Signals and Systems

Dr. AHMED HAMDY ABU-ELKASEM

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Course Syllabus
1) Signal and system meaning with classification of signals.

2) Elementary signals and signal operations.

3) Basic system properties and classification of systems.

4) Linear time invariant (LTI) systems.

5) Fourier series representation of periodic signals.

6) Filters described by differential and difference equations.

7) Laplace transforms and inverse Laplace transforms.

8) Continuous-time Fourier transform and filters design.

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Assessment:

Course work= 40%

Lab/practical work=20%

Final Exam = 40%

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References
1) Mrinal Mandal and Amir Asif
“Continuous and Discrete
Time Signals and Systems”,
1st edition, Published in the
United States of America by
Cambridge University Press,
New York, 2017.

2) John G. Proakis and Dimitris

G. Manolakis “Digital Signal
Processing”, 4th edition,
2006.

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A Always

B Be

C Creative

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 Lecture_1 outlines
1. What is the meaning of signal?

2. What is the meaning of system?

3. Classification of signals.

4. Worksheet.

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1. What is the meaning of signal?

• A signal represents as a time varying physical phenomenon which is intended to convey

information. 𝑥(𝑡) = 5𝑡 or 𝑥(𝑡) = 20𝑡 2
• Signal may be one-dimensional like speech signal which depending on the spoken word.
Additionally, signal may be multidimensional like an image which be representing in a
horizontal and vertical coordinates. 𝑥(𝑡, 𝑛) = 3𝑡 + 2𝑡𝑛 + 10 𝑛2
• Real life examples of signals: weather forecast provides information on the climate
temperature and wind speed. Also, doctor listening to the blood pressure and measuring
the patient temperature which indicate the state of the health of the patient.

• It can be summarized that signals give us more important information in our life.

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 1. What is the meaning of signal?
Examples: Classify the following signals according to whether they are one- or multi-
dimensional.

(1). Larine is a child, she eats one apple every 6 hours. The function of the number of apples to the time all
over the day.
(2). Position of the steering wheel of a car in motion relative to car's reference frame.

(3). Weight and height measurements of a child taken every month.

(4). Health condition of the patient (i.e. blood pressure and temperature) all over the day.

Solution

(1). one-dimensional. (3). multi-dimensional.

(2). one-dimensional. (4). multi-dimensional.

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2. What is the meaning of system?

• A system is defined as an entity that manipulates one or more functional units

(signals) to accomplish a detected task. Also, it is a collection of interrelated
components that work together to perform a specific task.

• Real life examples of systems: in an automatic speaker recognition system, the

input signal is a voice signal, the computer is the system, and the output signal is
the speaker identity. Also, in a communication system, the input signal could be a
speech signal or computer data, the system is a combination of a transmitter,
channel, and receiver, and the output signal is an estimate of the original
message signal.

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 2. What is the meaning of system?

The system

Input signal Output signal

Voice signal Desired signal

Amplification of voice signal

Figure: The output power of wind power plant. Figure: Schematic diagram of signals and system.
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 3. Classification of signals.

 We may identify six methods of classifying signals based on different features.

• Continuous-time and discrete-time signals.

• Even and odd signals.

• Periodic and non-periodic signals.

• Analog and digital signals.

• Deterministic and random signals.

• Energy and power signals.

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 3. Classification of signals.
3.1 Continuous-time signal:
• A signal 𝑥(𝑡) is said to be a continuous-time signal if it is defined for all time (𝑡).

• Continuous signal may be represented when a physical waveform such as a

acoustic wave or light wave converted into an electrical signal by an element
which called the transducer.

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Figure: The continuous-time signal.
 3. Classification of signals.
3.2 Discrete-time signal:
• A discrete-time signal is defined only at discrete instants of time.

• A discrete-time signal is often derived from a continuous-time signal by sampling it at a uniform

rate.
• Let assume τ is the sampling period and 𝒏 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒕𝒆

the integer that may assume positive and negative Values.

x[𝑛] = x(𝒏τ) , 𝒏= 0, ±1, ±2, ±3,…… Figure: The discrete-time signal.

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 3. Classification of signals.
Examples: Consider the continuous time signal 𝑥(𝑡)=sin(𝜋𝑡) as a function of time 𝑡. Discretize the
signal using a sampling interval of 𝑇 = 0.25 s, and sketch the waveform of the resulting discrete
time sequence for the range −8 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 8.
Solution
By substituting 𝑡 = 𝑘𝑇 , the discrete time representation of the continuous time signal 𝑥(𝑡) is given by 𝑥[𝑘𝑇] =
sin(𝜋𝑘 × 𝑇 ) = sin(0.25𝜋𝑘). For 𝑘 = 0, ±1, ±2,... , the discrete time signal 𝑥[𝑘] has the following values: the
integer that may assume positive and negative Values.

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3. Classification of signals.

(a) The continuous time signal 𝑥(𝑡). (b) The discrete time signal 𝑥[𝑘] obtained by discretizing 𝑥(𝑡)
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with a sampling interval 𝑇 = 0.25 𝑠.
 3. Classification of signals.
3.3 Even signal:
• A continuous-time signal 𝑥(𝑡) is defined to be an even signal if it satisfies the next condition.
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥(−𝑡) for all 𝑡.
• It can be said, even signal is symmetric about the vertical axis or time origin.

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Figure: The even signal. Figure: The even signal.
 3. Classification of signals.
3.4 Odd signal:
• The signal 𝑥(𝑡) is defined to be an odd signal if it satisfies the next condition.
𝑥(𝑡) = −𝑥(−𝑡) for all 𝑡.

• It can be said, odd signal is anti-

symmetric about the vertical axis or
time origin.

• Even and odd signals can be

applied in a discrete-time signals
also.
Figure: The odd signal. 17
 3. Classification of signals.
Examples: Classify the following signals according to whether they are even or odd
signals. (1). 𝑥(𝑡) = cos ω𝑡 (2). 𝑥(𝑡) = sin ω𝑡
Solution

For (1): Replace 𝑡 to be −𝑡 𝑥(−𝑡) = cos(−ω𝑡) As we knows cos −ϴ = cos(ϴ)

𝑥(−𝑡) = cos −ω𝑡 = cos ω𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡) It achieve the condition of the even signal

For (2): Replace 𝑡 to be −𝑡 𝑥(−𝑡) = −sin(ω𝑡) As we knows sin −ϴ = −sin(ϴ)

𝑥(−𝑡) ≠ 𝑥(𝑡) It is not achieving the condition of the even signal

𝑥(−𝑡) =−𝑥(𝑡)
It is achieving the condition of the odd signal
− 𝑥(−𝑡) =𝑥(𝑡) 18
 3. Classification of signals.
3.5 Periodic signal:
• A periodic signal 𝑥(𝑡) is defined to be repeated after a detected duration of time 𝑇. It satisfies
the next condition:
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡 + 𝑇) for all 𝑡. and 𝑇 is a positive constant

• Assuming that 𝑇 = T0 , say then it is also satisfied for 𝑇 = 2T0 ,3T0 ,4T0 ,……..

• The reciprocal of the fundamental period 𝑇 is called the frequency of the signal that measured
in hertz (HZ) or cycle per second. 1
𝑓 =
𝑇

• The angular frequency, measured in radians per second, which is defined by:

2π
ω= since there are 2𝜋 radians in one complete cycle 19
𝑇
 3. Classification of signals.
3.6 Non-periodic signal:
• IF 𝑇 = 0.02 sec, it means, the frequency
equals (1\0.02) = 50 HZ. This signal
repeats itself 50 times in one second.

Figure: The periodic signal.

• Any signal for which there is no value of 𝑇 to

satisfy this condition 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡 + 𝑇) is
called aperiodic or non-periodic signal.

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Figure: The aperiodic signal.
 3. Classification of signals.
Examples: Classify the following signals according to whether they are periodic or non-
periodic signals. (1). 𝑥(𝑡) = sin(4π𝑡) (2). 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑗(2𝑡+7) (3). 𝑥(𝑡) = 2𝑡 + 5
(4). 𝑓(𝑘) =sin(𝜋𝑘/12 + 𝜋/4) (5). 𝑕(𝑘) =c𝑜𝑠 (0.5𝑘 + ϴ)

Solution

For (1): is a periodic signal with period 𝑇 = 2𝜋/4𝜋 = 1/2.

For (2): is a periodic signal with period 𝑇 = 2𝜋/2= 𝜋.

For (3): is a non-periodic signal as it depends on different values in

time. When t is greater than zero, it will be a ramp function 𝑟(𝑡) and
not repeat itself all over the time. Figure: The ramp function 𝑟(𝑡) .
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 3. Classification of signals.
For (4): The value of ω in 𝑓[𝑘] is 𝜋/12.

Since ω= 2𝜋𝑓 = 𝜋/12

Thus the value of 𝑓 equals (1/24) is a rational number,

the discrete time sequence 𝑓 [𝑘] is periodic time signal.

For (5): The value of ω in 𝑕[𝑘] is 0.5.

Since ω= 2𝜋𝑓 = 0.5

Thus the value of 𝑓 equals (1/4𝜋) is not a rational number,

the discrete time sequence 𝑕[𝑘] is not periodic time signal.

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 3. Classification of signals.
3.7 Analog signal:
• Analog signals were used in many systems to produce
signals to carry information. These signals are
continuous in both values and time. It can be
represented as a sine waves like the human sound.
Figure: The analog signal.
3.8 Digital signal:
• Unlike analog signals, digital signals are not continuous,
but signals are discrete in value and time. These signals
are represented by binary numbers [0,1] and consist of
different voltage values. It can be represented as a
computer signals and electronic devices. 23
Figure: The digital signal.
 3. Classification of signals.
3.9 Deterministic signal:
• If the value of a signal can be predicted for all time (𝑡 or 𝑘)
in advance without any error, it is referred to as a
deterministic signal.

Figure: The deterministic signal.

3.10 Random signal:
• The behavior of non-deterministic signal can’t be
predicted in advance. The pattern of random signal is
quite irregular.

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Figure: The random signal.
 3. Classification of signals.
3.11 Energy and power signal:
• Energy represents the capacity to do some work. Whereas the power represents the rate at which the
work is done/Energy spend to do the particular work.

• Energy can be positive or negative. Power is always positive.

• The reason that why energy is positive or negative is as follows, we know that energy is the sum of
kinetic energy and potential energy. Energy= K.E + P.E
• K.E is always positive as it depends on mass, mass cannot be negative. Whereas P.E can be positive
or negative. Whereas the power signal is always positive which calculated from the average
instantaneous power. The instantaneous power is given by the square of the signal. According to the
squaring value of the signal, power is always positive. .
• In practice, the physical generation of power signal is impossible since it requires infinite duration and
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infinite energy.
 3. Classification of signals.
3.11 Energy and power signal:
• Figure (a) is an energy signal. It has finite energy. When we
calculate the power of the signal, we find it to be zero.

• Figure (b) is a power signal. It is not an energy signal

because the energy is infinite. Figure (a): The energy signal.
• Are all energy signals also power signals?
No, since any signal with finite energy will have zero power.

• Are all power signals also energy signals?

No, since any signal with non-zero power will have infinite
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energy . Figure (b): The power signal.
 4. Worksheet.
1)- Which of these signals are periodic or non-periodic?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

sin(4π𝑡) −2≤𝑡 ≤2
(e) A limited duration function 𝑥(𝑡)=
0 𝑜𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
(f) 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −2𝑡 3π𝑘
(j) 𝑔(𝑘) = cos( + θ)
π𝑘 π 10
(g) 𝑓(𝑘) = sin( + )
12 4 7π𝑘
(k) 𝑝(𝑘) =𝑒 𝑗( 8 +θ)
(h) 𝑝(𝑛) = 5sin(2𝑛)
6π𝑛
(i) 𝑥(𝑛) = 5sin( ) 27
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 4. Worksheet.
2)- Which of these signals are even or odd?

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

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