INTRODUCTION TO

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
 Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Purpose:

The purpose of this course is to serve as an

introduction into the basics of aircraft aerodynamic
characteristics, components, structures and
avionics systems.
 Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Course Outline:
Introduction to Basic Aeronautical Engineering:
Basics of Aeronautical Engineering: History of Aviation,
Aeronautics and Astronautics, Types of Aircraft, Different Parts of
Aircraft.

Forces Acting on Aircraft: Lift, Drag, Thrust, Types of Aircraft

Engines, Weight.
 Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Course Outline:
Introduction to Basic Aeronautical Engineering:
Aircraft Structure and Basic Configurations: Aircraft basic
configurations; Aerospace structures – familiarization to construction
of wing, fuselage, horizontal stabilizer, vertical stabilizer, primary and
secondary control surfaces and landing gear, Aerospace Materials.

Mechanics of Flight: Theories Related to Lift, Flow over Airfoil,

Stall, Pressure Distribution over Airfoil, Forces and Moments Acting
on Airfoil, Characteristics of Lift and Drag, Pitching Moment.
 Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Course Outline:
Introduction to Basic Aeronautical Engineering:
Aircraft maneuvers – Control and Stability, Take off, climb, cruise,
descent, glide and landing, High lift devices, aircraft performance
parameters such as endurance, aircraft ceiling and range,

Aircraft Instrumentation, Communication and Navigation

System: Introduction to the cockpit and its instruments; Basic 6
instruments and their functions, Fundamentals of aircraft
communication system, Fundamentals of aircraft navigation system.
 Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Text and Reference Books:

1. Introduction to Flight -John D Anderson Jr.

2. Principles of Avionics – 6th Ed. – Albert Helfrick.

2. Introduction to Aerospace structural Analysis –David H Allen.

3. Avionics Navigation Systems, 2nd Ed – Myron Kayton.

4. Aerodynamics – Clancy.

5. Flight without Formulae – Kermode.

6. Fundamentals of Aerodynamics -John D Anderson.

 Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Astronautics:
Astronautics or Astronautical engineering is the branch
of engineering, that deals with machines designed to exit
or work entirely beyond the Earth’s atmosphere.

In other words, It is the science and technology of space

flight.
 Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Spacecraft:
A spacecraft is a vehicle or machine designed to fly in
outer space.

Spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including -

Communications, Earth observation, Meteorology,
Navigation, Space colonization, Planetary exploration,
and Transportation of humans and cargo.
Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering
 Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Aerodynamics:
Aerodynamics Comes from two different Greek words:
“Aerios” – which means the study of air, and
“Dynamics” – which means force.
Aerodynamics is the study of the properties of moving
air and the interaction between the air and solid bodies
moving through it.
Aerodynamics is often used synonymously with gas
dynamics, but it only concerns about air.
Aerodynamics is the fundamental of aerospace
engineering (aeronautics)
 Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Aircraft:
An Aircraft is a machine that is able to fly by gaining
support from the air.
Common examples of aircraft include airplanes,
helicopters, airships, gliders, and hot air balloons.
It is a vehicle which is able to fly through the air, object
which are not supported by the air such as rockets and
missiles, are not aircraft.
All the human activity which surrounds aircraft is called
Aviation.
Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering
Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering
 Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Types of Aircraft:
Free Balloon
Lighter-than-air Non-power-driven
Captive Balloon
Aircraft
Power-driven Airships

Aircraft Gliders
Non-power-driven Sailplanes
Kites Land Plane

Heavier-than-air Aeroplane Sea Plane

Aircraft Amphibian
Power-driven Rotorcraft
Helicopter
Gyroplane
Omithopter
Cyclogyro
 Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Lighter then Air

Free Balloon:
 Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Lighter then Air

Captive Balloon:
 Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Lighter then Air

Airships:
 Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Heavier then Air

Gliders:
 Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Heavier then Air

Sailplanes:
 Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Heavier then Air

Kites:
 Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Heavier then Air

Land plane:
 Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Heavier then Air

Sea plane:
 Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Heavier then Air

Amphibian:
 Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Heavier then Air

Omithopter:
 Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Heavier then Air

Helicopter:
 Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Heavier then Air

Gyroplane:
 Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Heavier then Air

Cyclogyro:
History of Aviation
 “Man won't fly for a
million years – to build a
flying machine would
require the combined
and continuous efforts of
mathematicians and
mechanics for 1-10
million years.”
- THE NEW YORK TIMES,
DECEMBER 08, 1903
History

9 days later…….

The Wright brothers’ (Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright) first airplane flight on Dec. 17, 1903,
lasted just 12 seconds before landing with a thud 120 feet (37 m) away.

The Wright brothers made four flights that day, each longer than the last. The last one flew 852
feet (260 m) in distance and staying aloft almost a minute, launching the world into the aviation
age for good.
 Aviation Through the Ages
1250 to 1750

Leonardo da Vinci spent most of his life exploring

flight and left the world about 160 documents of
sketches and observations about flight.

He made important discoveries about the center of

gravity, the center of pressure, and streamlining.

But like so many people of his time he was obsessed

with learning to fly like a bird. Ornithopter is a type of
flying machine that is designed to work by mimicking
the flapping motion of a bird's wings
 Aviation Through the Ages
1750 to 1850
Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier designed the first
successful flying craft. Their observations led them to
believe that burning created a gas, which they called
"Montgolfier's gas," causing a craft to rise. They
constructed a balloon made of cloth and paper. The
first aviators were a duck, rooster, and a sheep.

Then in 1783 a crowd in Paris watched as a

Montgolfier balloon carried two French men. The way
the balloons worked is hot air and gases filled the
balloon causing it to lift. Once it was in the air it
simply went wherever the wind took it.
 Aviation Through the Ages
1750 to 1850
To counter this problem Henri Giffard designed
a round oval shaped balloon called a blimp and
combined it with a steam engine to make it
steerable.

When gasoline engines were invented they

became a major source of transportation
across the Atlantic Ocean. The Hindenburg
zeppelin disaster in 1937 caused the end for
these large airships.
Aviation Through the Ages
1850 to 1900

Sir George Cayley experimented with gliders

at his home in Yorkshire. He was the first to
discover how wings work.

Cayley discovered that wings are lifted on

the air. He also constructed the first aircraft
that was heavier than air.

He is now recognized as the father of

aviation. He came up with many principles
of heavier-than-air flight.
 Aviation Through the Ages
1850 to 1900

In 1896, the German engineer, Otto Lilienthal,

tested several monoplane and biplane gliders.

He built and flew the first glider capable of

carrying a person, but died when he crashed
in a sudden gust of wind before he could finish
his powered plane.

In the figure, Otto Lilienthal, aviation pioneer,

during one of his last flights, 1896.
 Aviation Through the Ages
1900 to 1935

At 10:35 a.m. on December 17, 1903 the world's first

successful airplane known as the Flyer I accelerated along
its launching rail and flew through the air.

The brothers had made their own engine that weighed 200
pounds and had four cylinders. It could make 12 horse
power, a sixth of the engine power of a small car. It had no
seat and the pilot had to lay in a cradle in the bottom wing.

The Wright brothers continued to perfect their plane and it

was in a Wright biplane that the first transcontinental
flight was made by Calbraith P. Rodgers, in 1911
 Aviation Through the Ages
1900 to 1935

In 1914 World War I broke out…..

At first planes were used mostly for reconnaissance,

but later planes developed into biplane and triplane
fighters and bombers. Experiments were done with
even more sets of wings, but most failed.

The main fighters of the war were the British Sopwith

"Camel," its cousin, "The Snipe," and the famous
German Fokker Df.I. Germany developed many fighter
tactics that are still in modified use today. The
compass was an important instrument to these early
fighters.
 Aviation Through the Ages
1935 to 1950

New technologies developed throughout the course of World War

II. The motto was if you commanded the skies you could win the
war.

World War II implemented almost exclusively monoplanes. Both

sides of the war manufactured literally thousands of fighters and
bombers. The main Allied planes included the British
Supermarine Spitfire Mk.IV, the American P-51 Mustang, the
American C-4U Corsair, the American B-17, and the American
B-29 Superfortress. The Grumann F6F Hellcat was first used in
1943 and became the premier carrier fighter plane.
 Aviation Through the Ages
1950 to 1975

The years following the war saw the aviation industry grow
in leaps and bounds. The military airforce developed more
effective planes to address the arms race with Russia.

The B-47 and B-52 bombers were built to be used to deliver

nuclear bombs. They were the world's heaviest bombers
and could hold up to 99,206 pounds of bombs.

Early bombers flew so high that the crew had to wear

pressure suits but later they were used at low altitude
because they were harder to locate with RADAR.
Aviation Through the Ages
1950 to 1975

In September, 1955, a contract was

awarded to North American Aviation
for the X-15 plane which could fly at
4,500 miles per hour (Mach 6.72) at
an altitude of at least 70,000 feet. 54
percent of its total weight was its fuel
(18,000 pounds)
Aviation Through the Ages
1950 to 1975

In 1958, the first American commercial jet,

the 707, was put into service by the Boeing
Company. The commercial liners were an
instant hit with passengers who appreciated
the faster flying time.

Again new records were set. By 1966 both

Lockheed and Douglas Aircraft Corporations
had entered the commercial industry giving
rise to competition and the development of
new technologies
 Aviation Through the Ages
1975 to 2000

The world's first supersonic commercial passenger

aircraft operating regular scheduled flights was the
Concorde. It was developed jointly by Great Britain and
France during the 1960s and 1970s.

No other supersonic aircraft can fly as fast and as far

as the Concorde without needing mid-flight refueling.
Some military aircraft can fly faster, but need in-flight
refueling.

The Concorde flies literally on the edge of space, high

through the atmosphere. Passengers are even capable
of seeing the earth's surface
Aviation Through the Ages
1975 to 2000

The Nighthawk (F-117A) first flew in 1981 and

began combat in 1989.

This jet was designed to avoid detection and

mount precision attacks. It is the first stealth
combat aircraft in the world. It has a top
speed of 593 mph (955 kph) and is loaded
with 5,000 lbs. of weapons.
Aviation Through the Ages
Today

TONNES OF
FREIGHT
PASSENGERS SCHEDULED
carried by airlines
carried by airlines COMMERCIAL FLIGHTS

3.8 B 35 M 53 M
Aviation Through the Ages
Today

ROUTES
JOBS SUPPORTED
WORLDWIDE
ECONOMIC IMPACT

62.7 M $ 2.7 T 54,000

 Different Parts of Aircraft

An aircraft is a vehicle which is able to

fly through the air (or the atmosphere
of a planet).

Objects which are not supported by

the air, such as most rockets and
missiles, are not aircraft.
 Fuselage

The fuselage is the central body of an

airplane and is designed to
accommodate the crew, passengers,
and cargo.
 Wing

Wings are the main lifting surfaces

that support the airplane in flight

Wings may be attached at the top,

middle, or lower portion of the
fuselage
 Tail Wing/ Empennage

The empennage includes the entire tail group

and consists of fixed surfaces such as the
vertical stabilizer and the horizontal stabilizer.

Divided into two portions mainly –

Horizontal Stabilizer

Vertical Stabilizer
 Vertical Stabilizer

The rudder is attached to

the back of the vertical
stabilizer.

During flight, Rudder is

used to move the airplane’s
nose left and right.
 Horizontal Stabilizer

The elevator, which is attached to the

back of the horizontal stabilizer, is
used to move the nose of the airplane
up and down during flight.
 Forces acting on aircraft

DRAG
LIFT

THRUST
WEIGHT
Parts of an aircraft
Thank you

ANY QUESTIONS?