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Cimes of Iudia Volume 10, Issue 3 March 2003 DEMOGRAPHIC STURUCTURE ON THE EVE as INDEPENDENCE Demographic Condition The main reason behind colonization was to limit India to a feeder economy. Death, scarcity of food, and misery was common element of colonial India. The colonial government was not interested in conducting a census in india before 1881 In such a situation, this responsibility was taken up by some individuals like Findlay Shirras, Dadabhai Naoroji, V.K.R.V. Rao, and many others. Although the demographic data obtained was not reliable and consistent, the data provided by V.K.R.V. Rao was considered the best. The British rule was indicated by two centuries of exploitation. Most of the policies and rules were formed to fulfill British interests. Under their colonial masters, Indian citizens were treated as slaves and servants. They were deprived of even basic human facilities. Thus death and hunger became an element of colonial India, and coupled with the scarcity of food and the influenza epidemic proved to be disastrous, Besides, the life expectancy rate in India was the lowest during the colonial period. Demographic Transition in India * The British Indian population was first counted with the help of a census in 1881. +The census of 1881 shows the unevenness in India's population growth. India witnessed high birth & death rate during this period. + The year 1921 caused a great transition, as after 1921, India experienced a high birth rate and a fall in the death rate due to improvements in health facilites. Major Indicators of Demographic Condition in India on the Eve of Independence 1 Literacy Rate The overall teracy rate was less than 16%. Out ofthis, the female literacy rate was almost negligible, about 7%, 2. Health Public health faclties were either not accessible or, when accessible, were highly inadequate. Therefore, air and water-borne diseases were uncontrollable and took a huge charge on life. 3. Infant Mortality Rate ‘The infant mortality rate was quite scary, about 218 per thousand in comparison to the current infant mortality rate of 40 per thousand, 4. Life Expectancy The life expectancy rate was also very low, 44 years in comparison to the present 68 years, There are no official records regarding poverty. However, it can be assumed that widespread poverty was the general problem, Therefore, the Indian population had to live in crawling poverty, with never-ending fear of diseases, death, and starvation. In a nutshell, the Indian ‘demographic condition during the colonial period was horrible. Vm www.reallygreatsite.com 9 Cimes of Iudia Volume 10, Issue 3 March 2003 INFRASTRUCTURE ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE Infrastructure hfrastructure the set of fundamentally necessary systems o facies that helps a Country sustain tse and function property This inckades physical, social and economical infrastructures, During the colonial regime, Inia Undoubtedly saw development ins physical infrastructure namely, roads ports, water transport railtays, ports, and telegraph but the socal and economical nfastucture remained highly untouched. However inthis ease, the motive ofthe Brtsh Government wasto futilits interest rather than to focus on providing amenities to Indians, ve behind the beginning of railway in India by the Britishers Main Motive Behind the Beginning of Railways in Indio ve of British rulers behind the beginning of railnays in India was to serve their colonial interest, if wae to eraate @ channel of transportation to export the raw materials or primary goods to England and other foregn ‘countries: and on the other hand, import finished (goods and penetrate the interiars af the Inalan ‘market through railways. Another reason was, that 12 Indian market faced a huge soarcity in its domestic market due to its export surplus; and Britain saw this a8 an opportunity co widen its market size to reap maximum benefice for itself Thus. the infrastructure built during the colonial rule was hardly for the Improvement of public ‘amenities, but was for the benefit of England, Roads To serve itsinterests, in the British era roads were developed but there was a lack of all-weather roads to penetrate the rural areas and build connectivity for them. Therefore, the public suffered drastically during rainy seasons and at the time of natural calamities. The main aim of building roads was to make it easier for them to transport raw materials or intermediate goods 40 the nearest railway station or port and export them to Britain, and for the mobilzation of the British army within the country. Water Transport, Electric Telegraph, and Postal Services The agenda of the British government to develop sea lanes and promote inland trade proved tobe very expensive and inefficient in comparison to the railways. I was highly uneconomical and was developed at the cost of huge economic losses to the country. The system of electric telegraph developed during this era was also an expensive affair that only served the purpose ‘of maintaining law and order for British officials. On the contrary, postal services remained inadequate even though they served the public interest, Railways Inthe 1850s, when the ralways were inroduce, it was considered Britain's most prominent contrbution to india. Even so, i came with is ovm sets of pros and cons, but the wo big impacts it et onthe country were +" enabled inter-state mobility and helped break geographical and cultural barirs inthe nation. People covered long-distance journeys easy at cheap rates and discovered ferent cultural nd employment pursuits «Interstate mabiity fostered the commercialization of agriculture thereby affecting the se sulfciency rege ofan deal ndanvilag. Even tough increased Inian exports many folds, the benefit was reaped by Britain. www.reallygreatsite.com 9 Cimes of India Volume 10, Issue 3 March 2003 FOREIGN TRADE ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE Suez Canal State of India’s Foreign Trade 1. Monopoly central of Britain over foreign trade 1+ Britain exercises their monopoly rights and control over India's Imports & exports 1+ Half of india's foreign trace was limited and authorized! to Briain ony. + The rest half of foreign trade was permitted to trade with countries like Caylon(Sri Lanka), Persia(iran) & China, year 1869, the Introduction of the Suez Canal resulted in increased British authority over India’s foreign trade, Exporter of raw materials: India became an exporter of raw materials such as silk, wool, sugar.cottan, jute, indigo, ete, importer of finished products: India also became an importer of finished products like Ik, cotton and woollen clothes, and capital goods ike machinary made in Britain, PR The Indian woslth crained during the colonial period GEO + Drain of woaith with respect to the Indian economy means the transfer of indian wealth to England, for which the country did not even get the proportionate ecenomicretun, During the colonial period, India’s foreign trade generated surplus exoart due to excess exports, However, this surplus export did not bring any gold or ser into India, rather this surplus export was used to make payments for the cost of setting up offices in Britain by the colonial government and for bearing the expensas of the ware fought by the The Suez Canalis an artificial waterway that runs _Britain government from Africa and Asia through the Isthmus of During the colonial period, Suez Canal was the best option for trading purposes, Suezin the North-Eastem partof Egypt Thesuez POrejon Trade ee Canalis the shortest maritime route from Euro to Asiaasit connects the Mediterranean Sea to Foreign trade refers to the exchange of goods & services between two or more nations or the Red Sea. Since its completion in 1869, ithas _ within boundaries India has been one of the major trading countries from the time of become the mest heavily used shipping lane in the world The 193km Suez canal was developed in November 1869. Almost 12% of global trade passes through the Suez canal, represent independence and primarily exports goods lke cotton, sik, jute, indigo, wool, etc. Indias also an importer of finished products, ke woollen clothes, sik cotton & capital goods like light machinery made in Britain, etc During the colonial period, Britain held a monopoly aver India's imports & exports. Hence, the: major part of foreign trade was restricted to Britain only, while the rest was permitted to trade vith nations like Ceyion(Sri Lanka), Persia(Iran), and China. India was a massive exporter during 20% the colonial period. However, it aid nat affect the economy of the country. The seatcity of basic of allthe globalcontainer trafficand goods worth necessities ike food grains, kerosene, clothes, etc, badly affected the county. ver $1trilion per annum. In 2020, around 19,000 TER ships used this route, which means 50 ships per

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