FOUNDATION OF COMPUTER

SCIENCE
The foundation of computer science lies in the fundamental concepts and principles that form the
basis of understanding and designing computational systems. Here are some key foundations of
computer science:

1. Algorithms and Data Structures:

o Algorithm: A step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem or

accomplishing a task.

o Data Structure: A way of organizing and storing data to perform operations

efficiently.

2. Programming Languages:

o Understanding programming languages and their syntax is crucial. Concepts like

variables, control structures (loops, conditionals), functions, and object-oriented
programming are fundamental.

3. Computer Architecture:

o Understanding the organization and structure of computer systems, including the

CPU, memory, input/output devices, and how they interact.

4. Operating Systems:

o Concepts related to managing computer resources, such as memory, file systems,

and processes. Understanding the role of an operating system in providing an
interface between hardware and software.

5. Theory of Computation:

o Studying the theoretical aspects of computation, including automata theory, formal

languages, and computability. Concepts like finite automata, regular expressions,
context-free grammars, and Turing machines fall under this category.

6. Databases:

o Understanding how data is organized, stored, and retrieved. Concepts such as

relational databases, SQL, and database design are crucial for managing and
manipulating data.

7. Networking:

o Understanding how computers communicate over networks. Concepts like TCP/IP,

protocols, routing, and network security are important in this area.

8. Software Engineering:

o Principles and practices for designing, building, testing, and maintaining software.
This includes topics like software development life cycle, version control, testing,
and debugging.
 9. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning:

o Exploring the development of algorithms that enable computers to perform tasks

that typically require human intelligence. This includes machine learning, neural
networks, and natural language processing.

10. Cybersecurity:

o Understanding the principles and practices of securing computer systems and

networks. This includes cryptography, network security, and secure software
development.

11. Human-Computer Interaction (HCI):

o Focusing on the design and use of computer systems from the user's perspective.
This involves studying user interfaces, usability, and user experience.

12. Software Development Methodologies:

o Understanding different approaches to organizing, planning, and controlling the

process of developing an information system. Common methodologies include Agile,
Scrum, and Waterfall.

These foundational concepts provide the basis for more specialized areas within computer science.
As technology evolves, new fields and concepts may emerge, but a solid understanding of these
foundations remains essential for anyone working in the field of computer science.

Disassembling and assembling a computer case

To disassemble means to separate the components of an object. Assembling means putting together
separate parts of an object.

A computer case is the cabinet or box-like structure in the internal components of a computer are
housed. Like the ones in the pictures above.

Disassembling a desktop computer involves taking apart its various components for maintenance,
upgrades, or troubleshooting. Before you start, ensure that you have a clean and static-free
workspace. Additionally, make sure to take note of the connections and components, as you'll need
to reassemble the computer later. Here's a general guide to disassembling a desktop computer:
1. Power Off:

 Shut down the computer and disconnect all cables from the power source.

2. Ground Yourself:

 To prevent static electricity damage to sensitive components, ground yourself by touching a

metal part of the computer case.

3. Remove Side Panel:

 Most desktop cases have a side panel that can be removed. Typically, you'll need to unscrew
the screws securing the panel to the case. Some cases may have latches or other
mechanisms.

4. Disconnect Power Supply:

 Unplug the power supply cables from the motherboard, drives, and other components.
Many power supply units (PSUs) have a switch on the back; turn it off.

5. Remove Expansion Cards:

 If there are expansion cards (graphics card, sound card, etc.), unscrew the retaining bracket
and gently pull the card out of its slot. Release any clips or latches that hold it in place.

6. Disconnect Drives:

 Disconnect the cables from hard drives, solid-state drives, and optical drives. Also, unscrew
or release any mounting brackets securing these drives to the case.

7. Remove RAM:

 Release the clips on either side of the RAM modules, and then carefully remove the RAM
sticks from their slots.

8. Unplug Front Panel Connectors:

 Disconnect the front panel connectors (power button, reset button, LEDs, etc.) from the
motherboard.

9. Disconnect Motherboard:

 Unscrew the screws securing the motherboard to the case. Gently lift the motherboard from
the case, being careful not to damage any components.

10. Remove CPU Cooler: - If your computer has an aftermarket CPU cooler, unscrew or release it
from the CPU socket. If it's the stock cooler, you may need to unclip or unscrew it.

11. Disconnect PSU: - If necessary, remove the power supply unit. Unscrew the screws securing it to
the case and then disconnect the cables from the motherboard and other components.

12. Organize and Label: - As you disassemble, organize the screws and components. Consider using
small bags or containers to keep screws together and label them to know where each screw belongs.

13. Clean Components: - Take the opportunity to clean components like the CPU cooler, GPU, and
fans. Compressed air can be useful for removing dust.
Remember that the exact steps can vary based on your specific computer case and components.
Always consult your computer's manual or documentation for any specific instructions or
considerations. When reassembling, follow these steps in reverse order.

Disassembling a laptop can be more complex than disassembling a desktop computer due to the
compact design and integration of components. Laptop disassembly should be approached with
caution, and it's recommended to consult the laptop's service manual or documentation if available.
Here is a general guide for disassembling a laptop:

1. Power Off:

 Shut down the laptop and disconnect the power adapter.

2. Remove the Battery:

 If your laptop has a removable battery, remove it. Some laptops have a latch or release
switch to unlock the battery.

3. Ground Yourself:

 Prevent static electricity damage by grounding yourself. Touch a metal surface or use an
anti-static wrist strap.

4. Remove Access Panels:

 Some laptops have removable access panels on the bottom that allow easy access to
components like RAM, storage drives, and sometimes the cooling system. Remove these
panels by unscrewing the screws.

5. Disconnect External Devices:

 Disconnect any external devices, such as USB drives or external monitors.

6. Remove RAM and Storage Drives:

 If the RAM is accessible, release any clips securing the RAM modules and carefully remove
them. If there are removable storage drives (HDD or SSD), disconnect the cables and
unscrew any mounting brackets.
7. Remove Optical Drive (if applicable):

 If your laptop has an optical drive, there may be a screw securing it. Remove the screw and
slide out the optical drive.

8. Disconnect Wireless Cards:

 Unscrew any screws securing the wireless network cards and disconnect the antenna cables.
Carefully remove the wireless card.

9. Remove Keyboard:

 Some laptops have a removable keyboard. There may be screws on the bottom or under the
battery that secure the keyboard. Once the screws are removed, carefully lift the keyboard,
being mindful of any ribbon cables connected to the motherboard.

10. Disconnect Display: - If necessary, disconnect the display by removing any screws around the
bezel and gently separating it from the rest of the laptop.

11. Remove Bottom Cover: - Unscrew the screws on the bottom cover of the laptop. Carefully lift off
the cover, exposing the internal components.

12. Disconnect Motherboard: - Locate and disconnect any cables connecting the motherboard to
other components. Unscrew the screws securing the motherboard.

13. Access Cooling System: - If you need to access the cooling system, you may need to remove
additional components like the heat sink and fan.

14. Be Methodical: - Take note of the location and type of screws as you disassemble. Consider using
small containers or bags to keep screws organized.

15. Consult Documentation: - If available, refer to the laptop's service manual or online
documentation for specific disassembly instructions and component locations.

Always exercise caution, and if you're uncomfortable or unsure about disassembling your laptop,
consider seeking assistance from a professional technician or contacting the laptop manufacturer's
support. Improper disassembly can lead to damage and void warranties.

Assembling a desktop computer involves putting together various components to create a

functional system. Here's a general guide for assembling a desktop:

1. Prepare Your Workspace:

 Ensure you have a clean, well-lit, and static-free workspace. Use an anti-static wrist strap or
periodically touch a metal surface to discharge any static electricity.

2. Gather Components:

 Collect all the necessary components, including the computer case, motherboard, CPU,
RAM, storage drives, power supply unit (PSU), graphics card (if applicable), and any other
peripherals.

3. Install CPU:
  Open the CPU socket on the motherboard and carefully place the CPU into its designated
slot. Ensure it's correctly aligned, and then secure it by lowering and latching the socket
cover.

4. Attach CPU Cooler:

 If your CPU comes with a stock cooler, attach it according to the manufacturer's instructions.
If you're using an aftermarket cooler, follow the specific installation steps provided.

5. Install RAM:

 Open the RAM slots on the motherboard and align the notches on the RAM module with
those on the slot. Press down firmly on both ends until the retaining clips click into place.

6. Install Motherboard:

 Place the motherboard into the computer case, aligning the screw holes with the standoffs
in the case. Secure the motherboard by screwing it onto the standoffs.

7. Install Storage Drives:

 Connect your storage drives (HDDs or SSDs) to the motherboard using SATA cables. Secure
the drives in the designated drive bays within the computer case.

8. Connect Power Supply:

 Install the power supply unit (PSU) into the case, aligning it with the mounting holes.
Connect the necessary power cables to the motherboard, CPU, GPU, and storage drives.

9. Install GPU (if applicable):

 If you have a discrete graphics card, insert it into the appropriate PCIe slot on the
motherboard and secure it with screws or latches. Connect any required power cables from
the PSU to the GPU.

10. Connect Front Panel Cables: - Connect the front panel cables from the case (power button, reset
button, LEDs, etc.) to the corresponding headers on the motherboard. Refer to the motherboard
manual for proper connections.

11. Connect Peripherals: - Connect your monitor, keyboard, mouse, and any other peripherals to the
appropriate ports on the motherboard or GPU.

12. Cable Management: - Organize and route cables neatly to improve airflow and maintain a tidy
appearance. Use cable ties or Velcro straps to secure cables.

13. Power On: - Double-check all connections and ensure everything is securely in place. Plug in the
power cable and turn on the computer.

14. Install Operating System: - Insert your operating system installation media (such as a USB drive
or DVD) and follow the on-screen instructions to install the operating system.

15. Install Drivers and Software: - Install necessary drivers for your motherboard, GPU, and other
components. Update your operating system, install antivirus software, and any other applications
you need.
To assemble a laptop: Unlike desktop computers, laptops are typically not designed to be user-
assembled or upgraded by end-users due to their compact and integrated nature. Laptops are
complex devices with components tightly packed and often soldered onto the motherboard.
However, there are a few things you can do if you need to replace or upgrade certain components in
a laptop:

1. Upgradeable Components:

 Check if your laptop has any user-upgradable components. Some laptops allow users to
replace or upgrade components like RAM, storage (HDD or SSD), or batteries. Refer to the
laptop's user manual or specifications to identify upgradeable parts.

2. Gather Tools:

 If you are replacing or upgrading user-accessible components, gather the necessary tools.
This may include screwdrivers, anti-static wrist straps, and any specific tools mentioned in
the laptop's documentation.

3. Power Off and Disconnect:

 Power off the laptop and disconnect it from any power source. Remove the battery if it is
user-removable.

4. Access Panels:

 Some laptops have access panels on the bottom that allow you to reach certain components
like RAM and storage. Unscrew the panels and carefully follow the manufacturer's
instructions for replacing or upgrading these components.

5. RAM Upgrade:

 If you're upgrading RAM, release any clips securing the existing RAM modules, remove them,
and install the new modules. Make sure the new RAM is compatible with your laptop.

6. Storage Upgrade:

 For a storage upgrade, unscrew any brackets holding the existing storage drive, disconnect
it, and install the new drive. Ensure the new drive is compatible with your laptop.

7. Battery Replacement:

 If your laptop has a user-replaceable battery, follow the manufacturer's instructions for
safely removing the old battery and installing the new one.

8. Professional Assistance:

 If you need to replace or upgrade components that are not easily accessible or if you are
unsure about the process, it's advisable to seek professional assistance. Many laptops have
sealed designs, and attempting to open them without proper knowledge can lead to
damage.

Important Notes:

 Laptops are not designed for extensive user upgrades or modifications. Upgrading certain
components may void warranties.
  Some laptops, especially ultrabooks and thin-and-light models, have components soldered
onto the motherboard, making them non-replaceable or upgradable.

 Always refer to the laptop's user manual and documentation for specific instructions and
limitations.

Remember to consult the manuals for each component, especially the motherboard manual, for
specific instructions and details. If you're unsure about any step, refer to the documentation or seek
assistance from online resources or forums.

Modelling a computer case using locally available

materials
A model of a computer case can be made using locally available materials. Some of the locally
available materials that can be used to make a model of a computer case are:

 Cartons
 Scissors
 Glue or any available adhesive
 Ruler
 Marker pen
 Pencil

Procedure

1. Cut two pieces of carton of equal dimensions using scissors to form the vertical sides of a
computer case.
2. Cut two pieces of carton of equal dimensions to form the top and bottom covers of the
computer case.
3. Cut out two pieces of carton to form the back and front panel.
4. Use a ruler and pencil to draw the features of a computer case on the front pane and the
back panel that has been cut from the carton.
Note: you can print images of the back and front panel that have been cut from the internet
and stick them on the carton instead of drawing.
5. Use glue or any available adhesive to join the carton cuttings to form a computer case
model.
Disassembling a computer case
SAFETY FIRST
1. Shut down the computer and disconnect it from the power source before disassembling the computer
case.
2. Handle all the parts with care.
3. Static electricity from your body can damage computer components. Touch a metal for five minutes or
wear an anti-static wrist strap to discharge built up static electricity.
4.
ComponentsMake sure your
housed hands are completely
in a computer case dry.
5. Place the system unit on a flat stable surface before disassembling the case.
The computer
6. Keepcase housesand
the screws internal
smallcomputer components
bits that come suchcase
off the the as the ones
safely in in the pictures:
a labelled container until needed.
7. No food or drinks should be allowed near the work area.
Random Access Memory Processor Motherboard

Heat sink Fan

Hard disk drive
 Power supply unit
Optical drive Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor

Identifying the components housed in a computer case

Assembling a computer case

https://youtu.be/EJemXALSE6U?si=rSPm-mE76siQbpFa

Specifications of computer cases

A specification is a detailed description of a product. When buying a computer case, it is important

to write down its list of specifications such as size, style, number of driver bays, number of fans and
material used to make it.

Computer cases are not the same. They differ based on the following characteristics.

 size: determines the physical space to be occupied by a computer case.

 Style: refers to the design of the computer case. Examples include mini tower, mid tower
and full tower.
 Drive bays: determines the number of hardware such as hard disk drives, solid state drives
that can be mounted.
 Ease of assembly: determines how easy it is to assemble and disassemble the computer
case. Some do not need tools to disassemble.
 Provision for extra cooling: determines if you can have additional case fans.
 Material used to make the case: determines its durability, weight and price.

Importance of managing computer case waste

You can manage computer case waste by:

Managing computer case waste involves responsible disposal and recycling practices to minimize
environmental impact. Here are some suggestions for managing computer case waste:

1. Reuse or Donate:

o If the computer case is still in good condition, consider reusing it for another build or
donating it to someone in need. Many community organizations, schools, or
individuals may appreciate the donation of a functional computer case.

2. Recycling Centers:

o Look for local electronic waste (e-waste) recycling centers that accept computer
cases. These facilities are equipped to handle electronic components and ensure
proper disposal or recycling.

3. Manufacturer Take-Back Programs:

o Check with the manufacturer of the computer case to see if they have a take-back
program. Some companies have initiatives to responsibly dispose of their products
and may provide options for returning or recycling computer cases.

4. Municipal E-Waste Collection Events:

o Some cities or municipalities organize e-waste collection events where residents can
drop off their electronic waste, including computer cases. Keep an eye on local
announcements for such events.

5. Electronics Retailers:

o Some electronics retailers or computer stores offer e-waste recycling programs.

Check with your local stores to see if they accept computer cases for recycling.

6. Local Hazardous Waste Facility:

o Contact your local hazardous waste facility to inquire about their policies on
electronic waste. They may accept computer cases or direct you to a suitable
recycling facility.

7. Community Recycling Programs:

o Participate in community-based recycling programs that focus on electronic waste.

These programs may provide convenient drop-off locations for items like computer
cases.

8. Check with Local Scrap Yards:

o Some scrap yards may accept electronic components for recycling. Contact local
scrap yards to inquire about their policies on electronic waste disposal.

9. Remove and Recycle Components Separately:

o Before disposing of the computer case, remove and recycle any reusable or
hazardous components separately. This may include metals, plastics, or other
materials that can be recycled through specialized processes.
 10. Educate Others:

o Encourage responsible disposal practices within your community or workplace. Raise

awareness about the importance of recycling electronic waste, including computer
cases, and share information on available recycling options.

Always be sure to follow local regulations and guidelines for electronic waste disposal, as improper
disposal can have negative environmental consequences. Additionally, consider wiping any personal
data from the computer case before disposal to protect your privacy.

Managing computer case waste is crucial for several reasons:

1. Environmental Impact:

o Electronic waste, including computer cases, often contains hazardous materials such
as lead, mercury, and various heavy metals. When not properly managed, these
substances can leach into the soil and water, causing pollution and harm to
ecosystems.

2. Resource Conservation:

o Computer cases are made from various materials, including metals and plastics,
which require significant natural resources for production. Recycling these cases
helps conserve valuable resources and reduces the demand for raw materials.

3. Energy Conservation:

o Recycling computer cases and other electronic components requires less energy
compared to manufacturing new products from raw materials. This contributes to
energy conservation and helps mitigate the environmental impact of the
manufacturing process.

4. Prevention of Landfill Overload:

o Improper disposal of computer cases in landfills contributes to the accumulation of

electronic waste, taking up valuable space. Landfills can release harmful substances
into the environment and pose risks to human health. Recycling helps reduce the
volume of waste in landfills.

5. Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions:

o The manufacturing of electronic components, including computer cases, often

involves processes that emit greenhouse gases. By recycling these components,
fewer new materials need to be produced, leading to a reduction in overall
greenhouse gas emissions.

6. Conservation of Rare and Precious Metals:

o Electronic devices, including computer cases, contain small amounts of rare and
precious metals. Recycling allows for the recovery of these valuable materials,
reducing the need for mining and extraction, which can have significant
environmental and social impacts.
Computer motherboard
Computer motherboard connects all the components of a computer. It facilitates communication
among the computer.

here is a list of some of the most important features of a computer motherboard:

 CPU socket: This is where the central processing unit (CPU) is mounted. The type of CPU
socket will determine what type of CPU you can use with the motherboard.

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CPU socket on motherboard

 Memory slots: These are where the random-access memory (RAM) is installed. The number
of memory slots and the type of RAM they support will determine how much RAM you can
install and how fast it will be.

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Memory slots on motherboard

 Storage connectors: These are used to connect storage devices such as hard drives and solid
state drives (SSDs). The type of storage connector will determine the speed and capacity of
the storage devices that you can use.

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Storage connectors on motherboard

 Expansion slots: These are used to connect expansion cards such as graphics cards, sound
cards, and network cards. The type and number of expansion slots will determine what kind
of cards you can add to your computer.
 Opens in a new window www.lifewire.com

Expansion slots on motherboard

 Chipset: This is a group of chips that control the communication between the CPU, memory,
storage, and other components. The chipset will determine the features and performance of
the motherboard.

Opens in a new window en.wikipedia.org

Chipset on motherboard

 BIOS: This is a small program that is stored in read-only memory (ROM) on the
motherboard. The BIOS is responsible for initializing the hardware and starting the operating
system.

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BIOS on motherboard

 CMOS battery: This small battery keeps the BIOS settings powered up even when the
computer is turned off.

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CMOS battery on motherboard

 Power connectors: These connectors provide power to the motherboard and the other
components in the computer.
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Power connectors on motherboard

 I/O ports: These are the ports on the back of the motherboard that you use to connect
external devices such as monitors, keyboards, mice, and printers.

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I/O ports on motherboard

In addition to these basic features, motherboards can also have a variety of other features, such as:

 Onboard graphics: Some motherboards have integrated graphics processing units (GPUs)
that can be used to display graphics without the need for a separate graphics card.

Opens in a new window en.wikipedia.org

Onboard graphics on motherboard

 Overclocking support: Some motherboards allow you to overclock the CPU and other
components in order to improve their performance.

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Overclocking support on motherboard

 Wireless networking: Some motherboards have built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth adapters.

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Wireless networking on motherboard

  RGB lighting: Some motherboards have LEDs that can be used to create custom lighting
effects.

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RGB lighting on motherboard

The features that are most important for you will depend on your needs and budget. If you are
building a budget computer, you will want to c

Components of a computer motherboard

The factors to consider when purchasing a motherboard

When purchasing a motherboard, there are several important factors to consider to ensure
compatibility with your components and to meet your specific needs. Here are some key factors to
consider:

1. CPU Compatibility:
 o Ensure that the motherboard supports your chosen CPU socket type. Different CPUs
require specific sockets (e.g., LGA1200, AM4), and the motherboard should be
compatible with your chosen processor.

2. RAM Compatibility and Capacity:

o Check the supported RAM types (e.g., DDR4, DDR3) and the maximum RAM capacity
of the motherboard. Ensure it supports the speed and capacity you need for your
intended usage.

3. Form Factor:

o Choose a motherboard form factor that fits your computer case. Common form
factors include ATX, MicroATX, and Mini-ITX. Ensure that the motherboard size
matches the case size.

4. Expansion Slots:

o Consider the number and type of expansion slots (PCIe) available. This is crucial if
you plan to install additional components like graphics cards, sound cards, or other
expansion cards.

5. Storage Connectors:

o Check the number and types of storage connectors (SATA, M.2) available. Ensure
there are enough ports for your storage needs, and that they support the type of
storage devices you plan to use.

6. USB and Other I/O Ports:

o Consider the number and type of USB ports, audio jacks, networking ports, and
other I/O ports. Ensure there are enough ports for your peripherals and external
devices.

7. Power Delivery and Cooling:

o For overclocking or high-performance systems, consider the power delivery design

and cooling solutions on the motherboard. More power phases and effective cooling
can contribute to stable performance.

8. BIOS/UEFI Features:

o Check the BIOS or UEFI firmware features. Some motherboards offer user-friendly
interfaces, overclocking options, and features like BIOS flashback for easy updates.

9. Networking and Audio:

o Consider whether the motherboard has integrated Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Ethernet, and
audio capabilities. Some users may prefer motherboards with built-in features, while
others may opt for separate expansion cards.

10. Build Quality and Brand Reputation:

o Choose a motherboard from a reputable brand known for quality and reliability.
Read reviews and user feedback to get an idea of the motherboard's performance
and durability.
 11. Price and Value for Money:

o Consider your budget and look for a motherboard that provides the features you
need without unnecessary extras. Balance price with the features and performance
you require.

12. Future Expansion:

o Consider your future needs and whether the motherboard provides room for
expansion. Ensure it has additional slots and features for potential upgrades.

13. Aesthetics and RGB Lighting:

o If aesthetics are important to you, consider the motherboard's design, color scheme,
and RGB lighting options. Some motherboards also include RGB headers for
additional lighting customization.

By carefully considering these factors, you can choose a motherboard that not only meets your
current requirements but also allows for future upgrades and expansions.

Techniques of mounting computer components

on a motherboard.

The following are steps for mounting computer components onto a motherboard:

detailed guide on mounting computer components onto a motherboard, along with visuals for
clarity:

1. Prepare your workspace:

 Choose a clean, well-lit, and static-free environment.

 Ground yourself by touching a metal part of the case or wearing an anti-static wristband.

2. Install the CPU:

 Locate the CPU socket: It's a square or rectangular area with numerous pins. Identify the
lever or latch mechanism for securing the CPU.

 Apply thermal paste (optional): Squeeze a small pea-sized amount of thermal paste onto
the center of the CPU Integrated Heat Spreader (IHS). Spread it evenly into a thin layer using
a credit card or application tool.

 Align the CPU: Carefully place the CPU in the socket, ensuring the pin alignment matches the
markings on the socket and IHS.

 Secure the CPU: Close the lever or latch mechanism to secure the CPU firmly in place. Don't
apply excessive force.
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koolingmonster.com

Applying thermal paste to CPU

3. Install the CPU cooler:

 Match the cooler type: Different CPU coolers have varying mounting mechanisms. Check
your cooler's compatibility with the motherboard socket.

 Prepare the mounting bracket: Depending on the cooler, you might need to install a
backplate or mounting bracket onto the motherboard's backside.

 Attach the cooler: Screw the cooler's baseplate onto the mounting bracket or directly onto
the CPU socket (refer to your cooler's manual).

 Connect the fan: Plug the CPU fan cable into the appropriate fan header on the
motherboard.

Opens in a new window www.rockpapershotgun.com

Installing CPU cooler

4. Install the RAM:

 Locate the RAM slots: These are long, narrow slots with clips or latches on either end.
Identify the correct slots for your chosen dual-channel memory configuration (usually A2/B2
or similar).

 Align the RAM: Insert the RAM stick into the slot at an angle until it clicks into place. Ensure
the notch on the RAM aligns with the notch on the slot.

 Repeat for additional RAM: If using multiple RAM sticks, repeat the process for the
remaining slots, following the recommended channel configuration.

Opens in a new window www.quora.com

Installing RAM into slots

5. Connect storage devices:

 SATA drives: Locate the SATA ports on the motherboard (usually blue or black). Choose the
desired port and SATA cable. Connect the cable's L-shaped connector to the drive and the
straight connector to the motherboard port. Secure both ends with the latches.

 M.2 drives: Some motherboards have M.2 slots for high-speed NVMe drives. Insert the M.2
drive into the slot at an angle and secure it with the screw provided.

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www.pcworld.com

Connecting SATA drives

6. Additional components (optional):

 Graphics card: Install the graphics card into the appropriate PCIe slot and secure it with the
retention screw. Connect the power cables from the PSU to the graphics card's dedicated
connectors.

 Case fans: Connect the case fan cables to the designated fan headers on the motherboard.

7. Double-check connections:

 Ensure all cables are properly connected and not crimped or obstructing other components.

 Make sure all components are securely mounted and the CPU cooler is making proper
contact with the CPU.

8. Final steps:

 Carefully place the motherboard with all components attached into the PC case.

 Align the motherboard mounting holes with the case standoffs and secure them with
screws.

 Connect the front panel connectors (power button, LED, etc.) to the designated header on
the motherboard.

 Connect the power supply cables to the motherboard and other components.

Bonus tips:

 Consult your motherboard and component manuals for specific instructions and
compatibility information.

 Take your time and be careful while handling delicate components.

 Don't force connections if they don't fit easily.

 Organize your cables for better airflow and aesthetics.