e.g.
to enter a row into EMPLOYEE table (created above), we write command as :
INSERT INTO employee
VALUES(1001 , ‘Ravi’ , ‘M’ , ‘E4’ , 50000);
OR
INSERT INTO employee (ECODE , ENAME , GENDER , GRADE , GROSS)
VALUES(1001 , ‘Ravi’ , ‘M’ , ‘E4’ , 50000);
ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS
1001 Ravi M E4 50000
In order to insert another row in EMPLOYEE table , we write again INSERT command :
INSERT INTO employee
VALUES(1002 , ‘Akash’ , ‘M’ , ‘A1’ , 35000);
ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS
1001 Ravi M E4 50000
1002 Akash M A1 35000
INSERTING NULL VALUES
- To insert value NULL in a specific column, we can type NULL without quotes and NULL will be inserted in that
column. E.g. in order to insert NULL value in ENAME column of above table, we write INSERT command as :
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE
VALUES (1004 , NULL , ‘M’ , ‘B2’ , 38965 ) ;
ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS
1001 Ravi M E4 50000
1002 Akash M A1 35000
1004 NULL M B2 38965
SIMPLE QUERY USING SELECT COMMAND
- The SELECT command is used to pull information from a table. Syntax of SELECT
command is : SELECT <column name>,<column name>
FROM <tablename>
WHERE <condition name> ;
SELECTING ALL DATA
- In order to retrieve everything (all columns) from a table, SELECT command is used
as : SELECT * FROM <tablename> ;
e.g.
In order to retrieve everything from Employee table, we write SELECT command as :
EMPLOYEE
ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS
1001 Ravi M E4 50000
1002 Akash M A1 35000
1004 NULL M B2 38965
SELECT * FROM Employee ;
SELECTING PARTICULAR COLUMNS
EMPLOYEE
ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS
1001 Ravi M E4 50000
1002 Akash M A1 35000
1004 Neela F B2 38965
1005 Sunny M A2 30000
1006 Ruby F A1 45000
1009 Neema F A2 52000
- A particular column from a table can be selected by specifying column-names with SELECT command. E.g. in
above table, if we want to select ECODE and ENAME column, then command is :
SELECT ECODE , ENAME
FROM EMPLOYEE ;
E.g.2 in order to select only ENAME, GRADE and GROSS column, the command is :
SELECT ENAME , GRADE ,
GROSS FROM EMPLOYEE ;
SELECTING PARTICULAR ROWS
We can select particular rows from a table by specifying a condition through WHERE clause along with SELECT
statement. E.g. In employee table if we want to select rows where Gender is female, then command is :
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE GENDER = ‘F’ ;
E.g.2. in order to select rows where salary is greater than 48000, then command is :
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE GROSS > 48000 ;
ELIMINATING REDUNDANT DATA
The DISTINCT keyword eliminates duplicate rows from the results of a SELECT statement. For example ,
SELECT GENDER FROM EMPLOYEE ;
GENDER
M
M
F
M
F
F
SELECT DISTINCT(GENDER) FROM EMPLOYEE ;
DISTINCT(GENDER)
M
F
VIEWING STRUCTURE OF A TABLE
- If we want to know the structure of a table, we can use DESCRIBE or DESC command, as per following syntax :
DESCRIBE | DESC <tablename> ;
e.g. to view the structure of table EMPLOYEE, command is : DESCRIBE EMPLOYEE ; OR DESC EMPLOYEE ;
USING COLUMN ALIASES
- The columns that we select in a query can be given a different name, i.e. column alias name for output purpose.
Syntax :
SELECT <columnname> AS column alias , <columnname> AS column alias …..
FROM <tablename> ;
e.g. In output, suppose we want to display ECODE column as EMPLOYEE_CODE in output , then command is :
SELECT ECODE AS “EMPLOYEE_CODE”
FROM EMPLOYEE ;
CONDITION BASED ON A RANGE
- The BETWEEN operator defines a range of values that the column values must fall in to make the condition
true. The range include both lower value and upper value.
e.g. to display ECODE, ENAME and GRADE of those employees whose salary is between 40000 and 50000,
command is:
SELECT ECODE , ENAME ,GRADE
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE GROSS BETWEEN 40000 AND 50000 ;
Output will be :
ECODE ENAME GRADE
1001 Ravi E4
1006 Ruby A1
CONDITION BASED ON A LIST
- To specify a list of values, IN operator is used. The IN operator selects value that match any value in a given
list of values. E.g.
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE GRADE IN (‘A1’ , ‘A2’);
Output will be :
ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS
1002 Akash M A1 35000
1006 Ruby F A1 45000
1005 Sunny M A2 30000
1009 Neema F A2 52000
- The NOT IN operator finds rows that do not match in the list. E.g.
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE GRADE NOT IN (‘A1’ , ‘A2’);
Output will be :
ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS
1001 Ravi M E4 50000
1004 Neela F B2 38965
CONDITION BASED ON PATTERN MATCHES
- LIKE operator is used for pattern matching in SQL. Patterns are described using two special wildcard characters:
1. percent(%) – The % character matches any substring.
2. underscore(_) – The _ character matches any character.
e.g. to display names of employee whose name starts with R in EMPLOYEE table, the command is :
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘R%’ ;
Output will be :
ENAME
Ravi
Ruby
e.g. to display details of employee whose second character in name is ‘e’.
SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘_e%’ ;
Output will be :
ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS
1004 Neela F B2 38965
1009 Neema F A2 52000
e.g. to display details of employee whose name ends with ‘y’.
SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘%y’ ;
Output will be :
ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS
1005 Sunny M A2 30000
1006 Ruby F A1 45000
SEARCHING FOR NULL
- The NULL value in a column can be searched for in a table using IS NULL in the WHERE clause. E.g. to list
employee details whose salary contain NULL, we use the command :
SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE GROSS IS NULL ;
e.g.
STUDENT
Roll_No Name Marks
1 ARUN NULL
2 RAVI 56
4 SANJAY NULL
to display the names of those students whose marks is NULL, we use the command :
SELECT Name
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE Marks IS NULL ;
Output will be :
Name
ARUN
SANJAY
SORTING RESULTS
Whenever the SELECT query is executed , the resulting rows appear in a predecided order.The ORDER BY clause allow
sorting of query result. The sorting can be done either in ascending or descending order, the default is ascending.
The ORDER BY clause is used as :
SELECT <column name> , <column name>….
FROM <tablename>
WHERE <condition>
ORDER BY <column name> ;
e.g. to display the details of employees in EMPLOYEE table in alphabetical order, we use command :
SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE
ORDER BY ENAME ;
Output will be :
ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS
1002 Akash M A1 35000
1004 Neela F B2 38965
1009 Neema F A2 52000
1001 Ravi M E4 50000
1006 Ruby F A1 45000
1005 Sunny M A2 30000
e.g. display list of employee in descending alphabetical order whose salary is greater than 40000.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE GROSS > 40000
ORDER BY ENAME desc ;
Output will be :
ENAME
Ravi
Ruby
Neema
MODIFYING DATA IN TABLES
you can modify data in tables using UPDATE command of SQL. The UPDATE command specifies the rows to be
changed using the WHERE clause, and the new data using the SET keyword. Syntax of update command is :
UPDATE <tablename>
SET <columnname>=value , <columnname>=value
WHERE <condition> ;
e.g. to change the salary of employee of those in EMPLOYEE table having employee code 1009 to 55000.
UPDATE EMPLOYEE
SET GROSS = 55000
WHERE ECODE = 1009 ;
UPDATING MORE THAN ONE COLUMNS
e.g. to update the salary to 58000 and grade to B2 for those employee whose employee code is 1001.
UPDATE EMPLOYEE
SET GROSS = 58000, GRADE=’B2’
WHERE ECODE = 1009 ;
