1) Aluminium: A lightweight, silvery-white metal often used in manufacturing and

packaging.

 The airplane's wings are made of aluminium to reduce weight and improve fuel
efficiency.

2) Bend: To curve or shape something by applying force.

 She can bend the metal rod into a perfect circle.

3) Bicycle: A vehicle with two wheels that a person rides by pedaling.

 I enjoy riding my bicycle through the park on sunny days.

4) Blade: The flat, sharp part of a tool or weapon.

 The chef used a sharp blade to slice the vegetables finely.

5) Break: To separate into pieces or stop functioning.

 Be careful not to break the glass while washing it.

6) Chemical symbol: A one- or two-letter notation representing a chemical element.

 The chemical symbol for gold is Au.

7) Clean: Free from dirt, marks, or stains.

 I like to keep my kitchen clean and organized.

8) Compression: The act of pressing something into a smaller space or volume.

 The compression of the sponge allowed it to fit into the small container.

9) Conduct: To allow heat, electricity, or sound to pass through.

 Metals are known to conduct electricity efficiently.

10) Corrugated: Material that has been shaped into a series of folds or ridges.

 The box was made of corrugated cardboard to provide extra strength.

11) Cracked: Having a break or fissure in a surface.

 The cracked window let in a cold draft during the winter.

12) Dent: A small hollow mark or depression on a surface.

 The car had a dent on the door after the minor accident.

13) Ductile: A material's ability to be drawn out into a thin wire.

 Copper is a ductile metal, making it ideal for electrical wiring.

14) Duct tape: A strong, adhesive tape used for binding, sealing, and repairing.

 We used duct tape to fix the tear in the tent during our camping trip.

15) Elastic: A material that can stretch and return to its original shape.

 The elastic band held the papers together securely.

16) Element: A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

 Oxygen is an essential element for human life.

17) Flow: The movement of a liquid or gas in a particular direction.

 The river will flow faster after the heavy rain.

18) Food can: A sealed container used for preserving food.

 I opened a food can to make soup for dinner.

19) Ladder: A set of steps or rungs used for climbing up or down.

 He used a ladder to reach the top shelf in the garage.

20) Light: Electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived by the human eye.

 The light from the lamp illuminated the entire room.

21) Liquid: A state of matter that flows freely and takes the shape of its container.

 Water is the most common liquid found on Earth.

22) Magnetism: The force exerted by magnets when they attract or repel each other.

 The magnetism of the fridge magnet allows it to stick to the door.

23) Malleable: A material that can be shaped or formed by hammering or pressure.

 Gold is highly malleable and can be shaped into thin sheets.

24) Material: A substance used to create or build something.

 The fabric is a durable material ideal for outdoor clothing.

25) Paint: A colored liquid used to cover surfaces and create a protective layer.

 She decided to paint her bedroom a calming blue.

26) Plastic: A synthetic material made from polymers that can be molded into various
shapes.

 Many toys are made from plastic because it's lightweight and durable.

27) Punctured: Having a hole made by a sharp object.

 The tire was punctured by a sharp nail on the road.

28) Rack: A framework or stand for holding or storing items.

 The coat rack by the door is where we hang our jackets.

29) Repair: To fix something that is broken or damaged.

 I need to repair my bicycle before I can ride it again.

30) Rolled: Shaped into a cylindrical form by turning it over itself.

 She rolled the dough into a flat circle for the pizza.

31) Rubber: A flexible material made from the latex of rubber trees or synthetic
compounds.

 The rubber soles of the shoes provide excellent grip and comfort.

32) Rust: A reddish-brown oxide formed on iron and steel due to moisture and air.

 The old bicycle was covered in rust after being left outside in the rain.

33) Shape: The external form or appearance of something.

 The sculptor carefully carved the stone into the shape of a lion.

34) Shear: To cut or clip the material by applying force.

 She used scissors to shear the fabric into smaller pieces.

35) Soft: A texture that is easy to compress or mold, often gentle to touch.

 The soft pillow provided great support for my head.

36) Steel: A strong alloy made from iron and carbon, used in construction and
manufacturing.

 The frame of the building was made from steel for durability.

37) Stress: The internal force per unit area within materials that arises from external
forces.

 The stress on the bridge was measured to ensure it could support the weight of
vehicles.

38) Stretch: To extend something to a greater length or size.

 The elastic band can stretch to double its original length.

39) Strong: Having the power to withstand force or pressure.

 The strong wind knocked over several trees in the park.

40) Tension: The state of being stretched tight or the force exerted along an object.

 The tension in the cable increased as the weight was added.

41) Transparent: Allowing light to pass through so that objects behind can be distinctly
seen.

 The transparent glass allowed me to see the garden outside.

42) Weak: Lacking strength or force.

 The weak structure collapsed under the weight of the snow.

43) Wire: A thin, flexible strand of metal used for conducting electricity or connecting

 The electrician used wire to connect the light fixture to the power source.

44) Wire wool: A bundle of fine metal strands used for cleaning, polishing, or scrubbing
surfaces.

 I used wire wool to remove rust from the old metal chair before repainting it.
A
Yes, I can ride a bicycle, but I don’t ride often due to a busy schedule.
B
C.1
Brake Cable: Metal

Chain: Metal

Frame: Metal

Handgrips: Rubber

Light: Plastic

Saddle:

 Cover: Cloth or plastic

 Base: Plastic or metal

Tyre: Rubber
C.2
It's strong: Engineers use materials that are strong for structural purposes. Metal is
often chosen for frames and load-bearing components because of its strength.

It's soft: Cloth or fabric materials are used in items like seating or padding where
comfort is necessary, as these materials are soft.

It's light: Plastic is often chosen for parts that need to be lightweight but durable,
such as certain bicycle components or packaging.

It's magnetic: Metal, particularly types like steel, is magnetic. Engineers use
magnetic properties in tools and machinery for lifting or securing parts.

You can see through it: Glass is used in windows and displays because of its
transparency, allowing light to pass through.

You can shape it easily: Clay or plasticine can be shaped easily, making them ideal
for creating complex forms in construction or manufacturing.

It flows: Liquid materials, like water or oil, flow and are used in hydraulic systems
or cooling mechanisms in engineering designs.

It stretches: Rubber is used for its elasticity, as in tires, where stretching and
flexibility are required for functionality.

it conducts electricity: The electricity use metals like copper and aluminum in
wiring and electrical components because they efficiently transfer electrical
current.
C.4
A. It's Strong. It's weak.

B. It's soft. It's hard.

C. It's light. It's heavy.

D. It's magnetic. It isn't magnetic.

E. You can see through it. You can't see through it.

F. You can shape it easily. You can't shape it easily.

G. It stretches. It doesn't stretch.

H. It conducts electricity. It doesn't conduct electricity.

C.5
- Bottle Cage: Lightweight and sturdy enough to hold a water bottle securely.

Material: Metal or plastic.

- Headset: Durable and able to withstand the constant movement of the

handlebars.

Material: Metal
A
1. The wheel is rusty.
2. The brake cable is frayed.
3. The handgrips are split.
4. One of the spokes is bent.

C
Student A problems:

- The reflector is cracked.

- The chain appears dry.
- The tyre is punctured.
- The pedal's rubber is split.
- The saddle is cracked.

Student B Solutions:

- The cracked reflector should be replaced with a new one to ensure visibility.
- The dry chain should be oiled to reduce friction and prevent rusting.
- The punctured tyre needs to be repaired, either by patching it or replacing the
inner tube.
- The pedal's split rubber can be repaired, or the pedals should be replaced.
- The cracked saddle should be replaced for comfort and safety during riding.
A
- You can use wire wool to remove rust.
- You can use WD-40 to loosen stuck parts and protect metal from rust.
- You can use chain oil to lubricate the chain and keep it running smoothly.
- You can use duct tape to make quick temporary repairs on your bike.
C
Sarah: Excuse me?
Assistant: Are you alright there?
Sarah: Yes. Where's the wire wool?
Assistant: At the back aisle 8
Sarah: And the WD040?
Assistant: That's aisle 11 on the right.
Sarah: And what about the chain oil?
Assistant: It's on the left, aisle 2.
Sarah: OK, thanks.Oh, and I need some duct tape.
Assistant: It's in aisle 18 in the center near the front.
Sarah: Thanks again.
Assistant: No problem.

A
Cars: Engineers choose steel for its strength, durability, and cost-effectiveness, providing
protection and longevity for the vehicle’s structure.

Planes: Engineers use aluminium for its light weight and strength, improving fuel
efficiency and corrosion resistance in high-altitude conditions.
B
C
Cars: Why steel?

1. Price = 5 x cheaper than Al.

2. Strength = 1.5x stronger than Al.
3. Magnetism - steel = magnetic
(Al. = not magn)
= imp. '.' Recycling
95% of a car in EU = "must be recycled"
steel = easier to recycle than Al.
Problem = Rust!
But Paint = protects steel.

D
- Aluminum reduces weight while maintaining strength.
- It naturally resists rust, ensuring durability in harsh conditions.
- It’s easy to shape into complex, aerodynamic parts.
- Aluminum is affordable due to its abundance and ease of production.
- It dissipates heat efficiently, maintaining safety in flight.
E
Food Can: Steel is strong, corrosion-resistant, and recyclable, making it ideal for food
safety.
Speedboat: Aluminum's lightweight nature improves speed and fuel efficiency while
resisting corrosion.
Window Frame: Aluminum is lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and requires less
maintenance than steel.
Warship: Steel offers the strength and durability needed for structural integrity in combat
situations.
Ladder: Aluminum is lightweight, portable, and resistant to corrosion, making it easier to
handle than steel.
A
Group 1: Elastic/Flexible Objects
Foam Cushion
Spring
Balloon
Chewing Gum
Group 2: Rigid Objects
Paperclip
B
1. Materials have mechanical properties.
2. Pulling is an example of a force.
3. Elastic materials do not change shape permanently.
4. Rubber is an elastic material.
5. Plastic materials change shape permanently.
6. Chewing gum is a plastic material.
D
Some materials are ductile. // We can change the shape / by stretching. / Ductile materials
don't crack / or break easily. / Copper is very ductile. / Steel is quite ductile. / Plastic is not
ductile at all. / We use ductile materials / to make wire. / We also use them / to make thin
sheets / for household goods / like fridges and cookers. //
G
1. Ceramic
- Brittleness
- Hardness
- Compressive Strength
- Thermal Stability
- Low Ductility

2. Wood
- Ductility
- Strength
- Flexibility
- Low Density
- Anisotropic

3. Glass
- Brittleness
- Hardness
- Low Tensile Strength
- Transparency
- Thermal Expansion

4. Gold
- Ductility
- Malleability
- Corrosion Resistance
- High Density
- Good Electrical Conductivity
A
1. Truss bridge
2. Steel
3. Strength, durability, and load resistance
4. Vehicles and environmental forces
B
1. The text is about the types of stress that materials experience.
2. There are three types of stress.
3. They are called compression, tension, and shear stress.
C
d | Imagine you have a rubber ball in your hand.
e | Now you have a rubber band.
c | Finally, you have a pair of tin snips.
f | Stress comes from load.
b | Eventually, too much stress leads to failure.
a | Engineers must think about the stress of everyday use.
D
a. breaks suddenly, with a noise — snaps (v)
b. not temporary — permanent (adj)
c. feel pain, physical or mental — suffer (v)
d. movements to left and right — bends (v)
e. moving against something from the side — shear (n)
f. pulling apart — tension (n)
g. pushing together — compression (n)
A.1

A.2
A.3
a. In a wind: The cylinder or semicylinder would likely be the strongest, as they have
smooth curves that reduce wind resistance.
b. In an earthquake: The cube or prism might be the strongest due to their solid base and
stability.
B.1
Construction

Take four pieces of A4 paper.

Make a cylinder, a cube, a prism, and a semicylinder.
Do not dent the paper during construction.
Use tape to connect the sides.
Put each structure on a book.
Test each structure.
B.2
Testing

Now test the structure for the dead load (the weight of the paper) and the live load (e.g., a
roof). Which structures pass each test? Record your results.

The dead load

1.1 Blow on each structure. Which structures fall over?
1.2 Move the foundations (the book) from side to side. Which structures fall over?

The live load

2.1 Put one or more books on each structure. Which structure(s) can take the weight?
2.2 Blow on each structure.
2.3 Put a small object in each structure and repeat the test. Do the results change?
B.3
The total load on a structure is the sum of the dead load and the live load.