UNIT 3

ENGINEERING MATERIALS
A. Understanding a printed text

Soft Conductive and malleable

Ductile Durable and hard

Malleable Stiff and brittle

Tough Ductile and corrosion-resistant

Scratch-resistant Heat-resistant and chemical-resistant

A. Understanding a printed text

Metals

Engineering
materials

Thermoplastics
Thermosetting
plastics
A. Understanding a printed text
Metals
Materials Properties Uses
Aluminium Light, soft, ductile, highly Aircraft, engine
conductive, corrosion- components foil, cooking
resistant utensils
Copper Very malleable, tough and Electric wiring, PCBs,
ductile, highly conductive, tubing
corrosion-resistant.
Brass(65% copper, Very corrosion-resistant. Valves, taps castings,
35% zinc) Casts well, easily machined. ship fittings, electrical
Can be work hardened. Good contacts
conductor.
A. Understanding a printed text
Metals
Materials Properties Uses
Mild steel (iron with High strength, ductile, tough, General purpose
0.15 % to 0.3 % fairly malleable. Cannot be
carbon) hardened and tempered. Low
cost. Poor corrosion -
resistance
High carbon steel (iron Hardest of the carbon steels Cutting tools such as
with 0.7 % to 1.4 % but less ductile and malleable. drills, files, saws
carbon) Can be hardened and
tempered.
A. Understanding a printed text
Thermoplastics
Materials Properties Uses
ABS High impact strength and Safety helmets, car
toughness, scratch-resistant, components, telephones,
light and durable kitchenware
Acrylic Stiff, hard, very durable, Aircraft canopies, baths,
clear, can be polished easily. double glazing
Can be formed easily.
Nylon Hard, tough, wear-resistant, Bearings, gears, casings
self-lubricating for power tools
A. Understanding a printed text
Thermosetting plastics
Materials Properties Uses
Epoxy resin High strength when Adhesives, encapsulation
reinforced, good chemical of electronic components
and wear-resistance

Polyester resin Stiff, hard, brittle. Good Moulding, boat and car
chemical and heat resistance bodies

Urea formaldehyde Stiff, hard, strong, brittle, Electrical fittings,

heat-resistant, and good adhesives
electrical insulator
Vocabulary
acrylic [ə'krilik] (n) : nhựa acrylic
adhesive [əd'hi:siv] (n) : keo dính
air-craft canopy [eə krɑ:ft kænəpi] (n) : vòm che buồng lái máy bay
alloy ['ælɔi] (n) : hợp kim
aluminium [,ælju'minjəm] (n) : nhôm
bearing ['beəriη] (n) : cái đệm
brass [brɑ:s] (n) : đồng thau
brittle ['britl] (adj) : giòn, dễ vỡ
cast [kɑ:st] (v) : đúc, đổ khuôn
circuit ['sɜ:kit] (n) : mạch điện
Vocabulary
chemical-resistant ['kemikl-ri'zistənt] (adj) : chịu hóa chất
conductive [kən'dʌktiv] (adj) : có tính dẫn điện
contain [kən'tein] (v) : bao gồm, gồm có
copper ['kɔpə] (n) : đồng đỏ
corrosion-resistant [kə'rouʒn - ri'zistənt] có tính chống ăn mòn
current ['kʌrənt] (n) : dòng điện
diagram ['daiəgræm] (n) : biểu đồ
double-glaze [,dʌbl - 'gleiziη] (n): kính hai lớp
drill [dril] (n,v) : máy khoan, khoan
ductile ['dʌktail] (adj) : dễ kéo sợi
Vocabulary
durable ['djuərəbl ] (adj) : bền, chắc
electric wiring [i'lektrik 'waiəriη] (n) : dây điện
encapsulate [in'kæpsjuleit] (v): bọc, gói gọn, đóng chặt
file [fail] (n) : cái giũa
fitting ['fitiη] (n) : thành phần, bộ phận
electrical (n) : các bộ phận điện
form [fɔ:m] (v) : hình thành, tạo hình
gear [giə] (n) : bánh răng, bộ số
graph [græf] (n) : đồ thị
hard [hɑ:d] (adj) : cứng, chắc, rắn
Vocabulary
heat- resistant ['hi:t - ri'zistənt] (adj) : chịu nhiệt
insulator ['insjuleitə] (n) : vật liệu cách điện
kitchenware ['kit∫in,weə] (n) : đồ bếp núc
machine [mə'∫i:n] (v) : cắt, gò, đánh bóng (bằng máy)
malleable ['mæliəbl] (adj) : dễ dát mỏng
material [mə'tiəriəl] (n) : vật liệu
metal ['metl] (n) : kim loại
mould [mould] (v) : đúc, khuôn
reinforce [,ri:in'fɔ:s] (n) : tăng cường, gia cố
safety ['seifti] (n) : sự an toàn
Vocabulary
helmet ['helmit] (n) : mũ bảo hiểm
scratch-resistant [skræt∫- ri'zistənt] (adj) : chống xước
self-lubricating ['self - lubri'keitiη] (adj) : tự bôi trơn
soft [sɔft] (adj) : mềm
steel [sti:l] (n) : thép
high carbon [hai 'kɑ:bən] (n) : thép có tỉ lệ cacbon cao
mild [maild] (n) : thép mềm
stiff [stif] (n) : cứng (không biến dạng)
strength ['streηθ] (n) : sức bền, độ bền
high impact [hai 'impækt] (n) : độ bền/ chịu va đập cao
Vocabulary
temper ['tempə] (n) : tôi
temperature ['temprət∫ə] (n) : nhiệt độ
thermoplastics [,θə:mou'plæstik] (n) : nhựa tổng hợp có thể gia công,
tái chế
tough [tʌf] (adj) : dai
tubing ['tju:biη] (n) : ống, hệ thống ống
utensil [ju:'tensl] (n) : đồ dùng, dụng cụ
wear-resistant [weə - ri'zistənt] (adj) : chịu được mài mòn
zinc [ziηk] (n) : kẽm
B. Check your understanding
Scan the table to find:

1. A metal used to make aircraft

➢ Aluminium
2. Plastics used for adhesives
➢ Epoxy resin
3. Steel which can be hardened
➢ High carbon steel (iron with 0.7 % to 1.4 % carbon)
4. An alloy suitable for castings
➢ Brass(65% copper,35% zinc)
5. A plastic with very low friction
➢ Nylon
B. Check your understanding
Scan the table to find:

6. A material suitable for safety helmets

➢ ABS
7. A metal suitable for a salt-water environment
➢ Brass
8. A metal for general construction use but which should be protected from corrosion
➢ Mild steel (iron with 0.15 % to 0.3 % carbon)
9. A plastic for car bodies
➢ Polyester resin
10. A metal used for the conductors in printed circuit boards
➢ Copper
C. Word study Word formation
1.Some other common noun endings are: -ness, -ity, -th.
Give the NOUN forms of the following words:

a. Soft => Softness f. Ductile => Ductility

b. Conductive => Conductivity g. Tough => Toughness

c. Strong => Strength h. Hard => Hardness

d. Brittle => Brittleness i. Stiff => Stiffness

e. Elastic => Elasticity j. Wide => Width

C. Word study Word formation
2. Use your dictionary to find the meanings of the following words:

a. corrosion- resistant: chống ăn mòn

b. easily machined: dễ gia công

c. highly conductive: tính dẫn điện cao

d. good conductor: dẫn điện tốt

e. self-lubricating: tự bôi trơn

f. wear-resistant: chống mài mòn

D. Language study
A relative clause gives more information about a noun in a sentence. Study these facts from
the table about aluminium
1. Aluminium is a light metal
2. Aluminium is used to make aircraft
1+2 : Aluminium is a light metal which is used to make aircraft.
Relative clause
D. Language study
A relative clause starts with a relative pronoun. We use
- Who or whom with people
E.g. He’s the engineer who has designed a lot of machines
He’s the engineer who(m) I told you about last week
- Which with things
E.g. In a gas central heating, the flow of gas to the burner is controlled by a valve which can
be operated by a time switch.
- That with people and things
E.g. In a gas central heating, the flow of gas to the burner is controlled by a valve that can be
operated by a time switch.
- Where with places
E.g. In jet engines, fuel and air flow steadily into the engine where a stable flame is
maintained for continuous combustion.
- Whose with possession
E.g. The woman whose bicycle was stolen yesterday is my sister
D. Language study
Non-defining relative clauses
Non-defining relative clauses are placed after nouns which are definite already. They do
not therefore define the noun, but only add something to it by giving some more
information about it. Unlike defining relative clauses, they are not essential in the
sentence and can be omitted without causing confusion. Also unlike defining relatives,
they are separated from their noun by commas. The pronoun can never be omitted in a
non defining relative clause. For example:
-Aluminium, which is light, soft, and ductile, is to make engine components
Non-defining relative clauses
- I have invited Ann, who lives in the next flat
- Mrs. Jane, whose children are at school all days, is trying to get a job
D. Language study
Notes:
In a relative clause we can sometimes omit the relative pronoun who, which, where or
that. We can do this if the relative pronoun is the object of the clause.
Look at these sentences:
This is the book. I bought it yesterday.
= This the book ( that/which )I bought yesterday
In the sentence the book is the object of the relative clause, so we can omit the relative
pronoun.
He’s the engineer. He has designed a lot of machines
= He’s the engineer who/that has designed a lot of machines.
In this sentence the engineer is the subject of the relative clause, so we can’t omit the
relative pronoun. But “whose’ and the relative pronoun in a non-defining relative clause
can never be omitted
D. Language study
I. Complete the sentences with that, who, which, where or whose. In which sentences can we omit
the relative the relative pronouns?
who/that
A. The mechanical engineer ………..…….. you met yesterday is my former student.
that/which
B. The washing machine ………………..I bought last week is not very expensive
which/that
C. Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines use a new combustion control method ………….....
injects gasoline direct into the cylinders
which/that
D. In general, a piston is a sliding plug ……………….fits closely inside the bore of cylinder
E. An engineer ……………is
who/that employed to keep a system in good working order specializes in
maintenance
which/that
F. Was iron the first material ……………….Was used by humans to build cars ?
G. The mechanic ..……………….son
whose/that is working for me is one of my old friends.
where/that
H. This is the factory ……………….my grandfather worked when he was alive
who
I. George Brayton, …………….had developed a two-stroke kerosene engine in 1973, was an
American engineer.
who
J. This engineer, …….............is going to talk about modern techniques in machine designing,
used to be my student.
D. Language study
II. Use the table on the previous page to make definitions of each of the materials in column A. choose the
correct information in column B and C to describe the materials in column A.
A B C
1.An alloy Allows heat or current to flow easily

2.A thermoplastic Remains rigid at high temperatures

3.Mild steel Does not allow heat or current to flow easily

4.Conductor A metal Contains iron and 0.7% to 1.4% carbon
5.An insulator A material Becomes plastic when heated

6.High carbon steel An alloy Contains iron and 0.15% to 0.3% carbon

7.Brass Formed by mixing other metals or elements

8.A thermosetting Consists of copper and zinc
D. Language study
II. Use the table on the previous page to make definitions of each of the materials in column A. choose the
correct information in column B and C to describe the materials in column A.

1. An alloy is a material which is formed by mixing other metals or elements.

2. A thermoplastic is a material which becomes plastic when heated.
3. Mild steel is an alloy which contains iron and 0.15% to 0.3% carbon.
4. Conductor is a material which allows heat or current to flow easily.
5. An insulator is a material which does not allow heat or current to flow easily
6. High carbon steel is an alloy which contains iron and 0.7% to 1.4% carbon.
7. Brass is a metal which consists of copper and zinc.
8. A thermosetting is a material which remains rigid at high temperatures.
Listening: Giving a Definition
The four inventors are making their opening statements. Listen and complete the sentences with which, who or
that.

which can boil eggs without using water.

1. My invention is an electronic device (1) ………….
that can find someone (3) …………….
2. Lifeguard is an alarm system (2) ……… who has fallen off a
boat.
which
3. This is a music website (4) ……………allows you to download and mix dance music.
that
4. It’s a seat belt adjuster (5) …….………protects children in car booster seats.
E. Writing
Note extra information is marked with commas or dashes: which, -for example, such as….,
Add extra information to the following text about plastics.
1. Plastics can be moulded into plates, car components, and medical aids.
2. Thermoplastics soften when heated again and again.
3. Thermosetting plastics set hard and do not alter if heated again.
4. ABS is used for safety helmets.
5. Nylon is self-lubricating.
6. Nylon is used for motorized drives in cameras.
7. Acrylic is a clear thermoplastic.
8. Acrylic is used for plane canopies and double-glazing.
9. Polyester resin is used for boat and car bodies.
10.Polyester resin is hard and has good chemical and heat resistance.
E. Writing
Plastics are synthetic materials. They can be softened and moulded into useful articles. They
have many applications in engineering. There are two types of plastics: thermoplastics and
thermosetting plastics.
ABS is a thermoplastic which is tough and durable. Because is has high impact strength, it
has application where sudden loads may occur.
Nylon is hard, tough thermoplastic. It is used where silent, low friction operation is required.
Acrylic can be formed in several ways. It is hard, durable, and has many uses.
Polyester resin is a thermosetting plastic used for castings. It has a number of useful
properties.
E. Writing
Plastics are synthetic materials. They can be softened and moulded into useful articles. They
have many applications in engineering - for example, moulded into plates, car components,
and medical aids. There are two types of plastics: thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics.
Thermoplastics, which soften when heated again and again. Thermosetting plastics,
which set hard and do not alter if heated again.

ABS is a thermoplastic which is tough and durable. Because is has high impact strength, it has
application where sudden loads may occur, such as safety helmets.
E. Writing
Nylon, which is used for motorized drives in cameras, is hard, tough thermoplastic and
self-lubricating. It is used where silent, low friction operation is required.

Acrylic, which is a clear thermoplastics, can be formed in several ways. It is hard, durable,
and has many uses, such as used for aircraft canopies and double-glazing.

Polyester resin is a thermosetting plastic used for castings-for example, boat and car bodies. It
has a number of useful properties, such as hard and has good chemical and heat
resistance.
F. Futher Pratice
I. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense.

1. About 20 years after Otto first (run) his engine, Rudolf Diesel succesfully (demonstrate) an
entirely different mathod of igniting fuel.
2. Engineered sysems cointain many components, and a suitable material (must select) for each
of them.
3. Why the first Concorde’s engine surrounds (make) of speciel alloy?
4. Since the 1950s, the size of computers (decrease) considerably.
5. Cherles Babbage (produce) the first general purpose digital computer?
6. You (think) that a new power plant (build) near this area in the future?
7. Since the introduction of computer imaging in the 1970s, X-ray machines (use) in many
fields.
F. Futher Pratice
I. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense.

1. About 20 years after Otto first (run) had run his engine, Rudolf Diesel succesfully
(demonstrate) demonstrated an entirely different mathod of igniting fuel.
2. Engineered systems contain many components, and a suitable material (must select)
must be selected for each of them.
3. Why was the first Concorde’s engine surrounds (make) made of special alloy?
4. Since the 1950s, the size of computers (decrease) have been decreased considerably.
5. Did Cherles Babbage (produce) produce the first general purpose digital computer?
6. You (think) that a new power plant (build) will be built near this area in the future?
7. Since the introduction of computer imaging in the 1970s, X-ray machines (use) have been
used in many fields.
F. Futher Pratice
II. Translate into English

a. Hợp kim được tạo ra bằng cách nào? Nó được tạo ra bằng cách tổ hợp/ trộn lẫn các
kim loại khác nhau.

b. Nhôm là một kim loại mềm, dẫn điện/ nhiệt tốt và thường được dùng để làm máy bay
cũng như các vật dụng nhà bếp.

c. Mũ bảo hiểm thường được làm từ vật liệu gì? Tại sao? – Nó thường được làm bằng
nhựa ABS vì loại nhựa này bền, dai và có độ bền va đập cao.

d. Đồng thau là một hợp kim có chứa đồng và kẽm.

e. Có phải thép mềm là một kim loại có chứa sắt từ 0.15% đến 0.3% các- bon không?
F. Futher Pratice
II. Translate into English

a. Hợp kim được tạo ra bằng cách nào? Nó được tạo ra bằng cách tổ hợp/ trộn lẫn các
kim loại khác nhau.
→How alloy are created? They are created by fitting/ mixing different metals.

b. Nhôm là một kim loại mềm, dẫn điện/ nhiệt tốt và thường được dùng để làm máy
bay cũng như các vật dụng nhà bếp.

→Aluminium is soft metal, conductive/ heat-conductivity well, and often used to

make aircraft as well as many items for kitchen.
F. Futher Pratice
II. Translate into English

c. Mũ bảo hiểm thường được làm từ vật liệu gì? Tại sao? – Nó thường được làm bằng
nhựa ABS vì loại nhựa này bền, dai và có độ bền va đập cao.
→What material is helmet usually made from? Why? -It is usually made from
ABS plastic because it is durable, tough and has high impact.

d. Đồng thau là một hợp kim có chứa đồng và kẽm.

→Brass is an alloy containing copper and zinc.
e. Có phải thép mềm là một kim loại có chứa sắt từ 0.15% đến 0.3% các- bon không?
→Is mild steel a metal containing iron with from 0,15% to 0,3% cacbon.
Speaking question!
12.What is an alloy made of?
- A metal alloy is a substance that combines more than one metal or mixes a metal with
other non-metallic elements.
Speaking question!
13.What are safety helmets made of? Why?
- Helmets are made from ABS plastic because it is high impact strength and toughness,
scratch- resistant, light and durable.
Speaking question!
14. What is soft metal?
- Soft metals are metals that can be dented, worked, or cut without shattering.
Speaking question!
15. What components does bronze consist of?
- Modern bronze is typically 88% copper and about 12% tin