MySQL Syntaxes
[black is for syntaxes, italicised black is for code specific things that will change according to
code (eg: database_name, column_name etc), green is for explanations, red is for code
examples]
Table/Database Related Operations:
1. create database database_name;
- creates a database that can hold multiple tables
- create database employee;
2. use database_name;
- sets the created database as the default database being used
- use employee;
3. create table table_name (column_name datatype primary key, column_name
datatype,...);
- creates a table with the listed columns and data types, primary key acts as an identifier
(like our registration numbers)
- create table employee_data(empID int primary key, firstname varchar(50), lastname
varchar(50), department varchar(50), designation varchar(50));
4. desc table_name;
- gives details of the table including information on datatypes
Keyword Datatype Syntax
int Integer (numbers only) col_name int
char Character (single letter, number, symbol, col_name char
whitespace etc.)
varchar String (can contain multiple letters, col_name
numbers, spaces etc.) varchar(characterlimit)
Eg: firstname varchar(50)
- desc employee_data;
5. insert into table_name values(value,value,value,...);
- add data entries to the table
- insert into employee_data values(1001, “AAAA”, ”XYZ”, “R&D”, “Junior
Developer”);
6. delete from table_name where primary_key_column name = value;
- delete a row from a table
- delete from employee_data where empID=1001;
7. show databases;
- shows all databases
- show databases;
8. update table_name set col_name=value where primary_key_col_name=value;
- updates data (alteration, addition or modification)
- update employee_data set designation=”Senior Developer” where empID=1002;
9. select * from table_name;
- show table (* means all entries)
- select * from employee_data;
10. alter table table_name add new_col_name datatype;
- add a column to the table (idt she taught this yet, googled it.)
- alter table employee_data add basic_salary varchar(50);
11. alter table table_name drop col_to_remove_name;
- removes a column from the table (same as above, googled it)
- alter table employee_data drop basic_salary;
12. create table table_name (column_name datatype primary key, column_name datatype
default value);
- set a default value to the column (will be ignored if data is given for the column)
- create table students (regno int primary key, class varchar(10), dept varchar(10) default
‘BBA’);
- note that when this is used, the insert into command changes syntax a bit
- insert into students (regno, class) values (2320721, “3BBAG”);
- to override the default just insert data as you would normally
- insert into students values(234287, “3BCOMSF”,”COMM”);
13. create table table_name (column_name datatype primary key auto_increment,
column_name datatype,...);
- set a +1 increment to the column, use it for primary keys like employee id, registration
no., serial no., etc (will be ignored if data is given for the column)
- create table students (regno int primary key auto_increment, class varchar(10), dept
varchar(10));
- note that when this is used, the insert into command changes syntax a bit, the first entry
has to be made normally for it to have a base value
- insert into students values (2320701, “3BBAG”, “BBA”);
insert into students (class, dept) values (“3BBAG”,”BBA);
- it’ll take the regno as 702 (701 base +1)
14. Select old_col_name AS ‘new_col_name’ from table_name;
- temporarily rename the column, AS stands for alias
- select dept AS department from students;
String Operations:
1. select concat(“value”,”value”);
- join two string values (to add space in between do: select concat(“value”,” “,”value”))
- select concat(“hello”,” “,”world);
2. select primary_key_col_name, concat(col1_name,col2_name) AS extra_col_name from
table_name;
- concatenate values from a table (eg first name and last name, in a temporary full name
column, does not change the main table)
- the AS fullname part is just to give the temporary col a name, not mandated can skip
- select empID, concat(firstname,lastname) AS fullname from employee_data;
3. select replace(col_name,existing_value,new_value) AS new_col_name from table_name;
- replace values partly or fully, returns existing 101, 102, 103 empIDs as 1001, 1002,
1003 in a temporary col, doesn’t change main table
- the AS employee ID part is just to give the temporary col a name, not mandated can
skip
- select replace(empID,10,100) AS employeeID from employee_data;
4. select reverse(“value”);
- returns value reversed (eg: hello as olleh)
- select reverse(“hello”);
5. select upper(“value”);
- returns value in uppercase (hello as HELLO)
- select upper(“hello”);
6. select lower(“value”);
- returns value in uppercase (HELLO as hello)
- select lower(“hello”);
7. select upper(col_name) from table_name;
- returns value from table in uppercase (hello as HELLO), same for lower
- select upper(dept) from students;
- or
- select regno, upper(dept) from students;
(this one shows values of regno (initially entered case itself) and dept values in
uppercase)
- select dept, lower(dept) from students;
(this one shows og dept values in one col and dept values in lowercase in another)
8. select * from table_name order by column_name desc;
- arranges data according to descending (Z-A) order of selected column
- select * from students order by regno desc;
9. select * from table_name order by column_name asc;
- arranges data according to ascending (A-Z) order of selected column (if desc or asc isn’t
mentioned, it takes asc by default)
- select * from students order by regno asc;
