, transform them into goods,
greater profits. and then transport them to consumers.

What are some reasons that large-scale farms are replacing

small-scale farms?
Why can farmers raise crops/livestock far from their
Large scale farms are more likely to outlive the markets without greatly increasing prices?
small-scale farms because they can afford the latest
Improvements in agricultural technology, advances
technology, such as better seeds or machinery,
in transportation, and an increasingly globalized
which makes it increasingly difficult for family farms
economy enables farmers to raise crops and
to survive since they cannot compete with this
animals far from their final market and allows
significant cheaper cost per-unit production of
consumers to still purchase the final products at
large-scale farming operations.
low prices

How has the Green Revolution contributed to the

replacement?

Many family farms have disappeared because of

the rising expensive associated with green
revolution technology and the need to adapt this
technology to survive and compete in an
increasingly global market.

COMMODITY CHAIN FOR MILK PRODUCTION (p.313) Identify the six steps in the milk commodity chain.

The six steps in the commodity chain for more protection are collection, filtration, homogenization,
pasteurization, packaging, and transportation.

Technological Improvements

Define carrying capacity.

The number of people that a country agriculture can support given the available resources.
What has impacted/increased carrying capacity?

The carrying capacity has risen tremendously mostly due to technological advances.

Describe benefits of technological advancements for agriculture.

Improvements in the quality of use of fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, soil management, and farming equipment
have all resulted in higher fields. Also, a deeper understanding and of the science of plants and animals has led to
the efficient selective breeding programs, hybrid seed develops through the green revolution, and genetically
modified organisms created through biotechnology.

Define cool chains.

Cool chains are transportation networks that keep food cool throughout a trip.

Describe the costs of technological advancements for agriculture.

Technological advancements have created some environmental damages such as the loss of wetlands,
biodiversity, and water resources. Petroleum-based fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides have caused water, soil,
and air pollution and threatened ecosystems.

Topic 5.8 Von Thünen Model

Essential Question: How is the von Thünen model used to explain patterns of agricultural production at various scales?

The Von Thunen Model explains how and why different types and parts of agriculture are certain distances away from the
market. At different scales of analysis, the model works the same. The closer the land it, the most expensive it is and the
more perishable crops are grown there.

Define location theory.

This theory deals with why people choose certain locations for various types of economic activities- factories,
stores, restaurants, or agriculture.

What does the von Thünen model demonstrate?

 The Von Thunen Model demonstrates a pattern for the types of products that farmers produce at different
positions relative to the market.

VON THÜNEN’S LAND USE MODEL ZONES

What are the assumptions that the model is based upon?

The Von Thunen Model was based on the assumptions that

-farming was an economic activity

-farmers were in business to make a profit

-there was one market where farmers sold their products

-there was one transportation system

-farmers paid transportation costs, which varied with distance

-the market was situated in the center of an isotropic plain

-the area beyond the market and farmland was wilderness

Zones and the Von Thünen Model Land Value

Draw the model below. How is the value of land impacted by the spatial
relationship to the market?

The value of land is higher the closer the land is to

the market. Vice versa, the land is cheaper the
farther away it is from the market.

How does an item’s perishability impact its distance from

the market/center ring?

An items perishability impacts the Von Thunen

Model because horticulture products need to get to
the market quickly, so they are positioned closely
to the market.

The Bid Rent Curve

Define bid-rent theory.

A theory that is sued to determine the starting position for each land use relative to the market.

What information does a bid-price/bid-rent curve show and how is it used?

 A bid-price curve shows the willingness farmers will pay for land at various distances from the market. It is used to
determine what sector of agriculture needs the closer land and who can purchase it.

Define free-market economy.

Where supply and demand determine the outcome of competition for land.

Application of Von Thünen’s Model

Make notes of how the model has been adapted in the following ways:

Non-Isotropic Plains Multiple Markets Changes in Transportation Other Changes in Tech.

Due to the physical If a farmer produced As a result of the Because of the new
features of the multiple different development of technology such as
world, the rings for types of agriculture, new trains, cars, oil, natural gas, and
each zones needed then they would planes, and storage electricity, as well as
to be stretched or need to be techniques, food the fact that trucks
altered to closer/farther from has been allowed to can easily bring
accommodate for the market. be transported wood to places
the unusual features much longer much easier than
distances without before, forests are
spoiling, causing the rarely ever near
rings of the Von communities as
Thunen Model to be transportation is
wider than previous. easier.

Von Thünen Model at a National Scale AGRICULTURAL LAND USE IN THE UNITED STATES (p.320)
What would be similarities between von Thünen’s model
How have technological advancements allowed for the
and this agricultural land-use map for the United States?
model to be used at a national scale?
How might they differ?
Improved transportation and storage methods have
Similarities may include how both would account
created changes that allow the Von Thunen Model
for the physical features that would make
to be used at the national scale.
transportation around the western United States
Draw the national scale model on the map below. more difficult, and a difference would be how
certain types of agriculture have a higher demand
that is not accounted for.

Criticisms of the Von Thünen Model

Von Thünen Model

Assumptions Limitations
Farming was an economic activity Government policies can interfere with a free-market
economy and effect farmers’ decisions.

Farmers were in business to make a profit Simply to provide enough food for his or her family, not
profit, is the goal for many farmers, especially in less-
developed areas

There was one market where farmers sold their products Modern agriculture systems have multiple markets; rarely
is just one market available.

There was one transportation system Planes, trains, and trucks (especially modern refrigerated
transportation) have changed distance considerations for
farmers.

The market was situated in the center of an isotropic plain Differences in land formation, soil fertility, and climate exist
in agricultural regions, making isotropic plains uncommon

Topic 5.9 The Global System of Agriculture

Essential Question: How is there interdependence among regions of agricultural production and consumption?

Regions of agricultural production and consumption are interdependent because different areas around the world
specialize in producing certain crops or livestock due to their climate and soil conditions, leading to a global trade network
where regions that can't produce certain foods rely on imports from other regions to meet their consumption needs,
creating a mutual reliance between producers and consumers across different geographical locations

Define supply chain.

All of the steps required to get a product or service to consumers.

What does interdependence mean? Why has this increased globally?

Interdependence means connections among regions of the world and it is increased because of the globalization
of agriculture.

REGIONAL INTERDEPENDENCE

What types of countries do developed countries (like the US) depend upon for produce? Why?

More developed countries rely on producers in Mexico, other countries there's warmer climates, and ones in the
summer hemisphere, for fresh fruits and vegetable year round.

Food on a Global Scale

__________developed________________ countries also sell food to around the ____world_________.

Define luxury crops and give three examples.

Luxury crops are not essential to human survival but have a high profit margin. Examples include cocoa beans,
cotton, and coffee.

What are core countries? Periphery countries? Semiperiphery?

core countries are dominant, wealthy nations with strong economies that exploit "periphery" countries (poorer
nations with underdeveloped industries) for cheap labor and resources, while "semi-periphery" countries fall in
between, exhibiting characteristics of both core and periphery states, often acting as a bridge between the two.

What are the pros and cons that periphery and semiperiphery countries experience in the globalized commodity chain?

Cons include farmer may not be able to produce luxury crops might not be afford to purchase what they normally
produce.

Political Systems, Infrastructure, and Trade Colonialism and Neocolonialism

The ________efficient exchange ___________ of food Define neo colonialism.

around the world depends on effective ________political
Neocolonialism is the use of economic, political,
systems__________, strong
and social pressures to control former colonies, can
___________infrastructure_____, and supportive
be one way to describe the current state of global
_____trade____ policies. These conditions have evolved
food distribution.
over time to make agricultural trade vital in most countries.
 How do transnational corporations make more money than
the coffee growers?

Transnational corporations make more money than

coffee growers by utilizing neocolonialism to
control the economy and money transferred after
consumers purchase it.

Fair Trade Government Subsidies and Infrastructure

What does the fair-trade movement advocate for? Define subsidies.

The free trade movement is an effort to promote Subsides are public financial support
higher incomes for producers and more sustainable
farming practices.
What are the goals of offering subsidies to farmers?

Subsides are offered to farmers in hope to protect

national security by ensuring a stable food supply,
Summarize the basic principles for reducing poverty of help farmers by increasing agricultural exports,
farmers in the periphery countries: and help consumers by reducing food costs.

The basic principals for reducing poverty of farmers Why is transportation infrastructure so important to
in periphery counties are directing trade, fair prices agriculture?
paid to farmers, decent conditions, environmental
Transportation infrastructure is critical to move
sustainability, and respect for local culture.
agriculture products locally, nationally, and
globally. It is important to agriculture because it
lowers the cost to transport goods from farms to
the market, which helps the economy grow.

GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES: GHANA AS A CASE STUDY IN THINK AS A GEOGRAPHER: EXPLAINING PATTERNS IN

DEVELOPMENT (p.327) MEXICAN EXPORTS (p. 328)

1. Explain why Ghana wants to diversify its economy and 1. Suggest one or more possible reasons to explain why
not rely on just mining or agriculture. Mexican exports have the seasonal pattern you see on the
map.
Ghana wants to diversify its economy so they could
achieve a balanced economy and middle-income Some reasons may include the climate. The climate
country status. during parts of the year may be too harsh to grow
certain vegetables.
2. Explain the importance of transportation infrastructure 2. What might explain the spatial pattern in Mexican
for Ghana’s economy exports?

The importance of transportation infrastructure The states in Mexico that have large amounts of
comes with the goal of raising income and improve exports seem to be along the coast so there is
living conditions, thereby stabilizing the economy. better water access. It also seems to be west-
attracted.

Chapter 13 Review

1.b 5.a

2.d 6.d

3.c 7.d

4.b

Chapter 14: Challenges and Consequences of Agricultural Practices

Topic 5.10 Consequences of Agricultural Practices

Essential Question: What are the environmental and societal consequences of agricultural practices?

Agriculture practices can have significant environmental consequences like deforestation, soil degradation, water
pollution from pesticide and fertilizer use, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss, and destruction of ecosystems.

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF MODERN FOOD PRODUCTION

Summarize how agriculture affects the environment in the following ways:

Land Cover Change Pollution Desertification Soil Salinization

Land cover change Farming pollution Altercation the Improper use of

is the study of how contributes to air, national vegetation irrigation or water
 land is used and the water, and soil in arid areas causes in salt content can
impact of changing pollution. Intensive fertile land to cause salinization of
land use. It affects forms of agriculture become infertile. the soil. Salinization
the environment by are responsible for For example, decreases the
losing natural land the worst decertification is plant’s ability to
areas to agriculture agricultural caused by the uptake water and
and the loss of pollution such as removal of forest or nutrients, which
agricultural land to the use of chemical overgrazing lowers the yields
the expansion of fertilizers, livestock in order and may render soil
urban areas. insecticides, for agricultural useless.
pesticides, and purposes.
herbicides.

Protecting Natural Ecosystems and Conservation Efforts

How do government regulations help conservation efforts?

National and local governments have instituted regulations on the use of agricultural chemicals, development and
possible destruction of fragile natural environments, and preservation of valuable farmland.

What is a protected zone and how does its establishment benefit conservation efforts?

A protective zone is an area that the government defends where development is not allowed. This is done to
preserve and protect the lands, plants, and animals.

HUMANS ALTERING THE LANDSCAPE FOR AGRICULTURE

Terracing

What is terrace farming? Where is this practice best carried out?

Terrace farming is the practice in which farmers build a series of steps into a side of a hill to create flat surfaces
that can used as farmable land. This practice is best carried out in East Asia, South America, and northern Africa.

Managing Water

Define irrigation.

Irrigation is the process of applying controlled amounts of water to crops using dams, canals, pipes, sprinkler
systems, or other manufactured devices rather than relying on just rainfall.

Types of Irrigation Systems Problems from Irrigation

Describe how the following systems operate: How can irrigation cause severe problems?

Dams When misused, irrigation can cause severe

problems such as disrupting the natural drainage of
Dams turn streams or rivers into reservoirs that are
water, the amount of surface water in rivers and
used to maintain large quantities of water
lakes, and water contaminating with chemicals that
 throughout the year. seep into rivers and underground water systems.

Aquifers

Aquifers are underground reserves of fresh Describe the issues with the Aral Sea.
groundwater which can be used to water crops.
After the aerial sea was irrigated for agricultural
purposes, its size was reduced by 10% because of
poorly done irrigation that made much of the water
Center pivot irrigation
go to waste. The remaining water was extremely
Center pivot irrigation uses watering equipment saline, which is destroyed a flourishing fishing
that rotates around a pivot and delivers specific industry and caused economic hardship for the
amounts of water, fertilizer, or pesticides to the population that lived near the lake.
field.

Draining Wetlands Clearing Trees and Other Vegetation

What benefits are lost when wetlands are drained? Define deforestation. What problems does this cause?

Benefits that are lost when wetlands are drained Deforestation is the removal of large tracts of
include significant biodiversity in both plants and forest and it causes problems such as soil erosion,
animals, natural filters that protect surface water, decreased rainfall, warmer temperatures, and
trapping sediment and protect against shoreline desertification.
and stream bank erosion, flood damaged, local
water supply, and the reduction of greenhouse
gases by building and storing soil carbon.

Shifting Cultivation Pastoral Nomadism

Define slash-and-burn agriculture. Describe the practice of nomadic herding.

Slash-and-burn agriculture is an early agricultural Nomadic herding is an extensive agricultural

practice and type of shifting cultivation that takes activity that involves groups of people moving often
place when all vegetation in an area of forest is cut and raising animals as their main means of survival.
down and burned in place. With pastoral nomadism, the farmer will keep the
animals in one area only until the supply of food
reaches the point that further grazing will do
What are the environmental pros/cons of this agricultural permanent damage to the land.
practice?

The pros of this agricultural practice is that the

watch provides nutrients to the soil and the land
can be farmed for a few years before the soil
becomes depleted and the plot is abandoned. Cons
of this practice include the pressure that increases
because the land is not allowed to recover causing
permanent damage and damages such as soil
 erosion can occur.

SOCIETAL EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

Summarize how agriculture affects the environment in the following ways:

Changing Diets Role of Women in Ag. Production Economic Purpose

The challenge of global food As agriculture has developed Agriculture is very important
supply is the changing dietary and countries have become economically because it is the
preferences of people as more developed, women foundation to which many
citizens more developed have found less jobs in other aspects of the economy
countries have improved agriculture and has shifted grow upon. Without
standards of living. They seek towards more modern jobs agriculture, many other
diets involving meat, dairy that developed in core industries such as clothing
products, and processed and countries such as managing manufacture, trees for
convenient foods. agribusiness corporations. building materials, corn and
sugar for ethanol, and other
plants that are used to make
medicines would not exist.

AGRICULTURAL DATA, 2017 (from selected countries) (p.342)

Agriculture in the United States and Canada makes up a tiny percentage of the GDP, yet in Afghanistan and Ghana it is a
much larger percentage. A similar situation exists for the percentage of the labor force working in agriculture among the
four countries. What does this mean about the importance of agriculture in Afghanistan and Ghana?

Agriculture in Afghanistan and Ghana are very important to the country's economics because it produces 80%
of their total GDP. This means that without agriculture in those countries they would be extremely poor and
have high poverty levels because of the low economic state of the country.

Topic 5.11 Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture

Essential Question: What are the challenges and debates related to the changing nature of contemporary agriculture and
food-production practices?

Major challenges and debates surrounding contemporary agriculture and food production practices include climate
change impacts on crop yields, water scarcity, solid degradation, the use of generating an genetically modified organisms,
pesticide overuse, biodiversity loss, ethical concerns around intensive farming practices, and ensuring food security for
our growing population while balancing environmental sustainability.

AGRICULTURAL INNOVATIONS
What were the goals of the Third Agricultural Revolution?

The goals of the third agricultural revolution included ways to increase yields to feed growing populations,
improve foods nutritional value, and increase the profitability of farming.

Biotechnology and Genetically Modified Organisms Aquaculture

Define GMO. Define aquaculture/aquafarming.

Genetically modified organisms are plants or Aquaculture, or Aqua farming, is the practice of
animals that scientists have modified by extracting raising and harvesting fish and other forms of food
genes of one species and inserting them into DNA that live in water.
of another species.

What is the Blue Revolution and what did it change?

How do GMOs “improve” traditional plants?
The blue revolution is referred to as the fast
GMO's improve traditional plants by being more growing practices of agriculture that is responsible
nutritious, resistant to weather and pest related for approximately 50% of the world's seafood.
damage, and less susceptible to spoilage.

What are some criticisms of aquaculture?

What are some criticisms of GMOs?
Criticisms of aquaculture include high fish density in
Criticisms of genetically modified organisms include enclosures means diseases and parasites thrive and
the seats being too expensive for four farmers to spread easily, parasites and diseases can spread
use, the seeds that are resistant to pests and easily from fish in the enclosures, chemicals and
herbicides might lead to the development of super antibiotics used to counter parasites and disease
pests or super weeds, and the potential long term can damage the ecosystem, can escape pens and
risks to consumers. may breed, excess fed and the concentration of fish
waste can produce dangerously high levels of
organic matter and local bodies of water.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO AGRICULTURE

Summarize how agriculture affects the environment in the following ways:

Agricultural Depletion of Water Loss of Biodiversity Soil Degradation and Sustainability and
Chemicals and Fossil Supplies Erosion Agriculture
As improved varieties
Fuels
The misuse of water of crops are If the density of Maintaining soil
When used properly by farmers can also developed, armors animals is greater fertility without
these products damage the often abandoned than the expansive degrading the soil is
provide the soil with environment such as older varieties. In grasslands can possible but it takes
nutrients and the inefficient addition, farmers support, animals will careful planning.
disposed of waste. If irrigation that grow fewer varieties overgraze in the Sustainable grazing
too much is applied farmers use by of crops than ever search of food. This and telling practices
the excess watering their crops before. Specializing in damages the help to minimize
contaminates nearby more than needed. one crop, which is grasslands to the solar erosion.
water supplies, known as extent that the Managing chemical
causing significant monocropping, then vegetation will not levels and
environmental reduces the diversity refresh itself even sedimentation and
damage, including of insects, animals, after the animal's bodies of water,
growth of toxic algae and other organisms leave. conserving water,
that uses the oxygen that depend on other employing renewable
in the water, which varieties of plants. energy resources, and
kills fish and other preserving
organisms. biodiversity all part of
the environmentally
sustainable
perspective.

CHANGS IN FOOD PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION

What are the major trends in agriculture over the last century?

The broad trends in agriculture over the past century have been towards larger farms, corporate ownership,
intensive use of machinery and chemicals, and higher output. However, smaller trends are also evident such as
the increase in fair trade, organic farming, and value added crops.

Fair Trade Organic Food

What are the most widely sold fair- Define organic foods.
trade items?
Organic food are crops that must be non GMO's, produced without
The most widely sold fair trade pesticides or synthetic fertilizers, and use sustainable growing practices.
products are bananas,
Why do some people prefer to buy organic food?
chocolate, coffee, and tea.
Many customers believe that organic is healthier for them and safer for
the environment.

Value Added Specialty Crops Local-Food Movement

What are some reasons people are willing to pay more for agricultural products? What are the positives of eating locally
grown food?
Consumers are willing to pay more because of special qualities or
because they are difficult to acquire genetically grown crops and meats, The positives of eating locally
rare subtropical plants, and grass-fed beef and free-range chicken and grown food is that this
eggs. supports local farmers and
reduces the use of fossil fuel
used to transport products.

Urban Farming Community-Supported Agriculture

Define urban farming. Define CSA.

Urban farming refers to the production of farm Community supported agriculture is agriculture
goods within an urban area with the goal of that brings producers and consumers into a type of
providing locally grown food. partnership.
Where are community gardens typically located within a
city?
What are the positives from this strategy?
These small plots of farmland may be found in
The positives of this strategy include that
different areas in the city such as parks, abandoned
consumers are ensured a local supply of fresh
lots, or even on top of buildings.
products, and the farmers receive revenue
throughout the season, rather than only at the end.
It also allows for a connection between consumers
What are vertical farms and how do they use hydroponics?
and producers because consumers can also
Vertical farms are farms that grow crops inside in participate in the process of growing and harvesting
stackable trays using greenhouses, artificial lights, the food.
and hydroponics. They use hydroponics to allow
crops to grow without soil using mineral and rich
solutions.

CHALLENGES OF FEEDING A GLOBAL POPULATION

How is there enough food for the population but not everyone has enough to eat? What is the main issue?

There is enough food for the population but not everyone has enough to eat because of insufficient food
distribution networks and the cost of the food.

Summarize how the following issues cause issues in feeding the global population

Food Insecurity Food Deserts

Food insecurities create issues in feeding the Food deserts create issues and feeding the global
global population by limiting access to sufficient, population by limiting access to affordable,
nutritious food for individuals and communities, nutritious food in certain geographic areas, which
leading to many different problems, even when can lead to malnutrition, diet related diseases like
there may be enough food produced globally to obesity and diabetes, and overall food insecurity,
feed everyone; This is often due to unequal particularly impacting low income communities
distribution, poverty, climate change, conflict, and with limited transportation options, ultimately
poor agricultural practices. hindering efforts to adequately feed the global
population.

Problems with Distribution Systems Adverse Weather Land Use Lost to Suburbanization

At the local scale, both Adverse weather issues like Land use loss due to
farmers and consumers are droughts, floods, extreme urbanization creates issues
hindered by their inability to heat, and storms can with feeding the global
get to the market. At the significantly disrupt food population by directly
regional level and global production by damaging reducing the amount of land
scale, modern transportation crops, impacting water available for agriculture,
systems and advances in food availability for irrigation, which in turn limits food
 storage have vastly improved disrupting harvest cycles, and production, potentially
distribution, but there are still damaging infrastructure, leading to food insecurity.
obstacles. Many of the new leading to reduced food
advances are not reliable in supply.
certain area.

FACTORS AFFECTING FOOD PRODUCTION

What factors influence farmers’ decision making?

The decisions farmers make are influenced by numerous factors, including the location of food processing
facilities and markets, economies of scale, distribution systems, and government policies.

Location of Food Processing Facilities and Markets Economies of Scale

Define food processing. How do farmers increase their profits?

Food processing is the transformation of agricultural products into food Farmers increase their profits
or taking food items and transforming them into a different type of by altering their practices to
food. make the operation more
efficient and reduce the cost
How has technology changed where food processing facilities are located?
per unit of production.
Improvements in roads, truck efficiencies, and storage techniques have
prompted many companies to close older, smaller facilities and open
new, more efficient ones.

Distribution Systems Government Policies

Why is a schedule important with product shipping? How can government policies impact farmers?

A schedule is important with product shipping

because without it delivery systems would be
interrupted and product short shortages would
occur. In the case of regional and global
distribution, different markets might demand
different products, and therefore, farmers have to Define tariff.
adapt to the production accordingly. A Tariff is a tax on imports.

Define quota.
How can bad weather or other interruptions impact
farmers and consumers?
A quota limits the quality of a good importer to protect
Bad weather, transportation breakdowns, or other domestically produced goods.
problems delay a delivery to a grocery store, then
the consumers will have to do without the desired
product. With food, this might be an inconvenience
or a serious concern.
 Topic 5.12 Women in Agriculture

Essential Question: What are the variations in female roles in food production and consumption?

GENDER ROLES IN THE FOOD SYSTEM

What percent of women make up the agricultural workforce (internationally)? Areas where subsistence is more common?

Women make up about 40% of the world's agricultural labor force and about 70% in subsistence farming
practices.

What roles do women play in food production?

Today, women play roles in food production which has working in management, sales, distribution, and research
as well as staying home and working their farms along with their children.

How has food preparation changed as more women work outside the home?

As women work more outside the homes food preparation has moved from more people purchasing convenience
food and eating out than eating in. But, may not become more involved in food preparation in the regions of the
world with greater gender equality.

Gender Equality and Agriculture: Hope for the Future

Define gender inequality.

Gender inequality Are the unequal opportunities, treatment, or rights of a person based on gender.
What are the major gender-specific obstacles that prevent female farmers from reaching potential productivity?

Major gender specific obstacles that prevents female farmers from reaching potential productivity include the fact
that women are denied access to finance and capital, women are denied training and education, when women are
denied property ownership, women have limited mobility ability, and women lack political power

Define crop-gap. Why do female run farms experience less productivity?

A crop gap, also known as a yield gap, is the difference between the actual yield of their crop and its potential
yield. Female farms often experience less productivity because of gender specific obstacles.

PROPERTY RIGHTS FOR WOMEN, 2017 (p.358)

Describe the patterns of property rights of women. What is the relationship between the patterns and gender equality in
agriculture?

Patterns of property rights of women have severe relationships between developed more developed countries
and less developed countries. The more developed a country is the less discrimination in regards to women
having property rights there are.

GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES: FARMERS’ NEW SOURCES OF THINK AS A GEOGRAPHER: USE SCALE TO ANALYZE FAIR
REVENUE (p.359-360) TRADE (p. 360)

1. Describe TWO ways that farmers are trying to increase 1. At the household scale, how does a family that grows
revenue. food in a garden for their own consumption demonstrate
some, but not all, of the principles of fair trade?
Two ways that farmers are trying to increase
revenue are agritourism and you pick activities. A family growing food and their garden
demonstrates some fair trade principles by
practicing environmental sustainability and
fostering self-sufficiency. While they aren't directly
engaging in labor justice or fair pricing for workers,
they can reflect empowerment by reducing
dependence on external markets. However, they
don't fully embrace all the fair trade principles,
particularly those related to community support
2. Describe why some farmers are choosing to grow organic and economic justice and global trade systems.
crops. 2. At the community scale, how does a farmers market
Farmers are choosing to grow organic crops because sales demonstrate the principles of fair trade?
have boomed over last decade and people will pay more for A farmers market supports fair trade by insuring
organic food. local farmers receive fair prices and fostering direct
transparent relationships between producers and
consumers. It also promotes sustainability by
encouraging environmental friendly practices and
food production.
3. Explain why organic farming is unlikely to work on a
global scale.

Organic farming is unlikely to work at a global scale

3.At the global scale, how does the data suggest that the
primarily because it typically produces lower yields
idea of fair trade is becoming more widespread?
compared to conventional farming.
The data suggests that the idea of Fair trade is
becoming more red sparred because in every
category, there are more importers of each trade.
This shows that fair trade is becoming more
commonly used and widespread.

4. How does the practice of fair trade affect each of the

following groups: producers in periphery countries,
multinational companies, and consumers in highly
developed countries?

Fair trade positively impacts producers and

peripheral countries by providing them with better
prices, stable market access, wow for multinational
companies and it can enhance brand image and
appeal to ethnic consumers, and for consumers in
developed countries it offers the chance to support
ethnic production practices by paying slightly more
for products that guarantee fair treatment of
producers in developing countries.

Chapter 14 Review

1. d 5.e

2.c 6.a

3.a 7.b

4.a