Note: SQL is not case sensitive!!!!

Chapter – 7

SQL (Structured Query Language)

Example: - COMPANY DATABASE

SQL Statements:-

SQL can be divided into two parts: The Data Manipulation Language (DML) and the Data
Definition Language (DDL).

 The query and update commands form the DML part of SQL
 SELECT - extracts data from a database
 UPDATE - updates data in a database
 DELETE - deletes data from a database
 INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database
 The most important DDL statements in SQL are:

 CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database

 ALTER DATABASE - modifies a database
 CREATE TABLE - creates a new table
 ALTER TABLE - modifies a table
 DROP TABLE - deletes a table
 CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key)

How to create a database using SQL?????

SQL create database syntax

CREATE DATABASE database_name

E.g. create database COMPANY

SQL create table syntax

CREATE TABLE table_name (column_name1 data_type, column_name2data_type,

column_name3 data_type,)

E.g. create table EMPLOYEE (Fname varchar(50),Mname varchar(50),Lname

varchar(50),Ssn int NOT NULL UNIQUE PRIMARY KEY, UNIQUE,Bdate
year,Address varchar (75), Sex varchar(6), salary int, Super_Ssn int NOT NULL
FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES EMPLOYEE(Ssn),Dno int)

 To create a UNIQUE constraint on the "Ssn" column when the table is already
created, use the following SQL:
 ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE ADD UNIQUE PRIMARY KEY (Ssn)
 To DROP a UNIQUE Constraint

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Note: SQL is not case sensitive!!!!

 ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE DROP CONSTRAINT uc_Ssn

 ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE DROP CONSTRAINT pk_Ssn

To DROP a FOREIGN KEY Constraint

 ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE DROP CONSTRAINT fk_Super_Ssn
An index can be created in a table to find data more quickly and efficiently.
 SQL CREATE INDEX Syntax
CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name)
E.g. CREATE INDEX EmpIndex ON EMPLOYEE (Lname)
 DROP INDEX Syntax for MS SQL Server:
DROP INDEX table_name.index_name
 The DROP TABLE statement is used to delete a table.
DROP TABLE table_name
E.g. DROP TABLE Employee
 The DROP DATABASE Statement
 DROP DATABASE database_name
E.g. DROP DATABASE COMPANY
 The TRUNCATE TABLE Statement (What if we only want to
delete the data inside the table, and not the table itself?)

Syntax: TRUNCATE TABLE table_name


SQL ALTER TABLE Syntax (used to add, delete, or modify
columns in an existing table.)
 To add a column in a table, use the following syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype
 To delete a column in a table
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name
 To change the data type of a column in a table
LTER TABLE table_name LTER COLUMN column_name datatype

The following SQL statement will select all the records in the “Employee” table:

Syntax: SELECT * FROM table_name

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name

E.g. SELECT * FROM Employee

 The DISTINCT keyword can be used to return only distinct

(different) values.

SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s) FROM table_name

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 Note: SQL is not case sensitive!!!!

E.g. SELECT DISTINCT salary FROM Employee

The WHERE Clause

 Is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified criterion.

Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator value

E.g. SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE salary=1000

For text value

This is correct:
SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE Fname='Abebe'
This is wrong:
SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE Fname =Abebe
For numeric values:

This is correct:
SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE salary =1965
This is wrong:
SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE salary ='1965'
Operators Allowed in the WHERE Clause

Operator Description
= Equal
<> Not equal
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal
<= Less than or equal
BETWEEN Between an inclusive range
LIKE Search for a pattern
IN If you know the exact value you want to
return for at least one of the columns
The AND & OR Operators

 The AND operator displays a record if both the first condition and the second
condition is true.
 The OR operator displays a record if either the first condition or the second condition
is true.
E.g. SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE Fname='Abebe' AND Mname='Kebede'
SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE Fname ='Abebe' OR Fname ='Lemma'
Combining AND & OR
E.g. SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE Mname ='Kebede'AND (Fname ='Abebe'
OR Fname ='Lemma')

The ORDER BY Keyword

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Note: SQL is not case sensitive!!!!

 Is used to sort the result-set by a specified column.

Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name ORDER BY

column_name(s) ASC|DESC

E.g. SELECT * FROM Employee ORDER BY Fname

The INSERT INTO Statement

 Is used to insert a new row in a table.

Syntax:

INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2, value3...)

Or

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3...) VALUES

(value1, value2, value3...)

E.g. INSERT INTO Employee VALUES (‘Abebe’,'Kebede', 'Lemma', 1234567,

12/03/1988,’A.A’,’Male’, 6000, 1234567, 6)

Insert Data Only in Specified Columns

E.g. INSERT INTO Employee (Ssn, Fname, Mname) VALUES (534567, 'Helen', 'Asefa')

The UPDATE Statement

 Is used to update existing records in a table.

Syntax:

UPDATE table_name SET column1=value, column2=value2,... WHERE

some_column=some_value

E.g. UPDATE Employee SET Lname=’Tassew’, Salary=3000 WHERE Ssn=534567 AND

Fname='Helen'

SQL UPDATE Warning

 Be careful when updating records. If we had omitted the WHERE clause, all records
will be updated.

The DELETE Statement

 Is used to delete rows in a table.

Syntax:

DELETE FROM table_name WHERE some_column=some_value

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Note: SQL is not case sensitive!!!!

E.g. DELETE FROM Employee WHERE Lname='Lemma' AND Fname=’Abebe’

Delete All Rows

DELETE FROM table_name or DELETE * FROM table_name

Note: Be very careful when deleting records. You cannot undo this statement!

The LIKE Operator

 Is used to search for a specified pattern in a column.

SQL LIKE Syntax

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name LIKE

pattern
E.g. SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE Fname LIKE 'S%'
SQL Wildcards
 SQL wildcards can substitute for one or more characters when searching for data in a
database.
 SQL wildcards must be used with the SQL LIKE operator.

Wildcard Description
% A substitute for zero or more characters
_ A substitute for exactly one character
[charlist] Any single character in charlist
[^charlist] or [!charlist] Any single character not in charlist
E.g. SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE Fname LIKE 'A%'
E.g. SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE Fname LIKE '_be' {Now we want to
select the persons with a first name that starts with any character, followed by
"be" from the " Employee " table. }
E.g. SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE Fname LIKE '[bhl]%' { Now we want to
select the persons with a Fname that starts with "b" or "h" or "l" from the
" Employee " table. }

The IN Operator

 The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause.

Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN

(value1, value2,...)
E.g. SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE Fname IN ('Abebe','Helen')

BETWEEN Operator Example

Now we want to select the persons with a last name alphabetically between "Hansen"
an"Pettersen" from the table above.
E.g. SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE Fname BETWEEN 'Abebe' AND 'Helen'

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