Unit 2 - Networks of Exchange - AP Modern

World History
C. 1200 to c. 1450
8-10% AP exam weighting

Topic 2.1 - The Silk Roads

Learning Objectives:
Explain the causes and effects of the growth of networks of exchange after 1200.
Name Location Significance (Why should we remember this?)

City of China The largest city of the Tarim Basin, is an ancient centre for the
Kashgar manufacture of handicrafts such as textiles.

City of Central The city has been a crossroads, a stopping point on the trade
Samarkand Asia networks of the old Silk Road.

Pax Mongolia Europe The trade routes used by merchants became safe for travel,
and resulting in an overall growth and expansion of trade.
China
Bills of Europe A bill of exchange helps to counter some of the risks involved
exchange and with trading.
China
Banking Europe They gave loans, while accepting deposits and performing the
houses and change of money.
China
Use of Paper China Paper money was easier to carry in large amounts.
money

“Flying cash” China It made it possible to transfer cash across vast distances without
physically transporting it.
Caravanserai Asia It is an inn with a central courtyard for travelers.

Junk (ship) China Junk rigs have lines from the end of each of the battens and this

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 provides very accurate control on how the sail sets.
Syncretic Rome Syncretism is the combining of different beliefs, while blending
practices of various schools of thought.

Luxury goods China Silk was one of the many luxury goods imported along the Silk
that were and Road.
traded Europe

Magnetic China It allowed mariners to determine their direction even if clouds

compass obscured their usual astronomical cues such as the North Star.
Rudder China Helped steer ships more precisely.

Hanseatic Europe The Hanseatic League was a commercial and defensive

League confederation of merchant guilds and market towns

Topic 2.2 - The Mongol Empire and the Making of the Modern World
Learning Objectives:
Explain the process of state building in Eurasia over time.
Explain how the expansion of empires influenced trade and communication over time.
Explain the significance of the Mongol Empire in larger patterns of continuity and
change.
Name Location Significance (Why should we remember this?)
Eurasia Europe Ever since the continents started interacting politically, some
and Asia 500 years ago, Eurasia has been the center of world power.
Nomadism Asia Nomadism is a way of life of peoples who do not live continually
in the same place but move cyclically or periodically.facilitates
more social interaction than would be possible among people
living in small scattered settlements.
Khan / China The Mongols encouraged greater trade between Asia, Europe,
Khanate and Africa, by making the Silk Route a more effective way to
trade and led the bubonic plague spreading widely over Eurasia.
Chinggis Mongol He was the founder and first Great Khan and Emperor of the
Khan Empire Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in
(Genghis) - (Asia) history after his death.
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326

Khubilai Yuan His accomplishments include taking over China and establishing
Khan - 337 Dynasty Mongol rule there under the new name of the Yuan Dynasty
(China) (1271-1368 CE), and thus becoming the first non-Chinese to
rule the whole of that country.
Yuan China The Yuan Dynasty unified China after a period of more than 300
Dynasty years.

Transfer of Western During the post-classical era, Islamic medicine was the most
Greco- Europe advanced in the world, integrating concepts of the ancient
Islamic Greek, Roman, Persian as well as the ancient Indian traditions
knowledge to of Ayurveda. This medical knowledge was critical for western
Western Europe.
Europe

Transfer of Europe The Hindu-Arabic numeral system allows for more complicated
numbering and precise calculations than the Roman numerals because of
systems to the use of zero and the decimal system. This number system
Europe was introduced by Leonardo Fibonacci.

Adoption of Asia and The Uyghur adopted this script from local inhabitants when they
Uyghur script China migrated into Turfan after 840. It was an adaptation of the
Aramaic alphabet used for texts with Buddhist, Manichaean and
Christian content for 700–800 years in Turpan.
Batu Mongolia Batu Khan, was a Mongol ruler and founder of the Golden
Horde, a division of the Mongol Empire.
Golden Asia, The Golden Horde was the group of settled Mongols who ruled
Horde mostly over Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Moldova, and the Caucasus
Russia from the 1240s until 1502.
area
White Lotus Thailand An ancient and formerly secret society that transcends the
Society boundaries of the four nations, seeking philosophy, beauty, and
truth. They are devoted to sharing ancient knowledge across
national and political divides.
Bubonic Almost all Caused massive death tolls wherever it occurred. It is
Plague of Europe remembered today as one of the most important pandemics in
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 all of human history and for its role in other major events and
time periods, such as the Silk Road.

Topic 2.3 - Exchange in the Indian Ocean

Learning Objectives:
Explain the causes of the growth of networks of exchange after 1200.
Explain the effects of the growth of networks of exchange after 1200.
Explain the role of environmental factors in the development of networks of
exchange from c. 1200 to c. 1450.
Name Location Significance (Why should we remember this?)
Indian Ocean Indian Vast international trade route that connected Southeast Asia,
Maritime Ocean India, Arabia, and East Africa, beginning at least as early as the
System third century BCE.

City states of Kenya, 8 city states located in East Africa. They were major sea ports
the Swahili Tanzania, that were used for trade from 500-1500 AD.
Coast Mozambiq
ue,
Somalia,C
omoros
City of India Was a rich trading state seized by Delhi Sultanate in 1298
Gujarat

Sultanate of Malaysia Powerful maritime and commercial empire that Shaped the
Malacca political, social and cultural systems of the Malay Peninsula.

Arab & East Africa Time of great contact between cultures, an age that saw the
Persian establishment of some 37 city-states in what is now Somalia,
communities Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique, as well as Madagascar.
in East Africa

Chinese South Their importance to the global world was marked by their impact
merchant East Asia on the spread of cultures and ideologies of certain areas to the
communities rest of the world.
in Southeast
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Asia

Malay Indian Srivijaya dominated this region of Indian Ocean commerce

communities Ocean from 670 to 1025.
in the Indian Basin
Ocean basin

Compass China Invented during the Chinese Han Dynasty, it is a navigation

instrument used for determining direction; allowed ships to
travel without hugging shores
Astrolabe Western Measurement device to determine latitude mix of Greek and
Europe Persian
Larger ship China The Chinese introduced the compass and massive trading
designs ships called Junks which were able to carry larger cargoes.
Ming Admiral China Chinese explorer and fleet commander. He went on seven
Zheng He major expeditions to explore the world for the Chinese emperor
and to establish Chinese trade in new areas.
Monsoon South Asia Seasonal winds in the Indian Ocean caused by the differences
winds in temperature.The Monsoon Winds helped facilitate trade on
the Indian Ocean much quicker.
Diaspora Movement of the citizens of a population sharing the same
ethnic descent.
Topic 2.4 - Trans-Saharan Trade Routes
Learning Objectives:
Explain the causes and effects of the growth of trans-Saharan trade.
Explain how the expansion of empires influenced trade and communication over time.
Name Location Significance (Why should we remember this?)
Trans- Africa Used to transport goods across the Sahara desert.
Saharan
caravan
routes

Steppe Europe Grasslands landscape in Europe used for farming.

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Savanna Africa Landscape in Africa, arid land not suitable for farming.

Bantu Africa Speakers of Bantu languages, comprising several hundred

indigenous ethnic groups in sub-Saharan Africa, spread over a
vast area from Central Africa across the African Great Lakes to
Southern Africa.
Camel saddle On camels Used for using camels to transport goods across deserts long
distances. Invention.
Caravans Sahara Used for trading and transportation across trade routes.
desert
Mali Empire Africa Empire in West Africa from c. 1235 to 1670. The empire was
in West Africa founded by Sundiata Keita and became renowned for the wealth
of its rulers, especially Musa Keita.
Oases In A patch of fertile land in an otherwise arid landscape.
savannas
Arabian Asia Desert in Asia, extensive trade routes
Desert

Mali Africa African empire was very wealthy. Masa Musa founded and
reigned over.
Sundiata Guinea Powerful prince and founder of the Mali Empire. Mansa Musa

Mansa Musa Mali Very wealthy king of Mali and traveller. Sundiata

Songhay Africa state that dominated the western Sahel in the 15th and 16th
Kingdom century.

Topic 2.5 - Cultural Consequences of Connectivity

Learning Objectives:
Explain the intellectual and cultural effects of the various networks of exchange in
Afro-Eurasia from c. 1200 to c. 1450.
Name Location Significance (Why should we remember this?)

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 Diffusion of cultural traditions:
The influence East Asia Spread religion to many island countries and cultures in East
of Buddhism Asia. Influenced Japanese and Chinese government systems.
in East Asia

The spread Southeast Influenced Asian cultures as well as competed with Buddhism.
of Hinduism Asia
& Buddhism
into
Southeast
Asia
Ibn al-Athir Middle Wrote and published many Muslin texts and influenced the
East spread of Islam.
The spread Africa and Inlfuenced many African communities and cultures to adopt
of Islam in Asia Islam and many learning centers for Islam popped up in Africa.
sub-Saharan
Africa & Asia

Diffusion of scientific or technological innovations:

Gunpowder China Helped strengthen military forces and military equipment across
from China the world as better weapons could be produced.

Paper from China Used for printing paper money among other things since it was
China easier to produce and took less time.

Travelers:
Ibn Battuta Morocco Well known Muslim firgre as a scholar and and trader, known for
extensive travells.
Margery United Wrote the first autobiography, very influential in Christianity.
Kempe Kingdom

Marco Polo Italy Travelled throughout Asia and the Silk Road for trading routes

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 Topic 2.6 - Environmental Consequences of Connectivity
Learning Objectives:
Explain the environmental effects of the various networks of exchange in Afro-Eurasia
from c. 1200 to c. 1450.
Name Location Significance (Why should we remember this?)
Bananas in Africa Bananas created a fresh migratory surge, the first
Africa domesticated bananas showed up in Southeast Asia by sea
lanes. Between 300-500 C.E., Madagascar was established
and started banana cultivation over there. The cultivation of
bananas increased the supply of food, enriched diets, and
allowed them to expand more rapidly than before.
New rice East Asia Champa rice was a fast growing rice introduced to theTang
varieties in East Dynasty which allowed more food to be grown much faster to
Asia feed larger populations

Spread of citrus Mediteran The first citrus to arrive in the Mediterranean was the citron,
in the ian sea which followed a path of westward migration, starting in
Mediterranean Persia before traveling through the Middle East, arriving in the
Mediterranean region around the 4th or 5th century B.C.
Bubonic plague Europe The plague transferred to animals that were in close contact
along trade with humans and to humans themselves, it began to spread
routes along established trade routes.

Environmental Depletion of resources such as the removal of trees causing

degradation the soil to erode. Caused gradual decline and disappearance
of harappan and mohenjo-daro civs

Topic 2.7 - Comparison of Economic Exchange

Explain the similarities and differences among the various networks of exchange in the
period from c. 1200 to c. 1450.
Skill - Argumentation
● Support an argument using specific and relevant evidence.
○ Describe specific examples of historically relevant evidence.
○ Explain who specific examples of historically relevant evidence support an
argument.
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 Similarities Differences
● They needed large states -Silk Roads
● Merchants feeling safe ● Silk, Porcelain, Gunpowder, Horses,
● Traded goods and culture Textiles
● Cause growth of cities ● Saffles, Caravanserai
● Protection from Established states ● Buddhism, Neoconfusianism, Islam

-Indian Ocean
● Gold, Ivory, Fruit, Textiles, Pepper,
Rice
● Astrolabe, Compass, Sternpost
Rudder, Latenn Sail
● Christianity, Buddhism,
Neoconfusianism, Islam

-Trans-Saharan
● Horses, Salt, Gold, Slaves
● Saddle, Islam

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