CALCULUS &
ANALYTICAL
GEOMETRY
LECTURE: 1
[CSC-1101]
ARISHA ALI
CHAPTER # 0
BEFORE CALCULUS
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What is Calculus?
Calculus is a branch of Mathematics which deals with functions, limits of
functions, continuity, derivatives, integration and infinite series. Calculus
has numerous applications in physics and engineering. Calculus played a
fundamental role in the development of modern science.
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Real Number Line
All concept in calculus are based on properties of the set of 𝑅 of real
numbers. There is one to one correspondence between 𝑅 and points of a
coordinate line (or real line).
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Real Numbers
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Inequalities and their solutions
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Inequalities
Definition:
“Inequalities express the condition that two quantities are not equal.”
Inequalities are denoted by the symbols < 𝑎𝑛𝑑 >.
For example:
i. 3<5 3 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 5
ii. 𝑥 > 100 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 100
iii. 0 < 𝑦 < 50 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 50
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Types of Inequalities
There are two types of inequalities
Strict Inequality
Non strict Inequality
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Strict Inequalities & its types
Definition:
Strict inequalities are those statements in which items are never equal to one another.
There are three types of strict inequalities:
1. Absolute Inequality: Which is always true.
For example: 3 < 5, 100 > 50
2. Conditional Inequality: Which is true under certain conditions.
For example: 𝑥 > 100, If 𝑥 = 150 the inequality is true and if 𝑥 = −25 the inequality
is not true.
3. Double Inequality : which involving two comparisons.
For example: 0 < 𝑦 < 50
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Non-Strict Inequality
Definition:
A relation that expresses the comparison between the combination of both unequal and equal
quantities are called non-strict inequalities
They are denoted by the symbols ≤ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≥ respectively.
For example: 𝑥 + 3 ≥ 15 𝑥 + 3 is greather than 𝐨𝐫 equal to 15.
𝑦≤𝑥 𝑦 is less than 𝐨𝐫 equal to 𝑥
𝑎≤𝑥<𝑏 𝑥 is greather than 𝐨𝐫 equal to 𝑎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝑥 is less than 𝑏
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Properties of Inequality
Let 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are real numbers.
Transitive Property
If 𝑎 > 𝑏 and 𝑏 > 𝑐, then 𝑎 > 𝑐
e.g., 10 > 4 and 4 > 1 then 10 > 1
Addition Property
If 𝑎 > 𝑏, than 𝑎 + 𝑐 > 𝑏 + 𝑐
e.g., 5 > 3 so, 5 + −2 > 3 + (−2) then 3 > 1
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Cont…
Subtraction Property
If 𝑎 > 𝑏, than 𝑎 − 𝑐 > 𝑏 − 𝑐
e.g., 5 > 3 so, 5 − 2 > 3 − 2 then 3 > 1
Multiplication Property
If 𝑎 > 𝑏 and 𝑐 is positive than 𝑎𝑐 > 𝑏𝑐
e.g., 5 > 3, 5 2 >3 2 , 10 > 6
If 𝑎 > 𝑏 and 𝑐 is negative than 𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏𝑐
e.g., 5 > 3, 5 −2 > 3 −2 , −10 < −6
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Interval Notation and its types
Interval: (Definition)
An interval is the set of numbers that lies between two numbers a and b.
1. Open Interval: The notation 𝑎, 𝑏 represents the open interval with end point values a
and b not included in the interval.
𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑥|𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏
2. Close Interval: The notation 𝑎, 𝑏 represents the close interval with end point values a
and b included in the interval.
𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑥|𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏
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Cont…
3. Half-open Intervals: Includes
one endpoint but not the other.
(𝑎, 𝑏] = 𝑥|𝑎 < 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏
[𝑎, 𝑏) = 𝑥|𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑏
Note:
Solid Circle means ends points
included
Open circle means end points not
included
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Solving Inequalities
▪ Solving inequalities is very similar to solving equations.
▪ Solving the inequality would determine the value of 𝒙 which satisfy the inequality.
▪ Isolate the variable on one side of the inequality using algebraic operations as would be used
in solving equations.
▪ The only difference in multiplication and division of both sides of an inequality by a negative
number requires the reversal of the direction or sense of the inequality.
For example:
Given the inequality −2 < 3, if both sides are multiplied by (−1), the sense of inequality is
reversed resulting in 2 > −3
Similarly, −2𝑥 < 6 ⟹ 𝑥 > −3
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Example # 1 (First degree Inequality)
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎 ≤ 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟒
10 + 4 ≤ 5𝑥 − 3𝑥
14 ≤ 2𝑥
7≤𝑥
That is the inequality, satisfied by any value of 𝑥 which are greater than or equal to 7.
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Example # 2 (First degree Inequality)
6𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎 ≥ 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟒
6𝑥 − 6𝑥 ≥ 4 + 10
0 ≥ 14
Which is a false statement. Hence, there are no value of 𝑥 which satisfy the inequality.
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Example # 3 (First degree Double Inequality)
−𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟔 − 𝒙
Considering the left side of the inequality, −2𝑥 + 1 ≤ 𝑥
1 ≤ 3𝑥
1
≤𝑥
3
Considering the right side of the inequality, 𝑥 ≤ 6 − 𝑥
2𝑥 ≤ 6
𝑥≤3
1
So, ≤𝑥≤3
3
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Example # 4
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎
Considering the left side of the inequality, 2𝑥 − 4 ≤ 𝑥
2𝑥 − 𝑥 ≤ 4
𝑥≤4
Considering the right side of the inequality, 𝑥 ≤ 2𝑥 − 10
10 ≤ 𝑥
So, 10 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4
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Class Task
𝟏𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 + 𝟓 ≤ 𝟑𝟎
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Solving Second-degree Inequalities
If an inequality involves a higher order algebraic expression, we can solve the inequality by
factorizing it.
Example # 1:
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 ≤ 𝟎
𝑥−3 𝑥−2 ≤0
Now we have two possibilities
𝑥 − 3 ≤ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 2 ≤ 0
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Example # 2
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓 > 𝟎
𝑥−5 𝑥+3 >0
Now we have two possibilities
𝑥 − 5 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 3 > 0
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Class Task
𝟐
𝒙 + 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐 ≤ 𝟎
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Practice Problems
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Absolute Value Relationships
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Absolute Value
Definition:
The absolute value of the number x is its distance from zero on the real line.
It is denoted by |x|.
For example:
𝑥 = 3, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 3 = 3
𝑥 = −3, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = −3 = 3
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Absolute Value (Another Definition)
For any real number a,
𝑎 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 ≥ 0
𝑎 =ቊ
−𝑎 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 < 0
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Properties of Absolute Value
▪ Property # 1: 𝑎 ≥0
For example: −5 = 5 ≥ 0, 10 = 10 ≥ 0, 0 =0≥0
▪ Property # 2: | − 𝑎| = |𝑎|
For example: −4 = 4 = 4
▪ Property # 3: 𝑥 − 𝑦 = |𝑦 − 𝑥|
For example: 12 − 5 = 7 = 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5 − 12 = −7 = 7
▪ Property # 4: 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏
For example: 3(−5) = −15 = 15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 −5 = 3 . 5 = 15
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Properties of Absolute Value
𝑎 |𝑎|
▪ Property # 5: 𝑏
=
|𝑏|
−25 25 |−25| 25
For example: = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
10 10 |10| 10
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Solving Inequalities involving absolute values
Suppose we want to solve the equation 𝑥 = 4, according to the definition 𝑥 must equal to
either −4 𝑜𝑟 4.
Example # 1:
𝒙−𝟓 =𝟑
𝑥 − 5 = ±3
𝑥 − 5 = 3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 5 = −3
𝑥 = 3 + 5 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −3 + 5
𝑥 = 8 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2
To check this result substitution of the two values into the original equation yields.
8 − 5 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 − 5 = 3
3=3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3=3
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Example # 2
𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐𝒙 = |𝒙 + 𝟓|
10 − 2𝑥 = ±(𝑥 + 5)
10 − 2𝑥 = + 𝑥 + 5 𝑜𝑟 10 − 2𝑥 = − 𝑥 + 5
10 − 2𝑥 = 𝑥 + 5 𝑜𝑟 10 − 2𝑥 = −𝑥 − 5
5
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 15
3
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Class Task
|𝒙 + 𝟑| = |𝟓 − 𝒙|
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Example # 4
Solve the inequality
𝒙 ≥𝟐
−2 ≥ 𝑥 ≥ 2
𝑥 ≤ −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≥ 2
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Example # 5
Solve the inequality
𝒙−𝟒 >𝟔
𝑥 − 4 > ±6
𝑥 − 4 > −6 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 4 > 6
𝑥 < −2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 10
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Practice Problems
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