The Enlightenment and
the Scientific Revolution
MOVIES AND TELEVISION RELATED
TO ENLIGHTENMENT AND SCIENCE
Learning Objective
• Identify the main ideas of the
enlightenment.
• Describe the impact of the
enlightenment.
• Discuss the great discoveries
and inventions during the
scientific revolution.
CHAPTER 14 SECTION OUTLINE:
1. The Importance and Causes of the Enlightenment
2. Fathers of the Enlightenment
3. New Direction in Science
4. Main Ideas of the Enlightenment
5. Impact of the Enlightenment
Definition of Enlightenment
• The word enlightened comes from the Latin prefix en meaning "in, into" and the
word lux meaning "light." Combine these meanings "into the light."
• the state of having knowledge or understanding.
• to be enlightened is to be freed from the tyranny of the mind and to experience
deep spiritual peace, presence and wholeness.
1 The Importance and Causes of the
Enlightenment
The middle and lower classes paved the way for
intellectual and scientific advancement. The causes of
the progressive changes of the Enlightenment were
as follows:
1) Renaissance and Humanism.
• Spirit of inquiry
• Practical Application of Knowledge
• Using reason and observation of the material
world.
2) Increase of universities and school.
3) Printed books and newspaper.
4) Rich middle class sponsored artist, scholars, scientists
and inventors.
5) Rise of materialism. Johannes Gutenberg
• The desire for new things and invention. around
1436
2 Fathers of the Enlightenment Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
Rene Descartes (1596-1650) • Father of Modern Physics
• Father of Rationalism • He discovered law of gravitation,
• He emphasized the importance of navigation tables, the sextant, light
reasoning to find the truth. spectrum analysis and calculus.
• People now are more rational than • His work had many practical
believing the traditional. application (navigation, engineer,
“I think,
• Scholars therefore
are interested in the natural
According to the legend, Newton
machine.
developed the law of gravity after
laws of theIuniverse.
am” an apple fell on his head.
John Locke (1632-1704) Francois Marie Arouet (Voltaire) (1741-
• Father of British Empiricism 1828)
• He insisted that, at birth, the human • Popular French commentator
mind is a blank tablet. (criticism)
• He believed that people had natural • Encyclopedists
rights to life, liberty, and property. • Candide, Philosophical Dictionary etc.
• The key concept of his empiricism is • Champion of individual freedom
that everything we know we know “I do not agree with a word that
“Learning by you say, but I will defend to the
from experience.
experience” death your right to say it”
Born in (1712-1788) The General Will
Where everyone grant their individual Absolute democracy
Social Contract rights. and individualism
“Father of Modern Democracy
EDSA REVOLUTION (February 1986)
3
DISCOVERY OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
• Science aims for measurable results through testing and analysis.
Timeline of Scientific Method
Aristotle
• System of though based Renaissance
on observation and logic
Hindu-Arabic Rene
numerals led to Da Vinci Galileo
Descartes
mathematical
calculation
Analytical-theory
GALILEO’S
Galileo CHALLENGE
was brought to the
Copernicus challenged Ptolemy’s idea
inquisition by that the earth was the center of the
the Church.
universe in his work “On the Revolution of Heavenly Bodies.”
VS
Heliocentrism
Ptolemy
Erehe!
Filibustero!
In the late 1600s, Galileo announced his discovery to prove
Johannes Kepler
Copernicus after he used the “telescope” to observe the planets
and stars. Galileo Galilei
al-Biruni
Newton and Others Advance Science
“What if we had been
wrong about religion,
could all human
knowledge be wrong?
FATHERS
• OF
Isaac Newton is free from the persecution of the Roman
BIOLOGYChurch.
• Royal Society - the most prestigious body of scientist in
the world.
Carl von Linne (1707- George Louis de
1778) Buffon (1707-1778)
• Scientific name
• Classify animals
Robert Boyle (1627-91)
Antoine Lavoisier (1743-94)
• Discovered 23 basic elements
• Law of the conservation of mass Edward Jenner
• Father of Modern Chemistry
Medical
Advancement
Smallpox
William Harvey
Paracelsus
Antoine Lavoisier
James Hutton
Mercator Edmund Halley • Fossils and rock
• Flat map • Halley Comet formation
Medical/Health
Time
Celestial Bodies Earth (Land, Water, Space etc.)
Measurement
4 Main Ideas of the Enlightenment
1. Rationalism/Reason
2. Natural Laws
3. Materialism
4. Optimism
5. Humanitarianism
Other Enlightenment Thinkers
1. Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) “Inductive method”
2. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) “Leviathan”
3. Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) “The Spirit of the Laws”
4. Francois Quesnay (1694-1774) “Laissez faire”
5. Adam Smith (1723-90) “Father of Capitalism”
6. Deist - someone who believes in a single god who created the
world but does not act to influence events.
1)
Impact of the Enlightenment
Spread of the Enlightenment Ideas 5
2) Women’s Role in the Enlightenment
3) The Arts and Literature
4) Music
5) Social Life
• Penal Reform
• Abolition of Slavery
• Improvements in lifespan and standard of living
The Enlightenment’s Good and Bad Effects
Good and Bad
- Limited power of government and freedom
- Change in faith and knowledge (Science/Religion)
- it paved way for the Industrial Revolution
