OPERATIONAL
AMPLIFIERS
M S Aleena Fathima
MSc Electronics
(Specialization in AI)
2024-26
What is an op-amp?
An operational amplifier (op-amp)
is an integrated circuit (IC) that
amplifies the difference in voltage
between two inputs.
PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 741
4
2
6
3
7
Input Pins (2 & 3)
Pin 2 is considered as inverting input and pin 3 is considered as
non-inverting input.
Output Pin (6)
Power supply pins (4 & 7)
Pin 4 and pin 7 are negative and positive voltage supply
terminals respectively.
Offset null pins (1 & 5)
Pins 1 & 5 are used to adjust the input offset voltage to zero by
adding an external potentiometer.
Not connected pin (8)
Pin 8 is not connected to any circuit inside op-amp IC 741. It is
just a pin used to fill the void space in 8-pin standard packages.
PARAMETERS OF IC 741
Open-loop gain (A)
The open-loop gain of an op-amp is the measure of the gain achieved when
there is no feedback implemented in the circuit.
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜 : Output voltage
A= 𝑉𝑖 : Input voltage
𝑉𝑖
Input resistance (𝑅𝑖 )
The input resistance of a circuit is the ratio of the voltage at its input to the current
flowing into it.
𝑉2
𝑅𝑖 =
𝐼𝑖 𝐼𝑖 : Input current
𝑅𝑇 : Test resistance
𝑉1 −𝑉2
𝐼𝑖 =
𝑅𝑇
Output resistance
• The output resistance of an operational amplifier (op-amp) refers to the small
resistance that the op-amp exhibits at its output terminal.
• It’s a measure of how much the output voltage of the op-amp changes in response
to a change in the current flowing out of the output terminal.
Slew rate
• The maximum rate of change of the output voltage with respect to time. It
indicates how quickly the op-amp can respond to rapid changes in the input
signal.
• It is expressed in volt/microsecond.
∆𝑉
Slew rate =
∆𝑇
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
• CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential gain (𝐴𝑑 ) to the common-mode
gain(𝐴𝑐 ).
• It measures the ability of the Op-Amp to reject input signals that are common
to both input terminals.
𝐴𝑑
CMRR = 20log 𝐴𝑐
Input offset voltage
The input offset voltage is the differential DC voltage that must be applied
between the inverting and non-inverting terminals of the Op-Amp to make the
output zero when it should ideally be zero.
Input bias current
The average of the DC currents entering the inverting and non-inverting terminals of
the Op-Amp.
Input offset current
The difference between the currents entering the inverting and non-inverting
terminals.
Input voltage
The input voltage refers to the voltage applied to its input terminals (inverting and
non-inverting) for amplification.
.
Differential input voltage
The differential input voltage is the difference between the voltages applied to the
inverting and non-inverting terminals
Band width
The bandwidth of the IC 741 operational amplifier refers to the range of frequencies
over which the Op-Amp can provide amplification.
PARAMETER IDEAL VALUE PRACTICAL VALUE
Open-loop gain ∞ 200000
Input resistance ∞ 2 MΩ
Output resistance 0 75 Ω
Slew rate ∞ 0.5 V/µsec
CMRR ∞ 90 dB
PARAMETER PRACTICAL VALUE
Input bias current 80 nA
Input offset current 20 nA
Input voltage ± 15 V
Differential input voltage ± 30V
Band width 1 MHz
Input offset voltage 2 mV
BASIC OPERATIONAL
AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS
Summing Amplifier (Adder)
The summing amplifier combines multiple input signals into a single output signal,
which is the weighted sum of the inputs.
Circuit diagram Waveforms
𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = − (𝑉𝑖 + 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 )
𝑅𝑖
Difference Amplifier
The differential amplifier amplifies the difference between two input signals.
Circuit diagram Waveforms
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉1 - 𝑉2
Integrator
The integrator produces an output that is proportional to the integral of the input
signal over time.
Circuit diagram Waveforms
1
𝑉𝑜 = − න 𝑉𝑖 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑘
𝑅𝐶
Differentiator
The differentiator produces an output that is proportional to the rate of change
(derivative) of the input signal.
Circuit diagram Waveforms
𝑑𝑉𝑖
𝑉𝑜 = −𝑅𝐹 𝐶𝑖 𝑑𝑡
SUMMARY
• An operational amplifier (op-amp), is a versatile and widely-used electronic device designed to amplify
voltage.
• The standard pin diagram for an op-amp includes several key pins: two input terminals (inverting and non-
inverting), a positive power supply (V+), a negative power supply (V-), an output terminal, and pins for
offset null.
• Key parameters of op amps include input offset voltage, input bias current, input impedance, output
impedance, gain, bandwidth, slew rate, and common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR). These parameters
define the performance characteristics and are critical for selecting the right op amp for a particular
application.
• Basic op amp circuits include the inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, voltage follower (buffer),
summing amplifier, differential amplifier, integrator, differentiator, etc. Each of these circuits performs a
variety of signal-processing tasks, making the op-amp an essential building block in analog electronics.
REFERENCES
• Electronics Lab Manual Volume 2 Fifth Edition K.A.
NAVAS
• https://how2electronics.com/op-amp-ic-lm741-basics-characteristics-
pins-applications/
• https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/opamppdf/256796491#
6
THANK YOU
