 Graphical Presentation

Graphical description of the data depends on the data type.

There are two types of data: Qualitative and Quantitative data.
The graphs for describing a qualitative date include:
1. The Bar graph,
2. The Pie Chart
3. The Pareto Chart.
For describing a quantitative data graphically we use:
1. The Dot plot
2. The stem and leaf display
3. The histogram.
4. Box plot

 Graphical Presentation of Qualitative Data

Qualitative data can be summarized by using a
1. Bar graph.
2. Pie-chart.
3. Pareto chart.
A pie diagram is also called Angular diagram
A Pareto Chart is a bar graph whose bars are drawn in
decreasing order of frequency or relative frequency.

Example:
Consider a class in Statistics, of 50 students. We classify those
students based on their major in college.

1
 Major Frequency
Biology 10
Psychology 15
Elem.Educ. 12
Nursing 3
Social Sc. 10

Required:
 Draw bar chart.
 Draw pie chart.
 Draw pareto chart
Solution:
 bar chart.

16 15
14 12
r
12
e 10 10
10
q
u
e
n
c

Ps ychology Bi ology Nursing El em. Educ Soci al Sc

Students Majors

 pie chart.

2
 Major
10 10

Biology

Elem. Educ
Nursing
15
12 Social Sc

 A Pareto Chart is a bar graph whose bars are drawn in

decreasing order of frequency or relative frequency.

16 15
14 12
12 10 10
r
10
e

Students Majors in Stat 1350

Example:
Represent the following frequency table by a suitable
figure.

3
 Grade Freq
Poor 2
Below Average 3
Average 5
Above Average 9
Excellent 1

Solution:
Bar Chart

 Graphical Presentation of Quantitative Data

For describing a quantitative data graphically, we use:
4
 1. The histogram.
2. The stem and leaf display
3. The Dot plot
4. Box plot
5. Line chart (for discrete variable)
The most common form of graphical presentation of
quantitative data is the histogram. An example is shown in the
following Figure. In general, a histogram is a bar graph with no
spaces between the bars.

16
14
14
12 12 12

10

85 75 65 55 45 35 25

Example:
Pulse rates, in beats per minute, were calculated for 192 students
enrolled in a statistics course.
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 Pulse Rate for a sample of Students

Pulse Rate Frequency

(34 – 41] 2
(41- 48] 2
(48 – 55] 4
(55 – 62] 19
(62 – 69] 40
(69 – 76] 53
(76 -83] 30
(83 – 90] 27
(90 – 97] 10
(97 – 104] 5

Table 3

Example:
Construct a histogram to represent the data for the record
high temperatures for each of the 50 states

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 Class Class Frequency
100 -104 99.5-104.5
Boundaries 2
105 -109 104.5-109.5 8
110-114 109.5-114.5 18
115-119 114.5-119.5 13
120-124 119.5-124.5 7
125-129 124.5-129.5 1
130-134 1
129.5-134.5
Total 50

Solution:

For the stem-and-leaf:

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A stem and leaf plots is a data plot that uses part of a data value
as the stem and part of the data value as the leaf to form groups
or classes.
Example:

Consider the following data:

27 17 11 24 36 13 29 22 18 17
23 30 12 46 17 32 48 11 18 23
18 32 26 24 38 24 15 13 31 22

18 21 27 20 16 15 37 19 19 29

construct a stem-and-leaf
Solution:
Clearly, the data is of two digits, and varies between 11 and 48.
Thus we have the following stem-and-leaf diagram

Stem Leaf Freq

1 112335567778888 17
2 09 19 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 6 7 7 9 9 14
3 0122678 7
4 68 2

Note: Legend : 3|2 --

It is very visible that there are too many “leaf” on 32

one stem. In
this case we can split the stem in two parts, with the first part for

8
0–4, and the second part for the digits 5–9.

Stem Leaf freq

1 11233 5
1 556777888899 12
2 012233444 9
2 67799 5
3 0122 4
3 678 3
4 0
4 68 2

Line chart (for discrete variable)

Example
The following data give number of persons in 10 families
3 , 3 , 5 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 3 , 3 , 4.
a) Prepare a frequency distribution table for these data.
b) Draw a graph for the frequency distribution table of part
a.

Solution:
Categories are 3 , 4 , 5

No. of persons Tallies freq

3 //// 5
4 /// 3
5 // 2
Total 10
9
 frequency distribution table
No. of persons f
3 5
4 3
5 2
Total 10

Line chart
freq
5

1
3 4 5
no. of persons

Solved Exercise:

A psychologist developed a new test of adult intelligence the

test was administrated to 20 individuals, and the following data

were obtained.

112 123 116 128 105 129 118 134 107 126

138 118 100 121 110 117 136 148 109 119

Required:

(1) Organize the data into a frequency distribution table using

5 classes of equal width.

(2) Obtain the relative frequency and percentage frequency

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(3) Prepare a "less than " cumulative frequency distribution

for these data

(4) Use the cumulative frequency distribution constructed in

part (3) to determine:

(a)The number of individuals who had a grade of less than

120

(b) The number of individuals who had a grade of less than

145

(c)The proportion of individuals who had a grade of 112 at

least

(d) The proportion of individuals who had a grade of

Between 130 and 145

Solution:

(1) Range = largest value – smallest value

= 148 – 100 = 48
No. of classes = 5
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 48
𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = = = 9.6 ≈ 10
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 5

classes tallies F
100 – III 4
110- IIII II 7
120- IIII 5
130- III 3
11
 140 – 150 I 1
total 20

frequency distribution table:

classes f
100 - 4
110- 7
120- 5
130- 3
140 – 150 1
total 20

(2) the relative frequency and percentage frequency

classes freq relative freq percentage

freq
100 - 4 0.2 20
110- 7 0.35 35
120- 5 0.25 25
130- 3 0.15 15
140 – 150 1 0.05 5
total 20 1 100

(3) "Less than" cum. Freq

Cum. classes Cum. freq
Less than 110 4
Less than 120 11
Less than 130 16
Less than 140 19
Less than 150 20

(4) A) The number of individuals who had a grade of less

than 120

12
 From "Less than" cum. Freq: less than 120 = 11
b) The number of individuals who had a grade of less than 145
Less than 140 19
Less than 145 x
Less than 150 20

145 − 140 𝑥 − 19 5 𝑥 − 19 1
= = = 𝑥 − 10
150 − 140 20 − 19 10 1 2
𝑥 = 19.5 ≈ 20

C)The proportion of individuals who had a grade of 112 at least

112 at least = total – less than 112
( 112 and more ) = 20 – less than 112
Less than 110 4
Less than 112 x
Less than 120 11
112 − 110 𝑥−4
=
120 0 − 110 11 − 4
2 𝑥−4 1 𝑥−4
10
= 7 5
= 7
5𝑥 − 20 = 7 5𝑥 = 27 𝑥 = 5.4 ≈ 5
112 at least = 20 – 5 =15
15
Proportion = 20 = 0.75

d)The proportion of individuals who had a grade of

Between 130 and 145
between 130 and 145 = less than 145 – less than 130
- Less than 140 19
- Less than 145 x
- Less than 150 20

145 − 140 𝑥 − 19 5 𝑥 − 19 1
= = = 𝑥 − 10
150 − 140 20 − 19 10 1 2

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 𝑥 = 19.5 ≈ 20

Less than 130 =16

Between 130 and 145 = 20 – 16 = 4
4
The proportion = 20 = 0.20

Note
If we want to solve (3) "a" from table of cumulative
"and more"

"and more" cumulative freq.

Cumulative classes Cumulative freq.
100 and more 20
110 and more 16
120 and more 9
130 and more 4
140 and more 1
150 and more 0

110 and more 16

112 and more x
120 and more 9

112 − 110 𝑥 − 16 2 𝑥 − 16
= = 10𝑥 − 160 = −14
120 − 110 20 − 16 10 −7
10𝑥 = 146 𝑥 = 14.6 𝑥 ≈ 15
𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡

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