_________________refers to the overall strategy that you choose to
integrate the different components of the study coherently and
logically, thereby ensuring you will effectively address the research
problem. Further, a research design constitutes the blueprint for the
selection, measurement, and analysis of data. The research problem
determines the research design you should use.
Research Design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to
integrate the different components of the study coherently and
logically, thereby ensuring you will effectively address the research
problem. Further, a research design constitutes the blueprint for the
selection, measurement, and analysis of data. The research problem
determines the research design you should use.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
✓ Adheres strictly to the procedures of the scientific method.
✓ It allows the researcher to control the situation.
✓ It allows the researcher to answer the question, “What causes something to occur?”
✓ It allows the researcher to identify the cause and effect relationship between variables
and to distinguish the placebo effects from the treatment effect.
✓ Supports the ability to limit alternative explanations and to infer direct relationships in
the study
TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN – controls for both time-related and group related threats. There are two features
mark true-experiment; two or more differently treated groups and random assignment to these groups. These
features require the researchers to have control over the experimental treatment and the power to place
subjects in groups. It offers the highest internal validity of all the designs
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN – The word "quasi" means partial, half, or pseudo. The researcher can collect
more data, either by scheduling more observations or finding more existing measures. Participants are not
randomly assigned.
1. Non-equivalent control group design – refers to the chance failure of random assignment to equalize the
conditions by converting a true experiment into this kind of design, for purposes of analysis.
2. Interrupted Time Series Design – employs multiple measures before and after the experimental intervention.
It differs from the single-group pre-experiment that has only one pre-test and one post-test. Users of this
design assume that the time threats such as history or maturation appear as regular changes in the measures
before the intervention.
c. PRE-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN – in pre-experimental research design, either a group or various
dependent groups are observed for the effect of the application of an independent variable which is presumed to
cause change. It is the simplest form of experimental research design and is treated with no control group. apply
with the experimental design with the least internal validity.
The pre-experimental research design is further divided into three types:
One-shot Case Study Research Design. In this type of experimental study, only one dependent group or variable
is considered. The study is carried out after some treatment which was presumed to cause change,
making it a posttest study.
• One-group Pretest-posttest Research Design. This research design combines both posttest and pretest study
by carrying out a test on a single group before the treatment is administered and after the treatment is
administered. With the former being administered at the beginning of treatment and later at the end.
• Static-group Comparison. In a static-group comparison study, 2 or more groups are placed under observation,
where only one of the groups is subjected to some treatment while the other groups are held static. All the
groups are post-tested, and the observed differences between the groups are assumed to be a result of the
treatment.
NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
✓ Does not use treatment or intervention.
✓ The researcher observes the phenomena as they occur naturally and no external
variables are introduced.
✓ The variables are not deliberately manipulated nor is the setting controlled.
✓ Researchers collect data without making changes or introducing treatments
___________the process of obtaining the
participants of a study from a larger pool of
potential participants termed as population.
Sampling is the process of obtaining the
participants of a study from a larger pool of
potential participants termed as population.
POPULATION VS. SAMPLE
___________ refers to all the members of a particular
group. It is the group of interest to the researcher, the group
to whom the researcher would like to generalize the results
of the study.
A __________ is part of the population which is observed in
order to make inferences about the whole population
(Manheim, 1977).
POPULATION VS. SAMPLE
Population refers to all the members of a particular group.
It is the group of interest to the researcher, the group to
whom the researcher would like to generalize the results of
the study.
A sample is part of the population which is observed in
order to make inferences about the whole population
(Manheim, 1977).
1. Sample Size
How big should the sample be? Some researchers base their decision on their own
experience and on research studies they have already read. But the best way to guide
you in determining the right sample size is the representativeness of the sample with
respect to the population. See to it that the sample truly represents the entire
population from where the sample came. The representativeness or accuracy of a
sample size is really hard to determine. However, using the right sampling technique
such as a randomized one, your chances of getting a sample reflecting 95% distribution
of the population or of a sample representing the whole population is highly
probable. This acceptable level of probability of the representativeness of the sample is
called confidence level or 0.05 level. This theory of probability is true only for randomly
selected respondents, not for any non-probability type of sampling.
2. Sampling Technique
Sampling techniques fall under two categories: probability sampling and
non-probability sampling. The first one uses a random selection; the
second, a purposive or controlled selection. Probability sampling that
gives all population members equal opportunity to be chosen as people
to constitute the sample is a precise way of sampling. Based on pure
chance, it is unbiased or an accurate manner of selecting the right
people to represent the population.
Bias is the leading factor in choosing your respondents. This is one of
the causes of sampling errors. The other errors in sampling are
attributed to your procedure in sampling.
3. Heterogeneity of Population
Heterogeneous population is composed of individuals with
varied abilities. There is a wide variation among the people
composing the
population. If it is a homogeneous population where lots of
uniformity in abilities exist among population members, a
sample of one will do. But for a heterogeneous group, a
sampling technique that will widely spread the choosing of a
large sample among all members of the population is
necessary.
4. Statistical Techniques
The accuracy of the sample depends also on how precise or
accurate your methods are in calculating the numbers used
in measuring the chosen samples or in giving a certain value
to each of them. Any error in your use of any statistical
method or computing numbers representing the selected
subjects will turn in unfounded results.
5. Time and Cost
Choosing samples makes you deal with one big whole
population, with each member of this large group needing
your attention, time and effort, let alone the amount of
money you will fork out for the materials you will need in
making the sampling frame. Hence, considering all these
things, your sample selection makes you spend some of your
time deliberating or mulling over several factors affecting or
influencing your sample selection
Sampling Methods
The sampling methods are of two groups which are as
follows (Tuckman 2012; Emmel 2013; De Vaus 2013;
Picardie 2014):
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN SELECTING YOUR
SAMPLE
The members of the population should have similar
attributes. Samples taken from a population which
members are very diverse will not be representative of the
population, and therefore, cannot be inferred from.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN SELECTING YOUR
SAMPLE
The members of the population should have similar
attributes. Samples taken from a population which
members are very diverse will not be representative of the
population, and therefore, cannot be inferred from.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN SELECTING YOUR
SAMPLE
The members of the population should have similar
attributes. Samples taken from a population which
members are very diverse will not be representative of the
population, and therefore, cannot be inferred from.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN SELECTING YOUR
SAMPLE
If the population is large, the researcher needs a
sample. However, he does not need a sample if the
population is small and can be handled if he can
include all the individuals in the population.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN SELECTING YOUR
SAMPLE
If the population is large, the researcher needs a sample.
However, he does not need a sample if the population is
small and can be handled if he can include all the
individuals in the population.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN SELECTING YOUR
SAMPLE
The sampling method should be based also on the budget
of the researcher adopting such method without
necessarily sacrificing representativeness of the population
being considered.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN SELECTING YOUR
SAMPLE
The sampling method should be based also on the budget
of the researcher adopting such method without
necessarily sacrificing representativeness of the population
being considered.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN SELECTING YOUR
SAMPLE
If the researcher wants to achieve accuracy, he
will need a larger sample because the larger the
sample, the more accurate the results will be.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN SELECTING YOUR
SAMPLE
If the researcher wants to achieve accuracy, he
will need a larger sample because the larger the
sample, the more accurate the results will be.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN SELECTING YOUR SAMPLE
1.Homogeneity
2.Size of the population
3.Cost
4.Precision
TARGET POPULATION, ACCESSIBLE POPULATION, and
SAMPLE
Target population is the actual population that the researcher
would like to generalize.
Accessible population is the population that the researcher is
entitled to generalize.
Sample is part of the population which is observed in order to
make inferences about the whole population.
TARGET VERSUS ACCESSIBLE POPULATION
Target population:
TARGET VERSUS ACCESSIBLE POPULATION
Accessible population:
All senior high school students
studying in District I, Quezon City
ACCESSIBLE POPULATION AND REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE
Sample:
Ten percent of the senior high school
students studying in District I,
Quezon City
Random Sampling Methods Non-random Sampling Methods
a.Simple random sampling a.Systematic sampling
b.Stratified random sampling b.Convenience sampling
c. Cluster random sampling c. Purposive sampling
d.Two-stage random sampling
Simple random sampling is a method of
choosing samples in which all the members of
the population are given an equal chance to be
selected as respondents.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
The principal of a big school wishes to find out how her
faculty members feel about transition from online to face-
to-face learning that is currently being implemented in the
school. She places all 150 names of the faculty members in a
fish bowl, mixes them thoroughly, and then draws out the
names of 15 individuals to interview.
Stratified random sampling happens when the
population is first divided into different strata then
the sampling follows. Age, gender, and educational
qualifications are just some of the criteria used in
dividing the population into strata.
The university president wants to find out students’
feedback regarding the new dress code policy. Since she
has reasons to believe that gender is an important
variable that may affect the outcomes of her survey,
she decides to ensure that the proportion of males and
females in the study is the same as the population.
1.She identifies the target population: all 17,000
students enrolled in the university.
2.She finds out that there are 10,200 females (60
percent) and 6,800 males (40 percent) in the
population. She decides to have a sample made
up of 30 percent of the target population (more
on sample size in a moment).
3. She randomly selects 30 percent from each
group of the population, which results in 3,060
females (30 percent of 10,200) and 2,040
males (30 percent of 6,800) students being
selected from these subgroups. The
proportion of males and females is the same
in both the population and sample⎯ 40 and 60
percent.
Cluster random sampling is the
selection of groups, or clusters, of
subjects rather than individuals.
The superintendent of a large school district in a city
in the Southern Tagalog region wants to obtain some
idea about how teachers in the district feel about
their salary. There are 2500 teachers in all the 25
elementary and secondary schools distributed over a
large area. The superintendent does not have the
fund to survey all teachers in the district, and he
needs the information about the salary as soon as
possible.
Instead of randomly selecting a sample of teachers
from every school, the superintendent assigns a
number to each school and then uses the fishbowl
technique to select 10 schools (each school has
approximately 50 teachers).
Systematic sampling is when every
nth individual in the population list is
selected for inclusion in the sample.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
The principal of private school with 1000 students wants
to know know the nutrition status of the students. She
obtains an alphabetical list of all students on the list to
be in the sample. To guard against bias, she puts the
numbers 1 to 10 into a hat, and draws one out. She
draws out a 3. So she selects the students numbered 3,
13, 23, 33, 43, and so on until she has a sample of 100
students to be part of the study.
Convenience sampling is done when
the researcher chooses individuals who
are available for study.
A news reporter for a local television
station asks passersby on a street corner
about their opinions about plans to build
a mall in a nearby downtown area .
Purposive sampling is when the researchers do
not simply study whoever is available, but use
their judgment to select a sample which they
believe, based on prior information, will provide
the data they need.
To find out how students feel about food
service in the student union at a state
university, the manager stands outside the
main door of the cafeteria one Monday
morning and interviews the first 50 students
who walk out of the cafeteria.
CASE 1
The head of the school cafeteria wants to find out how students feel
about the food and services that the cafeteria provides. Every day for
two weeks during her lunch hour, she asks every person who enters
the cafeteria to fill out a short questionnaire she has prepared and
drop it in a box near the entrance before leaving. At the end of the
two-week period she has a total of 235 completed questionnaires.
A.Convenience sampling C. Simple random sampling
B.Cluster sampling D. Systematic sampling
CASE 1
The head of the school cafeteria wants to find out how students feel
about the food and services that the cafeteria provides. Every day for two
weeks during her lunch hour, she asks every person who enters the
cafeteria to fill out a short questionnaire she has prepared and drop it in a
box near the entrance before leaving. At the end of the two-week period
she has a total of 235 completed questionnaires.
A.Convenience sampling C. Simple random sampling
B.Cluster sampling D. Systematic sampling
CASE 2
A researcher wishes to conduct a survey of all social science teachers in a school
district to determine their attitudes toward the new history textbook to be used for
the next school year. There are a total of 725 social sciences teachers in the area.
The names of these teachers are obtained and listed alphabetically. The researcher
then numbers the name on the list from 001-725. Using a table of random
numbers, which he finds in a statistic textbook, he selects 100 teachers for the
sample.
A.Convenience sampling C. Simple random sampling
B.Cluster sampling D. Systematic sampling
CASE 2
A researcher wishes to conduct a survey of all social science teachers in a school
district to determine their attitudes toward the new history textbook to be used
for the next school year. There are a total of 725 social sciences teachers in the
area. The names of these teachers are obtained and listed alphabetically. The
researcher then numbers the name on the list from 001-725. Using a table of
random numbers, which he finds in a statistic textbook, he selects 100 teachers
for the sample.
A.Convenience sampling C. Simple random sampling
B.Cluster sampling D. Systematic sampling
CASE 3
The researcher will survey the factors influencing senior high
school students to smoke. Equal representations of respondents
are selected from various samples from public and private
schools Then, in the selected public and private schools, samples
are chosen from each grade level. Finally, samples are chosen by
gender.
A.Cluster random sampling
C. Simple random sampling
B.Convenience sampling
D. Stratified random sampling
CASE 3
The researcher will survey the factors influencing senior high
school students to smoke. Equal representations of respondents
are selected from various samples from public and private
schools Then, in the selected public and private schools, samples
are chosen from each grade level. Finally, samples are chosen by
gender.
A.Cluster random sampling
C. Simple random sampling
B.Convenience sampling
D. Stratified random sampling
CASE 4
A researcher wants to know the reading competencies of
Grade 7 students. She identifies all public and private
schools having Grade 7 students in the ten cities. She
assigns each of the 150 schools a number, and then
randomly selects fifteen schools.
A.Convenience sampling
C. Simple random sampling
B.Cluster sampling
D.
CASE 4
A researcher wants to know the reading competencies of
Grade 7 students. She identifies all public and private
schools having Grade 7 students in the ten cities. She
assigns each of the 150 schools a number, and then
randomly selects fifteen schools.
A.Convenience sampling
C. Simple random sampling
B.Cluster sampling
D.
CASE 5
A researcher wants to interview 100 senior high school honor
students to have enough representatives of the different public
schools within the division. If there are 10 public schools in the
division, each school must have 10 samples to complete the
total statistics of 100.
A.Convenience sampling
C. Simple random sampling
B.Purposive sampling
D. Stratified random sampling
CASE 5
A researcher wants to interview 100 senior high school honor
students to have enough representatives of the different public
schools within the division. If there are 10 public schools in the
division, each school must have 10 samples to complete the
total statistics of 100.
A.Convenience sampling
C. Simple random sampling
B.Purposive sampling
D. Stratified random sampling
