MATHEMATICS
STATISTICS
Statistics – a science that deals with the methods of collecting, organizing, and summarizing data
in such a way that valid conclusions can be drawn from them.
Population and Sample
All the conceivable members of a group under study constitute a population. It refers to
the totality of observations relevant to a given discussion.
A small number of units picked from the population for the purpose of acquiring
information about the population is called a sample.
Frequency Distributions
A. Ungrouped Data
Sample Problem. The following data were obtained when a die was rolled thirty times.
1 2 4 2 2 6 3 5 6 3
3 1 3 1 3 4 5 3 5 3
5 1 6 3 1 2 4 2 4 4
Construct a frequency table.
B. Grouped Data
Sample Problem. The following frequency distribution gives the amount of time (in minutes) that
a doctor spent with twenty-eight of his patients
5 16 8 14 3 9 7 12 6 12
10 10 2 15 17 18 15 4 12 21
14 7 11 20 14 20 19 13
Construct a frequency distribution using 4 classes. Determine the class marks of the classes.
Graphs and Charts
Pie chart – It resembles a pie cut into wedge-shaped slices. Pie charts are useful for
presenting information regarding qualitative variables when we are interested in showing what
percentage of the total is accounted for by each category.
Histogram – It is a graphic presentation of a frequency distribution, with vertical rectangles
erected on the horizontal axis and the centers of the bases located at the class mark.
Measures of Central Tendency
A. Mean – The most important and widely used measure of central tendency for quantitative data.
For any measurements it is computed by adding all the values in the data and then dividing this
total by the number of values in the data set.
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
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MATHEMATICS
B. Median – conveys the notion of the middle value. Dividing the distribution into two halves.
When there is an odd number of observations in the data, the median of a set of
values is defined as the middle value when the observations are arranged in order.
If the number of observations is even, then the median is defined as the mean of
the two middle values.
C. Mode – defined as the value that occurs most frequently in the data.
D. Mean Deviation – It is the arithmetic mean of the absolute deviations.
E. Variance – An alternate measure which is more commonly used provided by squaring the
individual deviations, thereby producing positive numbers for both positive and negative
deviations.
F. Standard deviation – The positive square root of the sample variance.
Sample Problem. The starch content (mg/100 g fresh tissue) of ripe pepino fruits was determined
in thirty fruits by enzymic hydrolysis with amynoglucose.
43.3 43.7 67.2 38.8 45.0 49.3 50.6 42.8 57.0 28.8
60.6 37.2 49.9 52.8 83.5 50.5 47.1 21.9 52.5 77.2
58.8 57.5 66.4 89.3 49.5 44.5 59.5 48.4 57.0 40.1
Determine the mean, median, mode.
Determine the first and third quartile.
Determine variance and standard deviation.
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