2

1 (a) Dialysis tubing can act as a partially permeable membrane because it has microscopic holes
that allow small soluble molecules to pass through by diffusion.

A student investigated the molecules that can diffuse through dialysis tubing.

Step 1 A piece of dialysis tubing was soaked in water and a knot was tied at one end to form
a bag.

Step 2 The unknotted end of the dialysis tubing was opened and 20 cm3 of a solution, M,
was put into the dialysis tubing bag.

Step 3 The outside of the dialysis tubing bag was rinsed with distilled water.

Step 4 The dialysis tubing bag was put inside a large test-tube and the open end of the
tubing was folded over the top of the large test-tube. It was secured with an elastic
band, as shown in Fig. 1.1.

Step 5 The large test-tube was then filled with distilled water, as shown in Fig. 1.1.

open end of the dialysis tubing

folded over the top of test-tube elastic band

solution M inside the dialysis

tubing bag

distilled water knotted end of the dialysis tubing bag

Fig. 1.1

Step 6 The large test-tube was left in a test-tube rack for 15 minutes.

Step 7 After 15 minutes, the dialysis tubing bag was removed from the large test-tube and
the contents of the bag were emptied into a beaker labelled M. 2 cm3 samples of
solution M were tested for reducing sugars, protein and starch.

Step 8 The liquid remaining in the large test-tube was emptied into a beaker labelled T.
2 cm3 samples of this liquid were also tested for reducing sugars, protein and starch.

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The student’s results are shown in Fig. 1.2.

solution M:
reducing sugars – orange, protein - purple, starch - blue-black

liquid T:
reducing sugars – orange, protein - blue, starch - brown

Fig. 1.2

(i) Prepare a table to record the results shown in Fig. 1.2.

[3]

(ii) State the names of the food-testing reagents that would be used to test for the presence
of each substance.

reducing sugars .................................................................................................................

protein ...............................................................................................................................

starch ................................................................................................................................
[3]

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(iii) State which substances are present in solution M.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) Conclude, based on the results, if any of the substances in solution M diffused through
the dialysis tubing membrane.

State the evidence from the results for this conclusion.

substance(s) ......................................................................................................................

evidence ............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[1]

(b) Explain why it was important to rinse the outside of the dialysis tubing bag in step 3.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Identify one hazard in the investigation described in 1(a) and state one precaution to reduce
the risk of this hazard.

hazard .......................................................................................................................................

precaution .................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

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2 (a) A student used an aquatic plant to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of
photosynthesis.

Fig. 2.1 shows the apparatus used by the student.

gas collecting in the

measuring cylinder

measuring cylinder
containing water

funnel
lamp
beaker containing water

10 cm aquatic plant producing gas

Fig. 2.1

A lamp was placed at a distance of 10 cm from the apparatus. Sodium hydrogencarbonate

was added to the water to provide a source of carbon dioxide.

The student measured the volume of gas produced in 20 minutes at six different temperatures.

(i) State the variable that was changed (independent variable) in this investigation.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State two variables that should be kept constant in this investigation.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) Only one set of results was collected in the investigation described in 2(a).

Explain why repeating the investigation two more times would be an improvement to the
method.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(b) The results of the investigation are shown in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1

volume of gas collected in

temperature rate of photosynthesis
20 minutes
/ °C / cm3 per minute
/ cm3
5 5.0 0.25
10 7.8 0.39
15 12.0 0.60
20 22.8 1.14
25 21.0 1.05
30 16.0 0.80

(i) Calculate the percentage increase in the volume of gas produced from 10 °C to 15 °C.

Give your answer to two significant figures.

Space for working.

............................................................ %
[3]

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(ii) Use the information in Table 2.1 to plot a line graph on the grid to show the effect of
temperature on the rate of photosynthesis.

[4]

(iii) Describe the pattern shown by the data in your graph.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iv) Use your graph to estimate the rate of photosynthesis when the temperature is 17 °C.

Show on your graph where you took your readings.

....................................... cm3 per minute

[2]

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