DROP DATABASE databaseName
DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS databaseName
CREATE DATABASE databaseName
CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS databaseName
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Syntax of CREATE TABLE command is :
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CREATE TABLE <table-name>
( <column name> <data type> ,
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<column name> <data type> ,
......... ) ;
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We write the following command :
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CREATE TABLE employee
( ECODE integer ,
ENAME varchar(20) ,
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GENDER char(1) ,
GRADE char(2) ,
GROSS integer ) ;
JM
INSERTING DATA INTO TABLE
Syntax of INSERT is :
INSERT INTO <tablename> [<column list>]
VALUE ( <value1> , <value2> , .....)
INSERT INTO employee
VALUES(1001 , ‘Ravi’ , ‘M’ , ‘E4’ , 50000);
OR
INSERT INTO employee (ECODE , ENAME , GENDER , GRADE , GROSS)
VALUES(1001 , ‘Ravi’ , ‘M’ , ‘E4’ , 50000);
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ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS
1001 Ravi M E4 50000
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SELECTING ALL DATA
SELECT * FROM <tablename> ;
SELECT * FROM Employee;
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SELECTING PARTICULAR COLUMNS
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SELECT ECODE , ENAME
FROM EMPLOYEE ;
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SELECTING PARTICULAR ROWS
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE
M
WHERE GENDER = ‘F’ ;
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SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE GROSS > 48000;
ELIMINATING REDUNDANT DATA
The DISTINCT keyword eliminates duplicate rows from the results of a
SELECT statement. For example ,
SELECT GENDER FROM EMPLOYEE ;
SELECT DISTINCT(GENDER) FROM EMPLOYEE;
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VIEWING STRUCTURE OF A TABLE
DESCRIBE <tablename>
DESCRIBE EMPLOYEE ;
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USING COLUMN ALIASES
Syntax :
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SELECT <columnname> AS column alias , <columnname> AS column alias .....
FROM <tablename> ;
SELECT ECODE AS “EMPLOYEE_CODE”;
tu
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FROM EMPLOYEE;
CONDITION BASED ON A RANGE
BETWEEN operator
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SELECT ECODE , ENAME ,GRADE
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FROM EMPLOYEE
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WHERE GROSS BETWEEN 40000 AND 50000 ;
CONDITION BASED ON A LIST
IN operator
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE GRADE IN (‘A1’ , ‘A2’);
NOT IN operator
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE GRADE NOT IN (‘A1’ , ‘A2’);
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CONDITION BASED ON PATTERN MATCHES
1. percent(%) – The % character matches any substring.
2. underscore(_) – The _ character matches any character.
SELECT ENAME
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FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘R%’
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to display details of employee whose second character in name is ‘e’.
u
SELECT *
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FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘_e%’ ;
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to display details of employee whose name ends with ‘y
SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE
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WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘%y’ ;
SEARCHING FOR NULL
M
SELECT *
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FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE GROSS IS NULL;
SELECT Name
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE Marks IS NULL ;
SORTING RESULTS
ORDER BY clause
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SELECT <column name> , <column name>....
FROM <tablename>
WHERE <condition>
ORDER BY <column name>
SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE
ORDER BY ENAME ;
dy
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMPLOYEE
tu
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WHERE GROSS > 40000
ORDER BY ENAME desc ;
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MODIFYING DATA IN TABLES
UPDATE <tablename>
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SET <columnname>=value , <columnname>=value
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WHERE <condition>;
UPDATE EMPLOYEE
SET GROSS = 55000
WHERE ECODE = 1009 ;
UPDATE EMPLOYEE
SET GROSS = 58000, GRADE=’B2’
WHERE ECODE = 1009;
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DELETING DATA FROM TABLES
To delete some data from tables, DELETE command is used. The DELETE
command removes rows from a table.
DELETE FROM <tablename>
WHERE <condition>;
DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE GRADE =’A1’;
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TO DELETE ALL THE CONTENTS FROM A TABLE
tu
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DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE;
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DROPPING TABLES
The DROP TABLE command lets you drop a table from the database. The
syntax of DROP TABLE command is :
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DROP TABLE <tablename> ;
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DROP TABLE employee;
S.NO. DELETE COMMAND DROP TABLE COMMAND
1 It is a DML command. It is a DDL Command.
2 This command is used to delete only This command is used to delete all the data of
rows of data from a table the table
along with the structure of the table. The table
is no
longer recognized when this command gets
executed.
3 Syntax of DELETE command is: Syntax of DROP command is :
DELETE FROM <tablename> DROP TABLE <tablename>;
WHERE <condition> ;
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ALTER TABLE COMMAND
ADDING COLUMNS TO TABLE
ALTER TABLE <tablename>
dy
ADD <Column name> <datatype> <constraint> ;
u
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE
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ADD ADDRESS VARCHAR(50);
MODIFYING COLUMNS
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ALTER TABLE <table name>
CHANGE <old column name> <new column name> <new datatype>;
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE
M
CHANGE GROSS SALARY INTEGER;
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE
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CHANGE ENAME EM_NAME VARCHAR(30);
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE
MODIFY GRADE VARCHAR(2);
DELETING COLUMNS
ALTER TABLE <table name>
DROP <column name>;
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE
DROP GRADE ;
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AGGREGATE / GROUP FUNCTIONS
AVG( )
This function computes the average of given
data. e.g.
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SELECT AVG(SAL)
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FROM employee ;
u
COUNT()
SELECT COUNT(ecode)
FROM employee ;
MAX( )
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This function returns the maximum value from a given column or expression.
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e.g.
SELECT MAX(SAL)
FROM employee ;
MIN( )
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This function returns the minimum value from a given column or expression.
e.g. SELECT MIN(SAL)
FROM employee;
SUM( )
This function returns the sum of values in given column or expression.
e.g. SELECT SUM(SAL)
FROM employee;
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GROUPING RESULT – GROUP BY
SELECT * FROM `products` GROUP BY prod_code;
SELECT prod_code as 'Product code',COUNT(*) as 'Count',CAST(AVG(price) as
INT) as 'average' from products;
dy
SELECT prod_code as 'Product code',COUNT(*) as 'Count',CAST(AVG(price) as
INT) as 'average' from products GROUP BY prod_code;
tu
SELECT prod_code as 'Product code',COUNT(*) as 'Count',CAST(AVG(price) as
INT) as 'average' from products GROUP BY prod_code HAVING COUNT >=2
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Distinct clause
SELECT price from products
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SELECT DISTINCT price from products
SELECT DISTINCT price ,name from products
JM
Concat function
SELECT concat(prod_code,' - ',name)as 'Product Desc ',prod_id,quantity,price
FROM products
SELECT * FROM `products`
SELECT products.prod_id,products.prod_code,products.name FROM
`products`
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SELECT products.prod_id,products.prod_code,products.name FROM
`products` WHERE prod_id <=103
y
SELECT products.prod_id,products.prod_code,products.name FROM
`products` WHERE name='red'
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SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE name LIKE 'pen%'
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SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE name NOT LIKE 'r_d%'
SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE name NOT LIKE 'r_d%' AND prod_code=
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'pen'
SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE name NOT LIKE 'r_d%' OR prod_code=
'pen'
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SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE name='red pen' OR name='pink pen'
SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE name IN('red pen','pink pen');
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SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE name NOT IN('red pen','pink pen');
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SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE name LIKE '_e%'
SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE name LIKE '_e%' ORDER BY prod_code
ASC
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